Volume Xll Number 4 SOUTHERN Focus on IUNatmibia A RICA $1 fMAY 197,() 230 1979

Tanzania 8shs. Mozambique 35esc. SOUTHERN CONTENTS INTERVIEW 2 SWAPO Executive Member, Hidipo Hamutenya: Af RICA SWAPO Ready to Continue Volume XII Number 4 the Struggle SPECIAL REPORT MAY 1979 4 Right Turn in UK and US NAMIBIA Why No April Issue 5 South Africa Blocks Settlement Dear Readers, 7 Corporate Interests Prepare Unfortunately we could not bring out an April editi for UDI of the magazine. We didn't have the money to l: 8 Uranium-Vital for Western printers or type-setters. Added to that we had to m( Energy to new offices-because our rent was being doubled ZIMBABWE We are not yet able to cover our basic monthly bud 9 Voting at the Point of a Gun from subscriptions alone, so that our income has to SOUTH AFRICA supplemented by grants. 10 Information Scandal We already have large debts, and when it beca Revelations Continue clear that our April income would not come near coy 11 Running Interference in the US ing the cost of producing the magazine, we were for to miss an issue. MOZAMBIQUE We plan to keep going, and have been working h, 13 The Limpopo Valley: From Colonial Settlement to looking for grants. But our future really depends on Socialization of the ability to increase our subscription list to 10,000. TI Countryside would give us a strong enough economic base to supp UNITED STATES our monthly operational expenses. Fundraising co 14 House Kills Observer Plan then be directed towards special projects, promoti and further improvements. DEPARTMENTS 1 Update If each of our present readers encouraged two oth 16 Action News and Notes to subscribe, or bought two gift subscriptions, we wo 17 Book Reviews come close to reaching that goal. 20 Letters We know from your letters that you think 21 News Briefs magazine is important. Please help us keep it alive z growing. Front Cover: A luta continua Young SWAPO supporter The Southern Africa Collect (credit: SWAPO Information)

Members of the Southern Africa collective who contributed to the production of this Subscriptions: Individual (domestic and foreign)/$10.00 Institutional/$18.00; Airmail: issue: Jennifer Davis, Craig Howard, Richard Knighl, Patrick Lawrin., Edgar Africa, Asia, Europe/$22 50 South and Central America/$19 50 Lockwood. Andrew Marx, Malik Reaves, Christine Root. Karen Rolhmyer. Witney Schneidman, Mike Shuster, Stephanie Urdang, Jim Weikarl, Julie Weimar Southern Africa is available on microlilm through University Microfilm, Xerox Company. Ann Arbor, Mich 68206, and is listed in the Alternative Press Index Special thanks for their assistance to: Africa News Distributors: New York, Typesetting by Liberation News Service NY: Triangle Exchange, Delhi Distributors Washington, DC: Liberation Information Distribution Co.; Boston, MA. Carrier Pigeon, Third World Cover and layout by The Letter Space Distributors Chicago: Guild News Agency Minneapolis, MN: Rainbow Distribution St Southern Africa is published monthly, except for July-August, when bi monthly, by the Paul, MN: Isis News Distribution Southern Africa Committee, 17 West 171h Street, New York, N Y 10011 ISSN 0038-3775 UPDATE

