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Game and Fish Department

GreenGreen RiverRiver RegionRegion AnglerAngler NewsletterNewsletter

Fish Management in the Green River Region

2012 Welcome to the seventh issue of the Green River Region Robb Angler Newsletter. This annual newsletter is dedicated to Keith Volume 7 the aquatic resources in the Green River Fisheries Region. Fisheries Within this issue, we’ll highlight popular fisheries as well as Supervisor interesting projects and conservation issues. Inside this issue: Our region spans from in the north to Flaming Gorge in the south, from the Bear River in the west to the Little Snake River in the east, and includes all Burbot 2-3 the lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and streams in between. Ours is the largest fisheries region in the state, and one of the Kevin Green River Float 3-4 most diverse! From trophy lake trout to native Spence Maps River cutthroat, bass, kokanee, tiger trout and more, Aquatic Green River has a little something for everyone! Habitat Native Species 5-6 Biologist Our crew consists of a fisheries supervisor, two fisheries biologists and one aquatic habitat biologist. Together, Adopt-A-Trout 7 we’re responsible for managing the fish communities and their habitat throughout the Green River Region. We Reservoir Updates 7-8 manage aquatic resources for you, the people of Wyoming, so your input is very important and we appreciate your Craig comments. Please feel free to contact us at 307-875-3223, Amadio Upcoming Events 8 or using the information provided on the last page of the Fisheries newsletter. Happy fishing! Biologist kanee, tiger trout and more, Green River has a little some- Contact Information 9 thing for everyone! Our crew consists of a fisheries supervisor, two fisheries biologists and one aquatic habitat biologist. Together, we’re responsible for managing the fish communities and their habitat throughout the Green River Region. We Anna manage aquatic resources for you, the people of Wyoming, Senecal so your input is very important and we appreciate your Fisheries comments. Please feel free to contact us at 307-875-3223, Biologist or using the information provided on the last page of the newsletter. Happy fishing! Pa ge 2 GreenGreen River River Region Region Angler Angler Newsletter V olume 7 Newsletter Burbot Bash — The annual Burbot Bash at kokanee salmon is of particular recapture estimate using an- Flaming Gorge Reservoir has concern. Juvenile smallmouth glers to sample the marked become a popular event for ice bass appear to be a favorite prey population. The estimate for anglers interested in competing item and not surprisingly the 2012 has yet to be calculated for cash prizes while also help- number of juvenile smallmouth but the 2011 estimate was ap- ing to control the illegally intro- bass has drastically declined since proximately 300,000 fish and duced population of burbot. burbot became established in the may be twice that large based The Bash was started by a reservoir. Predation on kokanee on statistical analysis of the group of sportsmen concerned salmon is another major con- data. The most disturbing by the introduction of burbot cern. Adult kokanee have been aspect of the population esti- Biggest fish 2011 – Ross Jackson, UT and negative impacts this ag- found in many burbot stomachs mate is that the number only gressive predator may have to and kokanee eggs have also been applies to the upper end of the the Flaming Gorge fishery. The seen in the fall when the salmon reservoir where anglers were event initially began as a free are spawning. Obviously the fishing (due to poor ice condi- single day seminar to educate added predation on these highly tions) so the total number of anglers about the potential con- valued sport fish is troubling and burbot in Flaming Gorge is sequences of burbot in the res- biologists are doing everything likely much greater. One angler said it best ervoir and promote harvest of possible to limit the negative during the closing Hopefully the Burbot Bash will the unwanted fish. Since 2011, impacts and control the burbot ceremony, “It was continue to grow and attract the Bash has been sponsored by population. Those efforts in- good to help be part of even more anglers in the future the Green River, Rock Springs clude allowing unlimited harvest, the solution to this to further benefit the Flaming problem.” and Flaming Gorge chambers generating angler interest, and Gorge fishery. In addition to of commerce and supported by promoting contests to increase the Bash, there are numerous state wildlife agencies in Wyo- the number of burbot removed other burbot ice fishing con- ming and . What began as from the fishery each year. tests each year which the a small grassroots event has The Burbot Bash has certainly WGFD fully supports as well. now become a large regional ice helped to accomplish those Burbot Angling Tips: fishing contest for cash and Angler harvest is one way to goals. The past two events in control their population and Drill several holes – experi- prizes to benefit the fishery and January of 2011 and 2012 re- enced burbot anglers information from other areas expose sportsmen to the grow- sulted in the harvest of more will drill more than 20 where burbot are native sug- ing burbot problem in Flaming than 5,000 burbot. In addition holes for themselves. Gorge. gests that populations have to these successful removal ef- declined in large part because Be aware of your depth – Following their illegal introduc- forts, another unique aspect of Depths of 20-30 feet of over harvest. There is no tion, the Wyoming Game and the Burbot Bash has been the have been most pro- quick fix to the problem and ductive. Fish Department (WGFD) grand prize for catching a tagged burbot are not going away. began encouraging the harvest fish. More than 650 burbot were Glow and scent are very Yet biologists are hopeful that of burbot and asking for help tagged the last couple years prior over time angler harvest will important – keep your from the angling public to help to the Bash and contestants bait fresh, recharge succeed at suppressing the manage the fishery by removing lucky enough to catch a tagged glow jigs often. Flaming Gorge burbot popula- as many as possible. Burbot are fish were eligible for a grand Try different habitats – bur- tion and minimizing the preda- aggressive predators and feed prize drawing worth thousands tors impact on the other Flam- bot can be caught in on just about everything in the of dollars. All the tags had iden- flats adjacent to rocky ing Gorge sport fish popula- reservoir. Biologists have ex- tification numbers specific to cliffs and the backs of tions that anglers cherish. bays while spawning. amined the stomach contents of each individual fish so biologist all burbot sampled the past five could collect data on burbot years and the results are alarm- movement and growth. The tags ing to say the least. Their diet is were also used to estimate the very diverse and includes other number of burbot in the popula- fish, crayfish, eggs and invert- tion based on the proportion of abrates (bugs). Burbot preda- tagged burbot caught during the tion on smallmouth bass and event. This is called a mark- Pa ge 3 Green River Region Angler Newsletter V olume 7

