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Trends in the Use and Application of Indigenous Knowledge

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Trends in the Use and Application of Indigenous Knowledge TRENDS IN THE USE AND APPLICATION OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE: IMPLICATIONS ON NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AMONG NANDI PEOPLE OF, KENYA PACIFICA CHEPKOSGEI MINING A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (HUMAN ECOLOGY), UNIVERSITY OF ELDORET, KENYA SEPTEMBER, 2015 ii DECLARATION Declaration by the Candidate This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. No part of this thesis may be reproduced without the prior written permission of the author and/or University of Eldoret. Mining Pacifica Chepkosgei Siganature:__________________ Date: ___________________ Reg. No. SES/D. Phil/20/06 Declaration by Supervisors This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors. Signature: _________________________ Date: _________________ Dr. Grace J. Cheserek University of Eldoret Signature: ___________________________ Date: __________________ Dr. Reginalda N. Wanyonyi University of Eldoret iii DEDICATION To the Custodians of Indigenous Knowledge of the Nandi people. iv ABSTRACT Indigenous Knowledge (IK) has been widely reported by researchers and natural resource managers as a valuable contributor to natural resource management (NRM) and biodiversity conservation. The influences of modernity throughout Africa and the developing world have seriously contributed to the negation of traditional indigenous knowledge in ongoing efforts to ensure sustainable management of natural resources. This study sought to investigate the changing trends in use and application of IK in NRM; establish environmental implications of changes in use and application of indigenous natural resource management; and determine interrelationships between the Nandi indigenous natural resource strategies and modern natural resource strategies. The study adopted a case study design. The target population were all officers in charge of environmental management in the county, traditional specialists and household heads. A total of 385 household heads, 13 traditional specialist and 10 Nandi County natural resource management officers were selected through systematic, snowball and purposive sampling methods respectively. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires while qualitative data was collected through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Quantitative data was subjected to both descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and means. For inferential statistics, chi square was computed to test relationships between study variables while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study established significant changes in the use and application of IK in NRM- specifically in Land use, water resources, forest cover and wildlife management. Modern approaches in NRM had taken precedence over traditional ecological knowledge as a result of this trend; Nandi County had experienced significant negative environmental effects ranging from shrinking of water bodies and vegetation cover to extinction of key endemic species particularly in Nandi forest. The study established that IK and modern NRM should be complimentary rather than contradictory. These findings suggest the need to encourage community-based NRM at grass root levels, and incorporation of rural participatory NRM strategies to ensure sustainable environmental management in the County. This will enhance the integration of indigenous knowledge in modern natural resource management strategies. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... xii LIST OF PLATES ........................................................................................................ xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... xiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. xv CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 1.0 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Study ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................ 6 1.3 Objectives of the study ............................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Main objective of the study .................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Specific objectives of the study .............................................................................. 8 1.3.3 Research Questions ................................................................................................. 8 1.4 Justification and Significance of the Study ................................................................ 8 1.5 Scope and limitations of the study ............................................................................ 10 1.6 Operational Definition of Terms ............................................................................... 12 CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................. 13 2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 13 2.2 The Concept of Indigenous Knowledge ............................................................... 13 2.2.1 Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development ......................................... 17 2.2.3 Use and Application of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Natural Resource Management .................................................................................................................... 22 vi 2.3. Impact of Modernization on Natural Resource Management/ Sustainable Development ................................................................................................................... 29 2.4 Integration of Indigenous Knowledge and Scientific Knowledge in Natural Resource Management .................................................................................................................... 31 2.5. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework of the Study ............................................. 36 The theoretical and conceptual frameworks of the study are presented in separate sections hereunder. .......................................................................................................... 36 2.5.1 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................... 37 2.5.1.1 Cultural Ecology Theory ............................................................................. 37 2.5.1.2 Experiential Learning Theory ...................................................................... 39 2.5.1.3 Time-Space Distanciation Theory ............................................................... 40 2.5.2 Conceptual Framework of the Study ..................................................................... 41 2.6 Chapter summary ...................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER THREE:RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................. 44 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 44 3.2 Background of the Nandi community in Pre-colonial and Colonial Period ............. 44 3.2.1 The Nandi Homestead ........................................................................................... 44 3.2.2 Land Division and Local Authorities ..................................................................... 45 3.2.3. Population Distribution and Social Organization ................................................. 48 3.2.4 Economic Organization ......................................................................................... 48 3.2.5 Political Organization ............................................................................................ 49 3.2.5.1 The Land (Koret) Council ........................................................................... 49 3.2.5.2 Age-Sets ...................................................................................................... 51 3.3 Study Area ................................................................................................................ 51 3.3.1 Location, Size and Administrative Boundaries ..................................................... 52 3.3.2 Physiographic and Natural Conditions .................................................................
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