support for liberation struggles in southern charges, but rather implied that South Africa. Ugandan Minister of State for Africa had long known about these relative IL Defense Yoweri Museveni was one of seven ly low-level, routine intelligence operations. students from the University of Dar es The expose, officials hinted in off-the Salaam who in 1968 spent four weeks record remarks, was probably intended to travelling in the liberated areas of Mozam distract from South Africa's internal Infor bique with FRELIMO, and subsequently mation scandal and to provide an excuse Solomon Mahlangu played an active role in training anti-Amin for a more belligerent stand in Namibia guerrillas. (and in Zimbabwe). Executed It is no secret that the US has long been Despite widespread internal and interna capable of monitoring South African ter "Christian League" Linked rain via tional protest, on April 6th the South detailed photographs provided by African government executed by hanging to Info Scandal its satellite system. Solomon Mahlangu, a young black political Some observers have thus expressed con According to information received by the prisoner. Mahlangu, a member of the cern that the US plane's mission may have Guardian (England), the South African had more banned African National Congress, had to do with searching out the government channeled perhaps as much as movements been convicted of complicity in the of liberation forces, than with half a million dollars to the Christian shooting of two white men in Johannesburg seeking out major South African govern League of Southern Africa, a right-wing ment in June 1977. installations. church group which has organized a pro The shooting occurred as Mahlangu and paganda campaign against the World two companions fled from police who had Council of Churches and its aid to libera found a hand grenade in one of their bags. Rhodesia Times New Raids tion movements in southern Africa. In Although Mahlangu was present at the November last year, a Christian League to Election scene of the shooting, the judge said in representative had admitted to Christian court that he accepted that Mahlangua had Following the April 10 vote by whites, Science Monitor reporter June Goodwin not fired the fatal shots. They were fired the first stage in Rhodesia's internal settle the receipt of about $26,000 from US by Mondy Motloung, who was so badly ment selection, Rhodesia mounted yet publisher John McGoff, who had been ac beaten up by the police after the deaths that another series of raids on neighboring cused of active involvement with the South he was found unfit to stand trial. African states Botswana and Zambia African Information Department efforts in Solomon Mahlangu, 22 at the time of his (fighting has been virtually constant in the United States. But the Guardian report execution, had joined the African National areas of Mozambique adjoining Rhodesia). is the first confirmation of suspicions that Congress soon after the Soweto uprising in The ferry linking Botswana and Zambia at the group was receiving South African 1976. He left South Africa for military Kazungula was destroyed, and 14 ZAPU government funding. training and returned shortly before his ar officials kidnapped from Francistown, Christian League head Rev. Fred Shaw rest. Botswana. Refugee and allegedly guerrilla denied the Guardian report, but said, "If camps were attacked in northern Zambia we receive money from the South African on two successive days, reportedly killing Front-Line States government and it is given to us so that we several hundred people. And in two raids Hail Amin Downfall don't know who gave it to us, and with no into the Zambian capital Lusaka, Rhode strings attached, then the South African sian commandoes destroyed Liberation Last November, when Idi Amin sent government must be praised as the most Center, which houses movement offices, Ugandan troops across the Tanzanian Christian government in the world." and several residences belonging to ZAPU, border, among the strongest voices raised in including the house of its leader Joshua support of Tanzania were those of Mozam Nkomo, who escaped injury. bique and Zambia. An official Mozam South AfricalUS Quarrel Characteristic of the raids in Lusaka and bican statement linked the attack to Tan Over Spies Botswana was the disguise of Rhodesian zania's role in support of liberation troops in the uniforms of Botswanan and movements in southern Africa, and accom The South African and US governments Zambia soldiers, a technique that has also panying news articles noted Uganda's role last month engaged in an exchange of angry been frequently used on raids into Mozam in training military personnel for Rhodesian gestures, posing new problems for Western bique. "internal settlement" leader Sithole. diplomatic efforts premised on South The attacks, as did an earlier raid on When the Ugandan National Liberation African cooperation. First, South African Mozambican oil storage tanks, emphasize Front proclaimed a new government on Prime Minister P.W. Botha announced on the military vulnerability of the African April 11, the "front-line states"-Tan April 12 the expulsion of three US military states aiding Zimbabwe's guerrillas, and zania, Mozambique, Zambia, Botswana personnel attached to the US embassy, pose the prospect of escalation of the war and Angola-were among the first African charging that the Ambassador's plane had into a wider conventional conflict. states to grant recognition. The future of been fitted with a spy camera to photo Particularly ominous for the future is the the new governing coalition in Uganda may graph sensitive South African installations. low-key international reaction to the be uncertain, but at least the key state of In retaliation, then, the US expelled two Rhodesian raids, indicating that they have Tanzania no longer has the debilitating South African military attaches stationed in almost come to be accepted as normal oc distraction of a hostile Ugandan govern Washington. curences. ment. And some at least among the new US officials did not bother to make a UPDATE this month was jointly preparea Ugandan leaders are known for their strong comprehensive denial of the South African by Africa News and Southern Africa. INTERVIEW -7 SWAPO Ready to Continue the Struggle South Africa is seeking a way out of allowing free, UN supervised elections in Namibia. Recognizing this, SWAPO is preparing for a protracted people's war of liberation.