Ice Fishing For Burbot

Numerous burbot ice fishing tournaments have been held on Flaming Gorge Reservoir in recent years. Beyond the large numbers of fish removed at each of these derbies it is striking how many participants struggle to catch burbot. A few teams consistently catch large numbers of burbot, another group of teams catch some, but a lot of teams catch very few. This article shares some tips for catching burbot through the ice on Flaming Gorge Reservoir in hopes of increasing catch rates on these voracious predators. Remember, every burbot removed from Flaming Gorge Reservoir represents a savings in game fish, especially kokanee and smallmouth bass! Burbot are most active at night. In Flaming Gorge, they find dark recesses under rocks and in holes and cracks in the rocky cliffs that line the reservoir. Around sunset, burbot start emerging from hiding and looking for food. The first 2-3 hours following sunset and the couple hours before sunrise can be very productive periods for catching burbot. Good burbot fishing can be found immediately adjacent to cliffs both on the main body of the reservoir and within the bigger bays of the reservoir. The deep vertical habitat immediately next to most cliffs tends to produce few burbot. Instead

Group of anglers with a nice mess of Flaming Gorge burbot. Examples of productive luminescent lures.

anglers should target the habitats adjacent to cliffs with slopes less than 70 degrees and a rocky bottom. The mouths of bays tucked between cliff complexes can be also good. Other good spots to try are cliff complexes within bays that have gradually- sloped habitat nearby. Burbot can be caught at water depths of 5 feet out to 70 feet, but 20 to 30 feet is most productive. Lures should be no more than 6 inches off the bottom. If you are fishing with multiple lines, spread them across a range of depths to start and consoli- date them near the depth that is working best. If you are not catching fish, move to new holes regularly. Night fishing for burbot requires lures that glow. Jigs with luminescent grub bodies and heavy spoons that are luminescent are most productive. The weight of lure used will be dictated by the depth you are fishing. If you are fishing shallow ¼ or 3/8 ounce jigs are fine. If you are fishing 40 feet or deeper you will need a ½ ounce jig or more. Burbot are not shy and don’t care about the lure’s weight so use the lure that gets you down fast. Also keep in mind burbot have hard mouths and Pa ge 4 Green River Region Angler Newsletter V olume 7

