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Can a 'child raise a village'? A case study of South Africa's Community and Individual Development Association (CIDA) City Campus By Jessica Keen A Thesis Submitted to Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of International Development Studies March, 2008, Halifax, Nova Scotia Supervisor: Dr Linda Liebenberg, Dalhousie University Readers: Dr Salim Akoojee, Dr Julia Sagebien External Examiner: Kevin McKague ©Jessica Keen, 2008. 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A case study of South Africa's Community and Individual Development Association (CIDA) City Campus by Jessica Keen Abstract March, 2008 This thesis is an exploratory study of the Community and Individual Development Association (CIDA) City Campus: the first 'virtually free' university in South Africa. Considered a potential solution to the crisis in tertiary education in South Africa, it provides an accredited BBA degree to economically disadvantaged students. Situated against a literature review that traces the emergence of 'hybrid' organizations and management approaches which challenge the public/private distinction, findings of a mixed-mode survey of 2004-2006 graduates suggest that CIDA not only fulfills an 'access role', but also supports students in ways necessary for them to proceed through their degree. Whilst indicating the strengths of the CIDA model, including employment outcomes, graduates also signal areas for improvement. Importantiy, the study also explores the 'externalities' of a CIDA degree. Findings demonstrate graduate support of extended families as well as a large commitment to community-based initiatives in areas such as youth resilience and education. 2 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the memory of Tukiso Mokoena, a young man who tackled life with passion and unerring optimism for the future. He began a skills training initiative in his community of Orange Farm called Letsatsing - 'source of light' — and inspired many people during his short lifetime with his brilliance and desire to see South Africa achieve its greatest potential. Tukiso continues to invite all of us to give of ourselves to our communities, and to do this with dedication and love. And, in the face of adversity, to simply laugh. Acknowledgements A great many people assisted in the making of this study. Indeed, its achievement must be shared with an entire 'village' of people who gave their support and assistance at each step of the way. First and foremost, thank you to all of the graduates who found the time in their busy lives to complete a survey and in this, communicate details of their student and work experiences and provide considered opinions for CIDA's ongoing improvement. I would like to thank Dineo Bontes and Lerato Hopton for methodically calling almost the entire list of 507 BBA graduates. Thank you to Gift Serero and Marlene de Beer at CIDA Park for your work with the mail-out of the survey. Thank you to CIDA core members, Mburu Gitonga, Richard Peycke and Taddy Blecher for your insights and contributions in the design of the survey. Thank you to Dr Julia Sagebien and Dr Salim Akoojee for your wonderful encouragement and revisions. Deepest thanks to Dr Linda Liebenberg who, without her selfless commitment and energy, this work would never have been possible. Finally, thank you to Hammani and my parents, who sustained me throughout the journey. Thank you also for the financial support provided through the Canada Corps Internship Programme, jointly funded by the Canadian 'CIDA' (the Canadian International Development Agency), and the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC), which enabled me to undertake this work in South Africa. Index LIST OF ACRONYMS 7 1 INTRODUCTION 9 l.i PURPOSE OF RESEARCH 9 1.2 CORPORATE SOCIAL INVESTMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA 12 1.3 CIDA CITY CAMPUS 14 1.3.1 CIDA Structure 16 1.3.2 CIDA Partnerships 18 1.3.3 CIDA Admissions 22 1.3.4 Community Ploughback 24 1.4 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 26 1.5 TERMS USED IN THIS STUDY 27 1.6 THESIS STRUCTURE 28 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 30 2.1 INTRODUCTION 30 2.2 THE CONTINUING DEVELOPMENT DEBATE 32 2.3 THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS IN THEORY 35 2.3.1 The Public / Private Distinction 37 2.4 'HYBRID' DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT 41 2.4.1 The New 'Responsible'Private 41 2.4.2 Partnerships across all divides 43 2.4.3 Business — Non-Profit Partnerships 46 2.5 THE 'HYBRID' ORGANIZATION 50 2.5.1 What is Social Entrepreneurship? 53 2.5.2 What does SE look like?. 56 2.5.3 Social Enterprise or Social Innovation'? 57 2.5.4 SE and Sector 59 2.5.5 Criticism o/SE 60 2.5.6 Challenges for Research 61 2.5.7 Conclusion 63 2.6 TERTIARY EDUCATION, DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY 64 2.6.1 The Positioning of tertiary education in the development debate 65 2.6.2 Revisiting evidence on Benefits of Higher Education 70 2.7 TERTIARY EDUCATION: IN THEORY 73 2.7.1. Neo-ClassicalEconomic Growth 73 2.7.2 Higher Education Tradition and the Development University' in Africa 74 2.7.3 Inequities in Access to Tertiary Education: Social Stratification 76 2.8 THE PRIVATE/PUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATION DEBATE 79 2.8.1 Public Higher Education: Focus on Africa's Universities 81 2.8.2 Private Higher Education: A Global Surge 83 2.8.3 The Profile of Private HE 85 2.8.4 Financing. 87 2.8.5 Ownership, Profits and Responsibility 88 2.8.6 Educational Equity 89 2.8.7 Regulation and Autonomy 90 2.8.8 Complementary or Competition?. 91 2.8.9 Diversification 92 2.8.10 New Frontiers of Private Higher Education 93 3 2.9 THE SOUTH AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT 96 2.9.1 Poverty and Inequality 96 2.9.2 Unemployment 98 2.9.3 Education 102 2.10 TERTIARY EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA 102 2.10.1 The Inheritance of Apartheid Higher Education 102 2.10.2 Post-Apartheid Education Policy 103 2.10.3 The Skills for Economic Growth 105 2.11 EDUCATIONAL EQUITY 112 2.11.1 Equity: Equal Treatment /12 2.11.2 Equity: Educational Opportunity /13 2.11.3 Equity: Educational Adequacy /18 2.11.4 Conclusions on Educational Equity 120 2.12 CHALLENGES OF EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 121 2.13 THE PRIVATE ALTERNATIVE 123 2.13.1 History of Private HE in SA 123 2.13.2 Profile of Private HE in SA 124 2.13.3 Trans-national Providers 126 2.13.4 Public-Private Partnerships 127 2.13.5 Corporate Classrooms 128 2.13.6 Private HE Issues Revisited. 129 2.14 CREDENTIALS AND MOBILITY: CIDA CITY CAMPUS 130 2.14.1 Student Profiles 131 2.14.2 Funding 133 2.14.3 Governance 134 2.15 CONCLUSION 134 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 136 3.1 BACKGROUND TO RESEARCH METHODS 136 3.2 DATA COLLECTION 138 3.3 PARTICIPANT SELECTION 142 Table 1: Response rates by survey mode 144 3A SURVEY DESIGN 144 3.4.1 Theoretical design aspects 144 3.4.2 Technical design aspects 147 3.5 PROCEDURE 148 3.5.1 Survey Piloting 148 3.5.2 Sampling. 148 3.5.3 Web Survey 150 Graph 1: Web survey response rates 152 3.5.4 Postal Survey 152 3.5.5 Further means for completing the survey 153 3.6 DATA CAPTURING AND ANALYSIS 154 4 CASE STUDY: CIDA CITY CAMPUS 156 4.1 THE PARTICIPANT GROUP 156 Table 1: Comparison of '2005 Student body with Participant group 157 Graph 1: Comparison of2005 Student body with Survey Participant group 157 4.2. THROUGHPUT/ EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY 158 4.2.1 Economic considerations: Financing a CIDA degree 159 4.2.2 Practical Aspects of CIDA 160 4.2.3 Social / Emotional Aspects of CIDA 162 4 Table 2: Participant rating 'Quality of campus life'.