Hidipo Hainutenva has been a militant Windhoek and Sswakopmund areas, some men into the country, and they are trying to with S It -IPO since 1961. Now at the age of 500 miles assaN from the border with prevent that from happening. 39, he sits on S W ,PO"s central committee Angola. This gises proof that guerrillas are This is wtrong because our people are and executive. He lives in Lusaka, Zambia deep inside the country and gives the lie to already inside the country. It's a waste of and teaches history and politics to S It 4 PO the nonsense that SWAPO only has base, in time and effort for them to pretend that it is cadres at the Institute ,for Nantibia. Zambia and Aneola. The truth of the mat now that the_ can block off the penetration Ham utenta was a member of S IVA PO's ter is that there are many units acti e deep of our forces into Namibia. delegation to the most recent round of inside the country. We are saine: let the ceasefire be an "proximity" talks on Nantibia in March. The South Africans recentl announced nounced and the w'orld will knosw. We swill While in New York, he spoke with that they found a depot of arms, exploi, es, be able to call our units to regroup inside Southern Africa about current and \\rcapotns in three different farms in tile Namibia at the time of the ceasefire. They developments inside Namibia and the pros Keetmanshoop icinity, some 100 miles \\ill be able to see \,ith their oa\n eyes that pects for the future as S HA PO sees them. south of the Angolan border. our forces are there inside the countr. Recent months have seen con The South Africans say that their What effect has this long period of siderable reporting on the Namibian defense forces have been keeping a negotiations-a year to agree to a plan diplomatic process, but there has been low profile in Namibia in recent and now almost a year to implement little or no news about the war there. months, and they have blamed all the it-had on SWAPO's struggle inside What's happening on the ground inside violence on SWAPO. Have they been Namibia? keeping a low Namibia? profile? At a political level, man\ of our cadres There has in fact been ait intensification Of course, thet, don't keep a loss profile. hate been arrested and detained to of guerrilla activities. The South African They are constantls looking for S\\ APO. neutralize and \\eaken S\VAPO just incase government itself has of late adopted the They are terorizing the local population. an election comes. But as they arrested our tactic of not reporting sswhat has actually Tile\' are engaged in border patrols. Tle\ cadres who are organizing more or less happened, except "shen it happens on such are torturing people, try ing to find out the publicly, there w\ere mans more under a large scale that it is impossible to cover it 'hereabouts of SVAPO guerrillas. Thes groutnd actis ities going ott, organized main up. They only report when they feel obliged are \ery busy. Iybs PLAN, SWAPO's Peoples Liberation to justify some of their own actis ities, such Mans more troops have, in fact, been Arm\t of Namibia. as going into Angola or Zambia, ostensibly brought in recently. It seems that the South If the South Africans finall, decide to go to strike at SWAPO bases. Africans had decided that in case there \,as against the UN plan, s\e kitow they \ill But in general the intensity of guerrilla a chance to implement the UN plan or to round LIpall our people "vIo are publicly activity has been pretty high in recent come to a ceasefire agreement, thc swanted actis e.So we have organized alternate lines months. to havc tileupper hand on the etc of the of mobilizatiort through our underground signing of the agreement. So they has e been netsork. What types of activities has SWAPO pouring in troops and tanks throughout We are pretts certain tltat a ltatever thes been engaging in? Are there attacks on Namibia, and in particular in the northern do-even ifthe plan fails-%we s\ill be able South African outposts, or are there ac parits. to function in our underground organiza tions in the cities as well? How many troops do the South tion. There are both. There has been al ongo Africans have there now? SWAPO will ing penetration by our units into the coun Pies iously, the est imate \a& 50,000. No\\ If the UN plan succeeds have to surface a complete political try, and they hate been engaging Stuth ile number is closer Io 65,000, an increase inside Namibia to par African troops in their own camps and ott of more than 10,000 men in uniform. organization patrol duty. There has also been contact ticipate in the elections. Is SWAPO's \sith the people and underground work at How can this be reconciled with the political structure in good shape? Can an organizational level which has reached terms of the UN plan which calls for a it mount an effective campaign? far into the towns. withdrawal of South African troops? We are absolutely certain of that. We The South Africans have been admitting There is a contradiction here. The South believe that ste not ortly hase the organiza that a lot of sabotage-bloitg up bridges Africans are wsorried, and ,tongl\ so, that tional structure but also the relevant and raivayshas been going on in thle SWAPO %%ill Ihbro,thousands of armed political platform to wiit the election. We MAY 1979 2 SOUTHERN AFRICA 2SOUTHERNAFRICA MAY 1979 ___,JTEVEVW