Burbot Angling, Continued:

they get big. Stout hooks are a must. Luminescent lures -ups every 20 minutes at least. Don’t be shy about hand jigging only hold the glow for 10-20 minutes. It is critical that the your tip-up line as you check it. Many burbot bite tip-up lures glow be recharged on a regular basis. Finally tip the lure while they’re being checked. Burbot are either hanging on the with a strip of sucker meat (skin on), 1-1¼ inches long and lure below the tip-up without triggering the flag or the act of ½ inch wide works well. checking the tip-up will solicit a strike. Most critically, recharge Burbot catching (not just fishing) is an active sport. Those your lure every time you check your tip-ups. anglers catching lots of burbot are actively fishing and con- Finally, burbot seem to move and forage in small schools. If stantly moving from hole to hole. The good burbot anglers you catch one from a hole there are likely several more burbot start out by drilling at least 20 holes. They typically don’t directly below you. Get the fish on the ice and your lure back spend more than 10-15 minutes fishing a hole without a bite down to the bottom as fast as possible. More times than not, if before moving to a new hole. The rod they are holding is you are quick enough, you will ice 1-2 more burbot from that being lightly jigged at all times. Tip-up anglers should be hole same within 60 seconds of hooking the first fish. using at least one jigging rod that they actively fish while waiting for flags to go up. They also need to be checking tip

The Three Species—Native non-game fish of the Green River

Flannelmouth sucker, bluehead sucker and roundtail chub, collectively known as “the three species” are native, non-game species of the drainage. The Green River drainage in Wyoming is the northern most extent of their distribution. Once abun- dant in rivers of Wyoming the three species have experience severe declines in recent dec- ades. Although many factors have contrib- uted to the decline of the three species intro- duced non-native fish species has had the greatest impacted. Three non-native non- game species in particular have contributed to the decline of the three species: white sucker, burbot and creek chub. White sucker pose the biggest threat to the native suckers by competing for food and readily hybridizing with the native suckers. Burbot, as they spread throughout the Green River drainage, are taking their toll on the native fish by prey- ing on them. Creek chub compete with roundtail chub for food and habitat. Adult creek chub have also been found to eat the fry and juvenile life stages of the native fish. The WGFD has been working in three drain- ages to reduce the threat posed by these non- native fish. Crews from the WGFD has been electrofishing many miles of river and stream habitat in the Big Sandy and Little Sandy drainages and the Muddy Creek drainage to remove non-native fish species. In 2011 175 miles were electrofishing across the three target drainages. Pa ge 5 Green River Region Angler Newsletter V olume 7

Northern Leatherside Chub Human activities have exten- River drainage of Wyoming. small size. Northern leatherside past few years has resulted in more knowledge about north- sively altered native fish popula- In 2007, the species was peti- can tolerate a wide range of envi- ern leatherside chub and will tions and their habitats in the tioned to be listed under the En- ronmental conditions and often help direct future management Western United States. Due to dangered Species Act (ESA) and persist in remnant pools of dry- in Wyoming. This work has these concerns, Wyoming Game the WGFD increased efforts to ing streams during the summer also confirmed that popula- and Fish Department (WGFD) collect information about this months until conditions im- tions in Wyoming represent the biologists have increased efforts relatively unknown desert fish. prove. They can be vulnerable core range of northern leather- to gather information about the An intensive project was con- to predation by larger trout and side. This means that Wyo- current population status and ducted in 2010 and 2011 to study are often associated with other ming will have the unique op- distribution of native fish across the the state. One such species is portunity to be a leader in dis- An adult northern leartherside chub captured in the upper Bear River drainage. the northern leatherside chub, a Notice the fish has an almost leathery appearance (hence their name). range-wide conservation ef- rare desert fish native to parts of forts for the species. In addi- Idaho, , Utah and Wyo- tion, the United States Fish and ming. The northern leatherside Wild Service announced in is classified by the WGFD as a 2011 that listing of the species species of greatest conservation under the ESA was not war- need and is considered a sensi- ranted due in large part to the recent conservation efforts tive species by both the Bureau tribution and habitat needs of conducted in Wyoming. of Land Management and U.S. northern leatherside and identify native non-game fishes like Forest Service. threats to their persistence. The mountain sucker, redside shiner, Northern leatherside chub are results of the study found the and speckled dace. small fish in the minnow family species is still relatively common The research conducted over the that only reach about 5 inches in in many places, but populations length. They typically inhabit are highly fragmented in most small streams and ponds within areas they are found and their their native range, including in distribution has declined relative the Bear River and Snake River to historical records. drainages. Very little was known Northern leatherside appear to about northern leathersides so prefer foothill stream habitat and surveys were initiated in 2005 to are generally found in deep pools describe the current distribution with some form of cover like Pool habitat with woody debris cover preferred by northern leatherside chub. and abundance of northern woody debris. They appear to be leatherside in the upper Bear quite tough as well despite their Future of the Three Species Project Over the past several years, we building fish passage barriers and successful, native fish will be tion is the only way to remove have published updates in this performing chemical restoration in transplanted into the streams. all the non-native fish. Al- newsletter about work being done the Big Sandy River, Little Sandy When tributary restoration is though electrofishing is effi- on three native fish species (see Creek and Muddy Creek drainages. completed, the Fisheries Man- cient, every fish will never be previous page). However, the goal Although this is a monumental agement Crew will begin work captured. of the native fish project is to re- task, restoration will be conducted on restoring the main stem As the planning process con- store warm water fisheries back to incrementally. For example, in rivers. The restoration process tinues for the next phase of completely native fish assemblages 2012, chemical restoration is is similar to that described the native fish project, a series in the Big Sandy River, Little Sandy scheduled for 2 tributaries. Fish above for tributary streams. of meetings will be held to Creek and Muddy Creek drainages. passage barriers will be installed at You might be asking why receive public comment. To complete the restoration, the the mouth of each stream and chemical restoration is neces- Look for press releases over Fisheries Management Crew in chemical restoration will occur sary. Why not keep elec- the next several years on meet- Green River will be shifting gears upstream of the barrier. Once trofishing and removing non- ing information if you wish to from the electrofishing surveys to chemical treatments are confirmed native fish? Chemical restora- learn more about this project. Green River Float Map

