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The Verb in Nyakyusa a Focus on Tense, Aspect and Modality

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The Verb in Nyakyusa a Focus on Tense, Aspect and Modality The verb in Nyakyusa A focus on tense, aspect and modality Bastian Persohn language Contemporary African Linguistics 2 science press Contemporary African Linguistics Editors: Akinbiyi Akinlabi, Laura J. Downing In this series: 1. Payne, Doris L., Sara Pacchiarotti & Mokaya Bosire (eds.). Diversity in African languages: Selected papers from the 46th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. 2. Persohn, Bastian. The verb in Nyakyusa: A focus on tense, aspect and modality. ISSN: 2511-7726 The verb in Nyakyusa A focus on tense, aspect and modality Bastian Persohn language science press Bastian Persohn. 2017. The verb in Nyakyusa: A focus on tense, aspect and modality (Contemporary African Linguistics 2). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/141 © 2017, Bastian Persohn Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-014-9 (Digital) 978-3-96110-015-6 (Hardcover) ISSN: 2511-7726 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.926408 Source code available from www.github.com/langsci/141 Collaborative reading: paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=141 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Sebastian Nordhoff, Bastian Persohn Proofreading: Andreas Hölzl, Bev Erasmus, Caroline Rossi, Christian Döhler, Elizabeth Bogal-Allbritten, Grace Temsen, Jan Wohlgemuth, Jean Nitzke, Jeroen van de Weijer, Lea Schäfer, Matthew Czuba, Mike Aubrey, Mykel Brinkerhoff, Prisca Jerono, Rosetta Berger, Sandra Auderset Fonts: Linux Libertine, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX Language Science Press Unter den Linden 6 10099 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Language Science Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations and symbols xi 1 Introduction and Background 1 1.1 Introductory remarks ........................ 1 1.2 The Nyakyusa language and its speakers ............. 1 1.2.1 Geography and demography ................ 1 1.2.2 On the name Nyakyusa .................. 2 1.2.3 Previous linguistic research ................ 3 1.2.4 Nyakyusa within Bantu .................. 6 1.2.5 Dialects and variety described ............... 8 1.3 Data collection ............................ 11 1.4 Theoretical framework ....................... 13 1.4.1 Overview .......................... 13 1.4.2 Tense and grammatical aspect ............... 14 1.4.3 Inherent temporal structure of the verb .......... 19 1.4.4 Tense and grammatical aspect in discourse ........ 22 2 Grammatical sketch 29 2.1 Typological overview ........................ 29 2.2 Basic phonology ........................... 30 2.2.1 Vowels and syllables .................... 30 2.2.2 Consonants ......................... 35 2.2.3 Suprasegmentals ...................... 38 2.3 Nouns and noun phrase ....................... 39 2.3.1 Noun classes ........................ 39 2.3.2 Nominal morphology .................... 43 2.3.3 Demonstratives and pronominals ............. 45 2.4 Basic syntax ............................. 47 Contents 3 Structure of the verb 51 3.1 Introduction ............................. 51 3.2 Phonological structure of verbal morphemes ........... 51 3.3 Linear morphological structure of the finite verb ......... 52 3.3.1 The pre-initial slot ..................... 53 3.3.2 The initial slot ........................ 54 3.3.3 The post-initial slot ..................... 59 3.3.4 The pre-radical slot ..................... 60 3.3.5 The radical slot ....................... 65 3.3.6 The pre-final slot ...................... 65 3.3.7 The final slot ........................ 65 3.3.8 The post-final slot ...................... 66 3.4 Root, base and stem ......................... 77 4 Verbal Derivation 79 4.1 Introduction ............................. 79 4.2 Verbal extensions .......................... 80 4.2.1 Morphophonology of verbal extensions ......... 80 4.2.2 Causative 1 ......................... 85 4.2.3 Causative 2 ......................... 86 4.2.4 The relationship between the two causatives ....... 87 4.2.5 Reciprocal/Associative ................... 89 4.2.6 Applicative ......................... 92 4.2.7 Productive Passive ..................... 94 4.2.8 Fossilized Passive ...................... 97 4.2.9 Neuter ............................ 99 4.2.10 Intensive ........................... 100 4.2.11 Separative .......................... 101 4.2.12 Tentive ............................ 102 4.2.13 Positional .......................... 103 4.2.14 Impositive .......................... 104 4.2.15 Extensive .......................... 