think that \\e ate the only oreani/atio in he deLstruction of tlhePotltlgtiC~e fascist which \\ill not be ashamed to admit that \\ ,ytcilll,\\5C arte doing js Ihat ioh, We arc intend to scize tihe resourcees of Namibia 1ot alone. We ale allited\\ith (he people ot and Put Ithose resources at the ser\ice of the South Africa and Ztibabw\e, and \\e are \\orking People of Namibia. conlident thai on all llese Itouits, tileI uliing We \\ill tot compromtise oil tli. We ipOlin in South Africa \ill bc contfnled. ha\e IlOt made alt\ deal \\ith the rlltitg We ate oti doim out pail, and \te are \cry ssysein. \\e tittk the people ol Namibia certain thati hen pressutre is ott, South \ill see sthto is talkin itt their interest, Alica \\illhase IIo Cloice but to ahatdoti Medical, housing, \\ ate\Cr problenli't ut al leastonIe o1, tile froits, alld ithat \\ill he be tolved immediatey-\\e fed \e aie tIe Namibia. \ \illm;ake it C\trcel coqtl oily oreanization \\hich has a clear plo Ioritele to taintlai Nam ibia. grarlm. The puppels Caltlltt iast lot Soutlh Altica. Thei installation \\illiake no dil The past year has seen many confus. lereneC . We \ill be [lttitg the salle SOULth ing events in Namibia-constant Africa \\e are fighting nmm. Ite puppets negotiations, the December internal \\illhe it Windloek, hut tIles\ill tot be elections, the formation of other able to carry Ol lhe \ar ol their o\\it. And political groups. What's been the reac \\e are also cetain of cottitited and i tion of the ordinary Namibian? cieased material assistance fiot socialist Ordinary Naitibians kto\ one thite': COUntrie attd progrcsi\\e Alricat cotui ihex hate li\ed under South African rule. (tics. Tiey iliideirstalld or at least feel the aitoita l\ of beitiLc domintated by South Africa. What do you think the West will do if, And the\ also uiderstanid the position of' as you expect, South Africa doesn't go ilte groips spotslstrcd, orgattized aitd itaii along with the plan? tatiled by South Alrica. They are clear ott \\e kto\\ otte tlg. Tile \ estcte iortt I; that. Irics \ ill tOt itpose Ccoo1ic silictliots ott Ve think that once ile doors are \\ide South Africa. That is ers clear Tihe are openi for is to state cdearly and catecorically tot itta position to clt their o\tt tltioats. our positoiol anid tell tie Narnibian people ilietllilttittalitLtal itltotstpolies \\ill lCClr what \\e are prepared to do for them to gai allito Ile o\erilncti ill \a higton, control omer the economic life (i out I ottdotn, Paris, ( )t;a\sa, alld Botnnt \i to Socilet -ill terlls of' dispossessinui the cam1r out cOtlOtlc sa tiotlav{aitttst South forces of tihe imulitatiotal corporations lltica.Illa recenit titli ie\ \6iihIBotha b) cottrolliit the Ccononic life ol tour socieCt, a jot-iTalistillote ol the Lotdon dailies, il termi of improl\itg the educational, Iotlha tates clearl that lie know, that medical, cultural lacilities ol OlT salleliolls \ill tiot ots 1ttitr1 Stoulh Africa, socity-\ c are ser\ cotfideti that iltepeo but other cotlltri as;i \\ell-rcletrini of plC \\ill choose t o er anybod else. cotlrse to Ile Vest. No\ , the \\ei \will lind an cCtise. hey What happens if South Africa doesn't ,tiCt Itri to blackittail ils\ith all solis of accept the UN plan and proceeds with iidioillois delnalids, otte ol \hich is that its own internal settlement? SV'AI'() must 111 be all\cd io ta\e bases We belie\e that is what will happen. Ve it icighhotritg coutries \\11icltare tot agreed to come to IIese talks full a\ware motitoted b UiNIAG. The other is that that South Africa is iot prepared to see a SWAl) should tot be alloed to ha\e SWAPO 2o, ertriten il Wiidhoek. The bases inside Natibia Ihesc ate tlings lthe , intplcretttation of the plan-the .\ay it is ha\e aereed to diiing ih talks. iio\-sill dcltitel ttcai a \ictory Iot We haVse lltadeorl positiot clear thatour SWAPO. lorces \illbc ttoitiloied, coul ied, atd So South Africa \%ill find a \%ay Out, a coitrolled illbases \\ilhiNatnibia. No\\ stat to wreck ail clailces of implemrenitin/g tile\ate pretetlldlt (hat it tt't cletr ltlr , the plan. in the talks Bultit \as cleat. That bein the prospect, \we have ies er [ lte\ate IHt1tu to fild allexcuse so that relented itt our preparations for a pro Ihe C ll jusliltI- hii laillue to gel (te tracted people's war ot liheratoit. We are coOpcralioll 0t Sotlh Attica. Thte iio\\ doing e\crythig-tlraining is goitg oil, hte ile oplion cilthero let Soutllh Altica recruiting. We wNill coitiile the struggle. coltlroiltilte siltlaliOl tlolle of itichoose ito We are confident that we have a reliable plll[) Illotile}, aut.illls, \\Capll ~/,ilnto file rear base ipuo which we can always COUlI puppet tegine that Sot ItAltica is gtit1 to in Angola and Zambia. We also see Out set tp il older to he atle to lighl "Coill struggle two just as antisolated icidet. We ltitliisi llithatois I1tot Atteola. see it as ait integral part of ile overall strlg Iliey tate tried that itt Vieltal atid itt gLe in soulIthern Africa. tttatty other parits o lie \\otld, alld Ilev Some people would like us to believe that failed lrei tide ol hisio y isol tilteside of it's an impossible task Ill Iry to c~lifroni what's right, and w\at i tight is ii Soutih South Africa, but our answ\er is Ihat just as Alrica and its neo-colollial plans int much as (uinea-Bissau could play itspart Nanihia mu t be del ealed.