We often field calls from anglers asking about boat, shore and wade fishing access points and camp grounds along the Green River below Fontenelle . The next two page insert is a float map with improved and unimproved boat ramps, approved camping lo- cations and legal status of lands from the down to the “six mile” boat ramp (I) downstream of the confluence of the Big Sandy with the Green River. River and road mile distances between landmarks are given in a table on page 5 for ease of naviga- tion. Please note that the Green River from the CCC bridge (near Slate Creek Camp Ground; C), downstream to the Big Sandy confluence is a special regulations area. This area has a creel limit of one trout per day or in possession. All trout under 20 inches need to be released. Also, fishing is permitted by artificial flies and lures only throughout this section. Use of bait is allowed upstream and downstream of this area and state-wide creel limits apply. Please check fishing regulations prior to going out for special and seasonal regulations. Green River Float Map

River miles HWY miles from below I80 to Landmark Landmark Description Fontenelle Dam turnoff A Fontenelle dam takeout 0 43.5 B Weeping Rock CG takeout 1 43.5 C Slate Creek CG takeout 5 40.6 D Seedskadee North boundary 7 E McCullen Bluff takeout 10 35.5 F Hay Farm takeout 17 30.1 G Refuge Headquarters 22 27.4 H Farson 28 takeout 26 27.0 I 6 Mile takeout 35 21.4

Pa ge 8 Green River Region Angler Newsletter V olume 7

High Times on High Savery

High Savery Reservoir is the The best fishing on High Savery from 17 to just under 26 inches camping permitted around largest, most popular standing is in early spring after ice-off (current state record is 22.5 the reservoir. However, an water fishery in south central when temperatures are low. inches). abundance of primitive Wyoming, located approxi- The road in is typically accessi- camp sites may be found on mately 35 miles South of Raw- ble by mid to late May. Later in Facilities at the reservoir include adjacent BLM and USFS lins. Construction on the reser- the spring and summer, high one improved boat ramp, park- land. voir began in 2002. The im- water temperatures and declin- ing area and restroom on the poundment was closed in 2004 ing oxygen levels make for poor northern side of the reservoir. and filled to its 22,433 ac-ft fishing. Early spring is a good There is currently no overnight capacity by 2005. Managed as a time to target trout from shore, fishery for kokanee salmon, and kokanee from boats. Ko- Colorado River kanee tend to school at specific and tiger trout, the reservoir is depths (a fish finder and down- stocked with these species an- riggers are extremely useful for nually. Anglers will also en- targeting these species). Spring counter the occasional brook netting shows the highest con- trout washed into the reservoir centrations of kokanee occur- from upstream tributaries. ring at depths from 20-40 feet. Downstream of the dam, both The next most popular depth and Colorado range is from 0-20 feet. Ko- River cutthroat trout are kanee sampled in 2011 ranged stocked into the tail water (see from 7-16 inches. Wyoming Game and Fish De- partment Walk-in Access Map Tiger trout are surface-oriented for information on McCary and are often caught structure, Ranch/High Savery Reservoir such as submerged vegetation tail water walk-in units). or rocks. Sampling in 2011 produced tiger trout ranging