105 4.3 Combinations of verbal extensions ................. 106 4.3.1 Morpheme order ...................... 106 4.3.2 Complex derivations: pluractional ............ 108 4.3.3 Applicativized causatives ................. 109 4.4 Denominal verbs ........................... 110 4.5 Partial reduplication ......................... 111 iv Contents 5 Verb categorization 113 5.1 Introduction ............................. 113 5.2 Diagnostic criteria .......................... 115 5.3 Verb classes ............................. 118 5.3.1 Activities .......................... 118 5.3.2 Simple accomplishments .................. 122 5.3.3 Transitional accomplishments ............... 125 5.3.4 Transitional achievements ................. 128 5.3.5 Resultative achievements ................. 131 5.3.6 Other achievement classes ................. 137 6 Tense and aspect constructions 1: present and past tense 141 6.1 Introduction ............................. 141 6.2 Overview of tense aspect in Nyakyusa .............. 141 6.3 Negation in Nyakyusa ........................ 142 6.4 Morphophonology of common TMA suffixes ........... 144 6.4.1 Alternations of imperfective -aga ............. 144 6.4.2 Perfective -ile and its variants ............... 144 6.5 Synthetic present and past constructions ............. 152 6.5.1 Simple present ....................... 152 6.5.2 Negative present ...................... 156 6.5.3 Present perfective ...................... 157 6.5.4 Negative present perfective ................ 165 6.5.5 Past perfective ....................... 166 6.5.6 Negative past perfective .................. 179 6.5.7 Past imperfective ...................... 180 6.5.8 Negative past imperfective ................. 183 6.6 Periphrastic present and past constructions ............ 184 6.6.1 Progressive ......................... 185 6.6.2 Persistive .......................... 186 6.6.3 Minor constructions .................... 190 6.7 The present as non-past ....................... 192 6.7.1 Narrative present ...................... 193 6.7.2 Present tense in subordinate clauses ........... 195 7 Tense and aspect constructions 2: narrative markers 209 7.1 Introduction ............................. 209 7.2 The two narrative markers: a comparison ............. 209 7.2.1 On typologies of narrative markers ............ 210 v Contents 7.2.2 Licensing and dependency ................. 211 7.2.3 Distribution in narrative discourse ............ 214 7.2.4 Quantitative distribution .................. 219 7.2.5 Functional differences ................... 221 7.3 Narrative tense ............................ 221 7.3.1 Formal makeup ....................... 221 7.3.2 Temporal and aspectual semantics ............ 222 7.3.3 Sequentiality of events ................... 229 7.3.4 Summary .......................... 232 7.4 Subsecutive .............................. 233 7.4.1 Formal makeup ....................... 233 7.4.2 Restrictions on use ..................... 234 7.4.3 Semantics and basic textual function ........... 234 7.4.4 Common occurrences ................... 237 7.4.5 Tokens without strict temporal progression ....... 243 7.4.6 Summary .......................... 246 8 Tense and aspect constructions 3: futurates 249 8.1 Introduction ............................. 249 8.2 Proclitic aa= ............................. 250 8.3 Proclitic (i)sa= ............................ 255 8.4 Proclitic naa= ............................ 257 8.5 Prospective/movement kwa INF .................. 258 8.6 Indefinite future ........................... 260 8.6.1 Formal makeup ....................... 260 8.6.2 Meaning and use ...................... 261 8.6.3 A diachronic perspective .................. 264 8.7 Prospective/Inceptive ja pa-INF .................. 265 9 Mood and modal categories 267 9.1 Introduction ............................. 267 9.2 Imperative .............................. 267 9.3 Subjunctive .............................. 270 9.3.1 Uses of the subjunctive ................... 271 9.3.2 Complex constructions involving the subjunctive .... 279 9.3.3 Distal/itive ka- ....................... 282 9.3.4 Negative Subjunctive .................... 284 9.4 Desiderative ............................. 288 9.5 Modal future ............................. 292 vi Contents 9.6 Conditional ngali .......................... 299 10 Defective verbs, copulae and movement grams 303 10.1 Introduction ............................. 303 10.2 The copulae ............................. 303 10.2.1 Copula verbs ........................ 303 10.2.2 Copula use ......................... 305 10.2.3 Existential construction .................. 308 10.2.4 Expression of predicative possession ........... 310 10.3 tɪ ‘say; think;
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