SOUTHERN AFRICA 3 MAY 1979 SPE( IALFEPF IT

Right Turn in UK and US

In Washington and New York, foreign after the British ballots are cast. policy analysts are beginning to wonder out In the United States, pressure to change loud how long Andrew Young, Donald policy is coming most directly from Con McHenry, Richard Moose, and the rest of gress. Pro-Ian Smith sentiment in the the Carter administration's Africa policy Senate is now very strong, and it is no "regionalists" can hold their jobs. longer restricted only to conservatives. In London, no one is asking this ques Senator Jacob Javits (R.-NY) said recent tion. Everyone assumes that Foreign ly that his purpose in sponsoring last year's Secretary David Owen and his associates, Case-Jaits amendment, which sets out who have worked closely with their conditions for the lifting of Rhodesian American counterparts on the issues of sanctions, was to supply arms to the inter Rhodesia and Namibia, will be out of a job nal settlement regime. "The two guerrilla on May 3, the date of the British elections. leaders have promised a bloodbath and to Conservative opinion, and power, is shoot people who dare to go to the polls," growing in both countries. On Africa Javits said in recent Senate Foreign Rela policy, that growth in influence translates tions Committee hearings. "The question into what may become overwhelming is: shall the United States aid the govern pressure to reverse a policy that many con ment which results from this election by giv servatives regard as "tilted" toward the ing it the necessary arms to defend the peo liberation movments of Rhodesia and ple of the country if that is our decision. We Namibia. asked the president to do that." Representatives of both liberation But the Senate is only the most overt movements in New York and Africa don't Margaret Thatcher manifestation of growing pro-Salisbury see it that way. But conservatives do, and planning to lift sanctions sentiment. Less public is Pentagon thinking they have successfully made Africa policy taking these positions because "the situa on the subject. A recent article in Military an issue in both England and the US. tion has gotten worse" during the past year Review, the monthly magazine of the US The present Labor government in Lon and a half in southern Africa. Pym at Army Command and General Staff College don will not stand or fall because of its posi tributed this to the "diplomatic failures" of in Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, argues that all tions on Namibia or Rhodesia. Local issues the US and the Labor government. the Rhodesian army needs is a healthy dose are much more significant. But as the cam The US and the Labor government made of aid to expand its training facilities and paign got off the ground, Conservative Par a "diplomatic error," Pym said, by "pre programs, and it could defeat the Patriotic ty officials quickly made it clear that if they judging" the April elections in Rhodesia. Front in ten to eighteen months. The are elected, Great Britain's policy in He criticized their failure to send observers author, Capt. James Bruton, a former in southern Africa will change. to Rhodesia. The Conservative Party has telligence officer now with armv reserve, By mid-April Conservative leader sent a six-member team, headed by Vis says that Western nations should help Margaret Thatcher had already outlined her count Boyd, a member of the party's right Rhodesia in its war effort by lifting sanc party's strategy. It includes: wing. tions. * Lifting economic sanctions against Like many conservatives before them, And if Business Wleek is any barometer Rhodesia. Pym and Thatcher believe that the threat of of current thinking among corporate ex * Recognizing the internal government in corrmiunisi is the single greatest danger ecutives, they, too, are questioning Carter Rhodesia if the election there "takes place facing Africa. They have expressed alarm at policy, falling back on easy Cold War-style in reasonably free and fair conditions and the "substantial footholds" that the Soviet pronouncements. "No one would argue to with a reasonable turnout." Union and Cuba have established in Africa. day," wrote Business Week in early April, " Dismissing completely the possibility of "The communist threat has never loomed -that the Cubans are a stabilizing influence imposing sanctions on South Africa. larger," Pyrn said not long ago. in Angola, as [Andrew] Young did eighteen * Urging the US and the UN to "tilt" Needless to say, the South African months ago. Even Carter liberals are learn away from "favoring" SWAPO in negotia government is overjoyed at (ie prospect of ing that Soviet influence in southern Africa tions over Namibia. a Conservative victory. The apartheid has become part of a worldwide pattern of Francis Pym, the Conservative Party's regime has kept a keen eye on developments confrontation between Moscow and foreign policy spokesman and likely can in Britain, widely publicizing the statements Washington." El didate for Foreign Secretary in a Conser of Pym and Thatcher. It is believed that vative government, said that his party was South Africa is stalling on Namibia until M.S. MAY 1979 44SOUTHERN SOOTiHERN AFRiCAAFRICA MAY 1979 ',AMIBIA

