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Bakalářská Diplomová Práce Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Bakalářská diplomová práce 2012 Andrea Henslová Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav jazykovědy a baltistiky Obecná jazykověda Andrea Henslová Srovnání německého a nizozemského jazyka Bakalářská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: prof. RNDr. Václav Blaţek, CSc. 2012 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitìm uvedených pramenů a literatury. …………………………………………….. Podpis autora práce Poděkování Mé poděkování patří především vedoucímu práce prof. RNDr. Václavu Blaţkovi, CSc., který mi poskytl akademickou pomoc. Poděkovat bych chtěla také rodině a příteli za jejich trpělivost a psychickou podporu během celého studia. OBSAH Úvod .................................................................................................................. 6 0 Germánské jazyky ......................................................................................... 8 1 Nizozemí ......................................................................................................... 9 1. 1 Základní informace ................................................................................................. 9 1. 2 Geografie ............................................................................................................... 10 1. 3 Demografie ............................................................................................................ 11 1. 4 Historie Nizozemí ................................................................................................. 12 1. 5 Jazyky Nizozemí ................................................................................................... 14 1. 6 Nizozemština ......................................................................................................... 15 1. 6. 1 Historický vývoj nizozemštiny ........................................................................ 16 1. 6. 2 Dialekty nizozemštiny ..................................................................................... 21 1. 6. 3 Slovní zásoba ................................................................................................... 21 2 Německo ...................................................................................................... 23 2. 1 Základní informace ............................................................................................... 23 2. 2 Geografie ............................................................................................................... 24 2. 3 Demografie ............................................................................................................ 26 2. 4 Historie Německa ................................................................................................. 26 2. 5 Jazyky v Německu ............................................................................................... 30 2. 6 Němčina ................................................................................................................. 31 2. 6. 1 Historický vývoj němčiny ................................................................................ 32 2. 6. 2 Dialekty němčiny ............................................................................................. 36 2. 6. 3 Slovní zásoba ................................................................................................... 39 3 Fonetika ....................................................................................................... 41 3. 1 Fonetika nizozemštiny ......................................................................................... 41 3. 1. 1 Přehled nizozemských hlásek a jejich výslovnost ........................................... 41 3. 1. 2 Segmentální jevy v nizozemštině .................................................................... 51 3. 2 Fonetika němčiny ................................................................................................. 52 3. 2. 1 Přehled německých hlásek a jejich výslovnost ................................................ 53 3. 2. 2 Segmentální jevy v němčině ............................................................................ 64 4 Morfologie .................................................................................................... 68 4. 1 Člen ........................................................................................................................ 68 4. 1. 1 Nizozemské členy ............................................................................................ 68 4. 1. 2 Německé členy ................................................................................................. 70 4. 2 Podstatná jména ................................................................................................... 75 4. 2. 1 Nizozemská podstatná jména ........................................................................... 75 4. 2. 2 Německá podstatná jména ............................................................................... 80 4. 3 Přídavná jména ..................................................................................................... 91 4. 3. 1 Nizozemská přídavná jména ............................................................................ 91 4. 3. 2 Německá přídavná jména ................................................................................. 93 4. 4 Zájmena ................................................................................................................. 98 4 4. 4. 1 Nizozemská zájmena ....................................................................................... 98 4. 4. 2 Německá zájmena .......................................................................................... 102 4. 5 Číslovky ................................................................................................................ 108 4. 5. 1 Nizozemské číslovky ..................................................................................... 108 4. 5. 2 Německé číslovky .......................................................................................... 110 4. 6 Slovesa ................................................................................................................ 115 4. 6. 1 Nizozemská slovesa ....................................................................................... 115 4. 6. 2 Německá slovesa ............................................................................................ 125 4. 7 Příslovce .............................................................................................................. 140 4. 7. 1 Nizozemská příslovce .................................................................................... 140 4. 7. 2 Německá příslovce ......................................................................................... 141 4. 7. 3 Částice ............................................................................................................ 143 4. 8 Předložky ............................................................................................................. 144 4. 8. 1 Nizozemské předloţky ................................................................................... 144 4. 8. 2 Německé předloţky ....................................................................................... 145 4. 9 Spojky ................................................................................................................... 148 4. 9. 1 Nizozemské spojky ........................................................................................ 148 4. 9. 2 Německé spojky ............................................................................................. 149 4. 10. Citoslovce ......................................................................................................... 152 4. 10. 1 Nizozemská citoslovce ................................................................................ 152 4. 10. 2 Německá citoslovce ..................................................................................... 152 5 Syntax ........................................................................................................ 153 5. 1 Nizozemský slovosled ....................................................................................... 153 5. 2 Německý slovosled ............................................................................................ 154 5. 3. Zápor ................................................................................................................... 156 5. 3. 1 Vyjádření záporu v nizozemštině .................................................................. 156 5. 3. 2 Vyjádření záporu v němčině .......................................................................... 156 6 Slovní zásoba ............................................................................................ 157 6. 1 Porovnání různých slov a frází obou jazyků .................................................. 157 7 Typologie jazyků ....................................................................................... 159 Závěr ............................................................................................................. 160 Seznam pouţitých zkratek........................................................................... 163 Bibliografie ................................................................................................... 164 5 Úvod Bakalářská diplomová práce se zabývá porovnáním dvou příbuzných germánských jazyků, nizozemského a německého.
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