Fontenelle Boat Ramp Upgrade

The Wyoming Game and Fish Department used Boating Access monies to upgrade the boat ramp on Fontenelle Reservoir near the Dam. Construction occurred in November and December of 2011. Thermal blankets and a lot of elbow grease were used to com- plete construction during a window of good weather. The project included extending the concrete portion of the existing boat ramp up the hill to just shy of the outhouses. This project has thankfully eliminated the long-standing problem of vehicles skidding out on the steep, gravel of the old ramp. But don’t take our word for it. Get the boat out and go see for yourself!

Above: Workers smooth the freshly poured concrete at the Right: Workers lay rebar and prepare the Fontenelle Dam Fontenelle Dam boat ramp. boat ramp for a much needed upgrade Pa ge 9 Green River Region Angler Newsletter V olume 7

Adopt-A-Trout Program Initiated on the Bear River

The Upper Bear River Chapter related research projects. tracking equipment used for wire antennas sticking out of Trout Unlimited (TU) and Evanston’s program will be this project, and riparian habi- from the side of their abdomen the Wyoming Game and Fish one of the first to be imple- tat. (see photo below with red ar- Department (WGFD) mented in Wyoming. To date, a total of 19 Bonne- row pointing to antenna). Any launched an exciting new pro- It’s an exciting opportunity not ville cutthroat trout and 6 blue- angler that catches a tagged ject in 2011 to study a couple only to TU and WGFD, but head suckers have been tagged fish is asked release it immedi- sensitive native fish species in also to Evanston Middle for the project. All fish tags ately. However if the fish must the Bear River. The project School teacher Derek Haider’s provide individual radio signals be harvested, please contact was developed with two goals 7th grade “Challenge” science so that each fish can be tracked TU and return the tag so it can in mind. The first was to im- class involved with the study. to gather key information on be reused to tag another fish. plement a radio telemetry study The Adopt-A-Trout project fish movement. Officials are For more information on the to assess seasonal movements officially got under way in the also asking for help from an- UBRTU Adopt-A-Trout pro- and habitat use of native Bon- fall at the Bear River State Park glers if they happen to catch gram, or to return a fish tag, neville cut­throat trout and where Haider’s class spent the any of the tagged fish in 2012. please call Mike Jensen or bluehead sucker, as well as the morning watching biologists Fish with tags should be obvi- Mark Tesoro at (307) 789- influences of human impact on from TU and WGFD elec- ous to anglers since they have 6560. both species. Secondly, TU trofish a section of the river to wanted to partner with Uinta collect fish and surgically im- County School District No. 1 plant radio telemetry tags for in Evanston and incorporate tracking. The students also an Adopt-A-Trout program in participated in several break- conjunction with the telemetry out sessions that taught them study. The Adopt-A-Trout about other fish species and program seeks to engage local aquatic invertebrates (bugs) science students in fisheries A Bonneville cutthroat trout tagged for the UBRTU Adopt-A-Trout found in the Bear River, radio project. The red arrow points to the wire antenna of the radio tag.