South Africa Blocks Settlement

When the vice president of SWAPO, establishment of SWAPO bases inside talks. The internal Namibian political Mishake Muyongo, was in New York the Namibia and the reliance on Angola and groups-whose transportation and ex week of March 19 for the last round of Zambia to monitor guerrilla bases in those penses in New York were paid by South "proximity talks" on Namibia, someone neighboring countries. Africa-told the five that they opposed the referred to Namibia as the UN's "baby." Although Botha met with Secretary of establishment of SWAPO bases inside "Namibia has been the oldest baby that has State Cyrus Vance late Sunday night before Namibia, while the front-line states never walked," shot back Muyongo. the talks officially began, he did little talk reiterated their support for SWAPO's posi Now more than a month after those ing over the next two days. Instead, he tion. Three representatives of Namibia's talks, South Africa still refuses to accept turned his attention to a meeting of the UN Council of Churches told the five that the the UN independence plan, the Western Security Council that began just as the talks UN plan "presents a fair compromise and five are showing some signs of flagging en were getting underway across First Avenue lays a good ground for further practical ar thusiasm for the negotiating process, and at the US Mission to the UN. The meeting rangements leading to a United Nations the constituent assembly in Windhoek, led was at the request of Angola, which had en supervised election." by the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance dured throughout the previous week con Efforts to determine who else represen (DTA), is threatening to declare in tinual South African bombing attacks and tatives of the Namibian parties may have dependence on its own. The baby may soon troops incursions in its southern provinces. seen while they were in New York were un walk, but its first steps could turn it into an Angola, to the surprise of the Western five, successful. Aside from entering and leaving orphan. had also refused to take part in the proximi the US Mission, individuals such as the Called together by the five Western na ty talks while South African planes bom DTA's Dirk Mudge were practically invisi tions that had negotiated the plan for barded its territory. ble. Namibian elections under UN supervision It is known, though, that the UN made a the proximity talks opened March 19, just special effort to convince two of the parties, four days after a ceasefire monitored by UN SWAPO-D, a recent split-off from peacekeeping forces was supposed to go in SWAPO, and the Namibian National to effect. And they were over almost as Front, to accept the UN plan. But neither soon as they had begun. Secretary General Kurt Waldheim nor his In the past the negotiations- labeled special representative Martti Ahtisaari proximity talks because SWAPO and South could break through the groups' Africa never spoke face-to-face, but only unanimous opposition to SWAPO. negotiated near each other through the Incidentally, there are some groups that mediating Western five "contact weren't invited to the talks. Among them group" -included just the two warring par are two all-white Ku Klux Klan-type ties. But this last round of talks had been vigilante groups recently formed in greatly expanded by a Western invitation to Namibia, which, according to the Wind the foreign ministers of the front-line states hoek Observer, have pledged "an armed and Nigeria to attend as well. revolt should it become an exigency." One And there were more. Encouraged by is known as Blanksiva, composed of young South Africa, representatives of almost Afrikaners. The other, known as Wit every political grouping in Namibia-from Botha was furious that the Security Weerstandsbewe'ing, is German the DTA to the most right wing faction of Council meeting was running opposite the speaking -remember Namibia was once a the White Nationalist Party, the Gang of Five's Gala Show across the street. German colony-and committed to the use HNP-were on hand. In all there were at "I find it incomprehensible," Botha wrote of armed force. Its stickers displaying a least ten groups represented, bringing the to the president of the Council, "that on three-pronged, swastika-like symbol with number of parties participating in the talks the very day that the 'proximity talks' are to the slogan, "Onward White South Africa in to more than twenty. begin, a meeting of the Security Council is South-West," have been appearing around called ostensibly to condemn South Windhoek. The Observer says this group South African Intransigence Africa." Botha went on to attack SWAPO has compiled a "death list" of its enemies, The main obstacle to the implementation for what was, in effect, its continuing war with black church leaders "ranking prom of the UN plan was the intransigence of against South African forces in Namibia nently." South Africa. The apartheid regime would and to suggest that the Council condemn not "renegotiate" the plan, Foreign SWAPO "for its violence against the peo Electronic Monitoring Equipment Minister Roelof Botha emphasized from ple of South-West Africa." The proximity talks didn't really end; the beginning. South Africa refused to ac Over the next two days, the Western five they sort of dissolved away. After meeting cept two key provisions of the plan: the did hold meetings with all the parties at the finally with the five, Botha announced that SOUTHERN AFRICA 5 MAYMAY 1979 SOUTHERN AFRICA 5 NAMIBIA the West had tried to ease South Africa's anxieties about the UN's so-called devia tions from the original plan. But who is really deviating? The Western five back the plan, and South Africa's own, influential weekly, the Financial Mail has admitted that South Africa is "on rather shaky ground" in accusing the UN of deviations. The Mail quotes Western sources that say the plan implicitly restricts SWAPO per sonnel inside Namibia at the time of the ceasefire to bases there. "It is not logical to A send Namibians outside their country after a ceasefire," said a Western source. Other sources told the Mail that South Africa's current interpretations conflicted with its "negotiating history." South Africa's intransigence has not gone uncriticized in the West. "The whole exercise is slowly dying," commented the West German ambassador to the UN in April, adding that the only thing left to do was to refute South African "lies" over how that came about. A senior US official recently characterized South Africa as "the only obstacle" to an immediate settlement. Since the talks ended, South Africa has avoided giving the UN a definite answer, choosing instead to bombard the UN press corps almost daily with what it calls ac counts of SWAPO "terrorism." It's clear iow. that the apartheid regime is stalling for all the time it can get, hoping to reassess the situation after the internal elections in Rhodesia and the British elections early in May. South African troops on desert patrol

