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International Journal of Health Research Arif et al Pharmacological effects of Spondias mangifera Reprinted from International Journal of Health Research Peer-reviewed Online Journal http://www.ijhr.org Abstracting/Indexing African Index Medicus, Open-J-Gate, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Socolar (China’s largest online database) e142 p9 Int J Health Res, December 2008; 1(4): 175 Arif et al Pharmacological effects of Spondias mangifera International Journal of Health Research The International Journal of Health Research is an online international journal allowing free unlimited access to abstract and full-text of published articles. The journal is devoted to the promotion of health sciences and related disciplines (including medicine, pharmacy, nursing, biotechnology, cell and molecular biology, and related engineering fields). It seeks particularly (but not exclusively) to encourage multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, the industry and the healthcare professionals. It will also provide an international forum for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and findings in health sciences and related disciplines. The journal welcomes original research papers, reviews and case reports on current topics of special interest and relevance. All manuscripts will be subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication) will be published without delay. The maximum length of manuscripts should normally be 10,000 words (20 single-spaced typewritten pages) for review, 6,000 words for research articles, 3,000 for technical notes, case reports, commentaries and short communications. Submission of Manuscript: The International Journal of Health Research uses a journal management software to allow authors track the changes to their submission. All manuscripts must be in MS Word and in English and should be submitted online at http://www.ijhr.org. Authors who do not want to submit online or cannot submit online should send their manuscript by e-mail attachment (in single file) to the editorial office below. Submission of a manuscript is an indication that the content has not been published or under consideration for publication elsewhere. Authors may submit the names of expert reviewers or those they do not want to review their papers. Enquiries: The Editorial Office International Journal of Health Research PORACOM Dean’s Office, College of Medicine Madonna University, Elele Campus, Rivers State Academic Publishers E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] e142 p10 Int J Health Res, December 2008; 1(4): 176 Arif et al Pharmacological effects of Spondias mangifera International Journal of Health Research, December 2008; 1(4): 177-182 © Poracom Academic Publishers. All rights reserved. Available at http://www.ijhr.org Open Access Original Research Article Online Journal Antibacterial, antidiarrhoeal and ulcer-protective activity of methanolic extract of Spondias mangifera bark Received: 01-Sep-08 Revised: 19-Dec-08 Accepted: 24-Dec-08 Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate Spondias mangifera bark for Muhammad Arif* 1 indomethacin-induced ulcer protective and castor-oil 2 induced antidiarrhoeal activity. Kamruz Zaman METHODS: The extracts of S. mangifera were tested for 1 Sheeba Fareed castor-oil induced diarrhea, and intestinal fluid accumulation and propulsion in rats using diphenoxylate Badruddeen 3 hydrochloride and atropine as standard drug. The effect 1 of the extracts on indomethacin-induced ulceration in Md Sarfaraj Hussain rats was also evaluated. using cimetidine as positive control. In-vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic and 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, aqueous extract was also evaluated against Escherichia Lucknow-26, Uttar Pradesh coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, bacteria. Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, RESULTS: There was a significant (p < 0.01) inhibition Assam. activity against castor oil induced diarrhoea and fluid 3Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard accumulations in rats when tested at 100 and 200mg/kg. (Hamdard University), New Delhi-62 The extracts also showed significant (p < 0.01) reduction India. in intestinal propulsion in charcoal meal test in rats. The methanol extract inhibited the ulcerogenic effect of indomethacin and good antibacterial activity. CONCLUSION: S. mangifera possesses significant *For Correspondence: antidiarrhoeal, ulcer protective and antibacterial activities. Tel: +91-9918464963 E-mail: [email protected] or Keywords: Antidiarrhoeal; Antibacterial; Spondias [email protected] mangifera bark; Ulcer protective effect. e142 p11 Int J Health Res, December 2008; 1(4): 177 Arif et al Pharmacological effects of Spondias mangifera Introduction indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in Albino Wistar rats. Majority of people living in rural areas and those that are homeless or working in Materials and Methods automobile garages, refineries and lather industries in India often suffer from diarrhea Chemicals and drugs due to eating of contaminated food and/or drinking of contaminated water. In Indomethacin and atropine sulphate were developing countries, a quarter of infant and purchased from Ranbaxy labs (New Delhi, childhood mortality is related to the 1 India) while diphenoxylate hydrochloride was diarrhoea. The highest mortality rates have procured from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA). been reported to be in children less than five years of age. There are several reports on Animals the epidemiological and experimental issues pertaining to world-wide acute-diarrheal 2 Wister rats (150–200g) of either sex were disease. Although many currently available used in this investigation. Animals were synthetic drugs can cure the diarrhea they often produce other gastrointestinal side maintained under standard environmental effects. Due to the growing awareness about conditions and had free access to feed and limited side effects and complications, the water ad libitum . The rats were randomly usage of traditional medicines has gained assigned into groups of 6 animals per group. importance both in eastern and western Approval for the study protocol was granted countries. Several studies have shown that by the Institutional Ethical Committee of prior administration with some plant extracts Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University New had a protective effect on the intestinal tract. Delhi-62, India (Reg.173/01BC/CPCSEA). Spondias mangifera (Willd, Family Collection and authentication of plant (Anacardiaceae), is a glabrous tree with materials characteristic pleasant smell of wood, widely distributed on tropical and subtropical 3 The stem bark of Spondias mangifera was beaches. The trunk barks have been used collected from Jokoai forest of Dibrugarh, traditionally as refrigerant, tonic, antiseptic, Assam in the month of January 2007. The astringent and for the treatment of dysentery, plant specimen was authenticated by Prof diarrhea and prevent vomiting. 4 A paste or Muhibul Islam Department of Life Sciences, lotion of the bark extract is rubbed on to the Dibrugarh University, Assam with voucher body for treatment of sprain and strain in specimen number, L-32/07. The material case of both articular and muscular rheumatism. 5-6 All parts of the plant have a was dried under shade, pulverized and pass foeted, turpentine like odour when broken or through 40 mesh sieve before being stored brushed and provide the unique aroma and in a closed vessel for further use. taste. 7 Previously, ellagitannins, galloylge- ranin, lignoseric acid and β-carotein have Extraction of plant materials been isolated from the plant. 8-9 The S. mangifera bark powder was extracted In the present study, we evaluated with methanol (90%) by using soxhlet methanolic extracts of traditionally used extractor. The solvent was removed under Spondias mangifera bark (that have not been vacuum to give a semisolid residue (13.8% studied so far) for its anti-diarrhoeal potential w/w). Phytochemical screening indicated the against castor oil-induced diarrhoea, small presence of reducing sugar, flavonoids, intestine propulsion in charcoal meal test and peptides, phenolic compounds and tannins. e142 p12 Int J Health Res, December 2008; 1(4): 178 Arif et al Pharmacological effects of Spondias mangifera Safety profile study Small intestinal propulsion For acute toxicity study of the methanolic Rats were divided into four groups (n = 6) extract of the plant material, LD 50 was and fasted for 18 hr before the experiment. determined by adopting fixed dose method.10 Each animal was orally administered 1 ml of The number of animals that died or survived charcoal meal (5% deactivated charcoal in 10% aqueous tragacanth) followed by oral after 24 hr was recorded and LD 50 was extrapolated graphically. administration of MESM to the third and fourth groups of animals in the dose of 100 Castor-oil induced diarrhea mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. The first group was treated with 0.5% v/v aqueous Tween 80, 10 ml/kg, p.o.) and served as a negative control. Four groups of animals (n = 6 per group) The second group received atropine (0.1 were fasted for 18 hr and water was provided mg/kg, i.p.), and served as the positive ad libitum . Group 1 rats received vehicle control. Thirty minutes later, each animal (0.5% v/v aqueous Tween 80, 10 ml/kg, p.o.) was killed by cervical dislocation and the which served as control. Group 2 rats small intestinal was rapidly dissected out and received diphenoxylate hydrochloride placed on a clean surface.
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