Illustration by Joseph Tomelleri Pa ge 10 Green River Region Angler Newsletter V olume 7

Trout Salvaged From Viva Naughton Spillway

On August 24, 2011 mated between four workers with the and six pounds. Wyoming Game and The Green River fish- Fish Department and eries crew applauds Naughton Power the employees of the Plant personnel sal- Naughton Power vaged trout from the Plant for initiating the energy dissipation fish salvage and con- basin at the base of tacting the Game and the spillway on the Fish for assistance. west side of Viva The Plant personnel’s Naughton dam. The assistance was also basin is known to invaluable during the locals as the "tub" salvage. They did and sits at the base of most of the heavy the spillway on Viva lifting “literally” as it Naughton Dam to was the plant person- dissipate energy nel that hosted the when water is over- trout out of the basin flowing the spillway up the 18 foot high during spring runoff wall in buckets of wa- before it is released ter. This salvage op- to the river down- eration was a good stream. cooperative venture A typical rainbow trout found in the “tub” during the salvage operation. that allowed the De- Trout follow the water partment and Plant out of the spilling personnel to save a reservoir ending up in the tub. basin was drained if the salvage inches to over twenty inches significant number of fish and They also move up into the tub operation had not been per- with most of the trout well put them back in the Viva from the river during high wa- formed. Plant personnel con- over ten inches. Many of the Naughton Reservoir where an- ter. After the reservoir stops tacted the Green River fisher- larger fish were over 16 inches glers will have access to them. spilling, the connectivity with ies crew and a plan was and 19 of the trout were esti- the river is lost thereby trap- hatched to salvage the trout ping the trout in the tub. In a from the tub. normal year, the trout hang out in the tub, which is about 10 Naughton Power Plant person- feet deep, and wait for the res- nel drained all but a couple feet ervoir to spill the following of water out of the basin prior year. In 2011, Naughton to the salvage operation. Power Plant personnel needed Game and Fish personnel and to drain the tub to complete Naughton Power Plant person- repairs to the spill way. nel netted the trout from the basin with seines. The fish The Naughton Power plant were hoisted up an 18 foot wall uses Viva Naughton Reservoir in buckets with water pulled by as a water source for opera- ropes. The trout were then put tions at the power plant. in a stocking tank with oxygen Naughton plant managers and circulating water, awaiting needed to complete mainte- the trip to Viva Naughton Res- nance on the concrete within ervoir for release. the basin and the spillway. To complete the maintenance they The operation salvaged 175 needed to drain the water out trout from the tub. The trout Naughton Power Plant personnel hoisting trout up the Viva Naughton of the basin. The trout in the were released into Viva Naugh- spillway wall to the waiting stocking tank. All salvaged trout were then put basin had no way to escape and ton Reservoir. The salvaged back into the reservoir for anglers to enjoy! would have died when the trout ranged in length from 10 Wyoming Game and Fish Department Fish Division Mission Statement:

C/O Anna Senecal “As stewards of Wyoming’s aquatic resources, we are committed to 351 Astle Ave., Green River, WY 82935 conservation and enhancement of all aquatic wildlife and their habi-

Phone: 307-875-3223 tats for future generations through scientific resource management Fax: 307-875-3242 and informed public participation. We will use an integrated pro- E-mail: [email protected] gram of protection, regulation, propagation, restoration and control We’re on the web at: to provide diverse, quality fisheries resources and angling opportuni- wgfd.wyo.gov ties. Our efforts will balance the productive capability of habitats with public desires.”

Newsletter Contributors

This years’ newsletter contributions came from the Green River Fish Management Crew. Thanks to all who pitched in.

2012 Dates to Remember

Free Fishing Day June 2 – The Wyoming Game and Fish Commission has declared June 2, 2012 and June 1, 2013 Free Fishing Days to coincide with the beginning of the National Fishing and Boating week. Residents and nonresi- dents may fish Wyoming waters (excluding Wind River Indian Reservation and Yellowstone National Park, which are not regulated by the State of Wyoming) without a fishing license or conservation stamp. Kemmerer Kids Fishing Day June 9 – Located at the Kemmerer Community pond by the overpass. Spon- sored by the Kemmerer Recreation Center. Evanston Kids Fishing Day June 9 – Located at the UP Ice Ponds, Registration starts at 7.45, Fishing from 8 am to 1 pm. Sponsored by Upper Bear River TU Chapter. Rock Springs Kids Fishing Day June 16 – Located at the Rock Springs Pond - south side of the road into the Rock Springs Golf Course. Event 9 am to 3 pm. Sponsored by Flaming Gorge/Green River TU Chapter, Seedskadee Wildlife Refuge and the WGFD. Wyoming Hunting and Fishing Heritage EXPO: September 13-15 – This year’s Expo will be Thursday through Saturday, September 13-15 from 9-4 at the Casper Event Center. See http://wgfd.wyo.gov/web2011/ education-1000262.aspx