he was returning to South Africa. Only then it Namibia. "They want a regime they can An Internal Solution was it learned that the five had made at least control-a regime of quislings." But at the same time, and clearly not one proposal to attempt to erase South Muyongo insisted that the Western five without South Africa's tacit approval, the Africa's opposition to the plan. The US had never directly informed SWAPO of its of constituent assembly is beginning to move offered to provide sophisticated electronic fer to provided electronic monitoring equip toward an independence of its own. DTA monitoring devices to the UN to keep watch ment. Muyongo said that the first he chairman Dirk Mudge announced in early on SWAPO bases in Angola and Zambia. learned of the suggestion was in press ac April that his party favored the establish By the end of talks, SWAPO represent counts and that when he asked the five to ment of an interim government in Namibia atives were still bewildered as to why they confirm or deny the offer, they wouldn't. by mid-May. Mudge said he had "lost con had been invited to attend in the first place. SWAPO opposes the use of such equip fidence in the Western powers" to bring As SWAPO's Muyongo tells it, the contact ment ("We are not going to have a Vietnam about a settlement in Namibia and that the group did little or no mediating between the in Namibia") and also continues to oppose DTA was reads to "go it alone." Mudge two antagonists. "We are ready," any Western participation in either the UN also vowed tough action against SWAPO Muyongo stated. "SWAPO is prepared to peacekeeping force or its logistical support since that interim government was implement the plan tomorrow. Is South systems. "Let them leave other countries to established. Africa ready? Can the five tell us that South participate," Muxongo demanded. "They That sentiment appears to be spreading Africa is ready? have to stay out and support the plan so to the other internal parties in the territory. "We would like to trust the Western five. that if it breaks down, they aren't found By mid-April the South African Broad But they still have to do a lot of ground swithin it, and they can help put it back casting Company was reporting that Aktur, work to convince us. They have not man together. We don't want to think that they a small rightist party, had submitted a for aged to deliver South Africa. They said ihey put together this plan for other motives." ral request to the South African govern were going to do that." But obviously SWAPO believes the West ment proposing negotiations among the Despite the public optimism of the five does have other mnotives. One SWAP() of Namibian groups "to work out a process after the talks broke up, SWAPO was con ficial said privately that the West's whereby the independence process could be vinced that South Africa was not going to eagerness to involve its forces, coupled with concluded in a way that was orderly and as accept the plan. "The South Africans are the introduction of electronic equipment, representative as possible." The proposal is nowhere near the word honest. They are could mean the direct extension of NATO said to have the backing of the Liberation nowhere near sincerity," Muyongo said bit military influence into southern Africa. Front, the Namibian Christian Democratic terly. "They are just a bunch of thugs." Party, the Namibia People's Liberation Muyongo said South Africa was just Whose Deviations? Front, and the Rehoboth Democratic Par "pretending" to seek a peaceful settlement The electronic equipment was one way continued on page 14 1979 MAY 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA MAY 1979 NAMIBIA

Corporate Interests Prepare for UDI

The expectation that a SWAPO government will seek renegotiation of existing mining contracts is proving a powerful incentive for vested corporate interests to back a DTA regime.

by a Special Correspondent officials to establish separate institutions Kok, editor of the Windhoek Advertiser, for the main sectors of the economy. the only English-language daily in Namibia, After the inconclusive "proximity talks" In addition a number of South African which was purchased by the DTA in 1978. held in New York at the end of March on parastatals active in Namibia have been Its former editor, Hennes Smith, claimed the initiative of the Western "contact redesignated as Namibian. Thus the former that South African government slush funds group," the likelihood that South Africa Bantu Investment Corporation is now were involved in the deal. will opt for a UDI solution for Namibia has retitled the First National Development Kok frankly refers to the "abundance of substantially increased. Indeed many Corporation of SWAiNamibia. Such labor" as one of the main assets of the African diplomats who have watched the measures are designed to give the formal Namibian economy and claims, without course of the two-year negotiation effort appearance of self-government, while re any evidence, that economic ties between are convinced that South Africa has already taining South Africa's strong control over Namibia and South Africa are necessary to taken the decision in principle and is only the major sections of the economy. Indica ensure "progress and stability." waiting for the most propagandistically tions are that this ploy has the backing of In fact the evidence of recent research suitable moment to make the announce the leading multinational firms already in (see footnote) suggests the opposite, that ment. Namibia, as well as a host of would-be in Namibia's industrial development has been Plans have already been made for the vestors. held back by the dominance of the South rapid transfer of government powers in African economy, while Namibia's produc Namibia to the Democratic Turnhalle A Profitable Place tion of primary products, notably gem Alliance (DTA), led by the ex-National Par The attractions for the private corpora diamonds, base minerals, canned fish, and ty deputy leader in Namibia, Dick Mudge. tion are considerable and were recently karakul sheep, has provided South Africa The Administrator-General, Justice M.T. outlined in the first issue of "Rossing," a with an average some 10 percent of its total Steyn, has shown increasing partiality glossy tri-annual magazine published by foreign exchange earnings in recent years. towards the DTA and has declared that the Rossing Uranium Ltd., the operator of the The high rates of return on individual in constituent assembly, set up last December world's single largest uranium mine which vestments, particularly in the mining in after the South African-sponsored elections has now reached the production stage in dustry, where foreign mining companies in which the DTA "won" 80 percent of the Namibia. The article is authored by Leon such as De Beers (SA), AMAX (US), New- registered vote, is a valuable advisory body which deserves more powers. While even the most sanguine South African officials realize that a unilaterally established DTA regime will win almost no international recognition, even from Western countries, they expect that this disadvantage will be offset by the will ingness of overseas financial and corporate interests to place their eggs in a pro-private enterprise, DTA basket. With this in mind, Justice Steyn has been gradually building up the institutional nucleus for a separate Namibian entity. During 1978, a number of government departments, controlled since the 1969 South-West Africa Affairs Act by Pretoria, have been retransfered to Windhoek. Large numbers of South African economists and government advisers are currently in Wind hoek where they are working with Steyn's Consolidated Diamond Mines: creating wealth for the South Africans SOuTHERN AFRICA 7 MAYMAY 1979 SOUTHERN AFRICA7 NAMIBIA ______

mont (US), Rio Tinto Zinc (UK), General The expectation that a SWAPO govern business consultants, and representatives of Mining (SA), Falconbridge (Canadian) and ment, with the assistance of sympathetic ex international financial interests. The Consolidated Gold Fields (UK/SA) are perts from the UN and British Com keenest have been executives from British, dominant, coupled with the low rates of monwealth organizations, will seek West German and US interests. With the taxation (with the exception of the hugely renegotiation of existing contracts as well as approval of the federal government in profitable gem diamond production) and much tighter fiscal arrangements is proving Bonn, the Kreditanstalt Fur Wiederaufbau the absence of any restriction of repatria a powerful incentive for vested corporate of Frankfurt is studying multi-billion mark tion of profits and dividends, currently cost interests to back a DTA regime. loans. Cape Town financial executive Gid the Namibian economy some 30 percent of In recent months, Windhoek has played eon Nel estimated that up to $750 million its estimated GNP of $1 billion host to a variety of potential investors, continued on page 19 ROSSING URRNIUM LIMITED British Atomic Energy Authority con tracted to buy 7,500 tons of uranium from Rossing between 1977-82. The existence of PERMITS TO VISIT PERMITTE OM DIE DER PLATZ IST this and other AM SONNABEND highly secret forward con THE MINE SITE ON MYNTERREIN OP tracts SATURDAYS AND SATERDAE EN UND SONNTAG was essential to the viable develop SUNDAYS WILL ONLY SONDAE TE BESOEK GESPERRT AUSGABE ment of the mine. BE ISSUED DURING IS ALLEENLIK WEEKS VON Other major purchasers of Namibian WEEKDAYS AT THE DAE VERKRYGBAAR PASSIERSCHEINEN uranium include British Nuclear Fuels DIE VON MONTAG-FREITAG in RECEPTION OFFICE BY the United PERSONS ENTERING ONTVANGSKANTOOR AN DER RECEPTION Kingdom and the Kansai Elec WITHOUT PERMITS PERSONE WAT DIE WIDERRECHTLICHES tric Power Company from Japan, which WILL BE PROSECUTED GEBIED SONDER BETRETEN DES distributes it to nine electric power com GELANDES WIRD TOESTEMMING panies. The French government-owned BETREE SAL GESETZLICH VERVOLG WORD. VERFOLGT company, Total, and the German com Mining precious uranium for the British pany, Urangesellschaft, each recei'e ten percent of the uranium oxide produced at Rossing. Uranium-Vital for According to a paper prepared by Ruurd Huisman and presented to the Dutch Parliament in 1978, Rossing is under con Western Energy tract to deliver 7,600 tons of uranium oxide Events over the past several months have recently. Already South Africa's General to British Nuclear Fuels (BNF) between dramatized the tenuous connection between Mining has found an ore-body similar to 1976 and 1982. BNF supplies enriched the West and the areas on which it relies for the Rossing deposit at Langer Heinrich, uranium to the "Group of Utilities," a energy resources. As the price of Middle southeast of Swakopmund, and has begun joint concern involving a number of British Eastern oil increases and its availability design work on the mine. At Trekkopje, 12 utility companies. West Germany's largest diminishes, Western nations have been miles northeast of Rossing, Gold Fields of industrial firm, VEBA, has also contracted scrambling to develop alternative energy South Africa has discovered a recoverable to buy Namibian uranium from Rossing. sources, focusing primarily on nuclear deposit but has not yet disclosed any pro The uranium that these European in energy. While nuclear energy safety is under duction plans. Canada's Falconbridge Cor terests purchase from Namibia is enriched question in the United States, the countries poration, a French subsidiary of the aqui at Urenco, the joint Dutch, British, and of Western Europe are already committed taine oil group, and other South African German enrichment facility' at Almelo in to a nuclear energy policy, and are thus companies, have also joined the new the "rush." Netherlands. Ursenco also owns seeking to guarantee secure supplies of another enrichment facility at Capenhurst, uranium-the necessary fuel for nuclear England. Almelo enriches uranium for the reactors. Rossing Ownership Dutch and West German clients, while In this respect, Namibia, with its abund The UK's Rio Tinto Zinc corporation Capenhurst enriches for the British. ance of uranium, has recently gained in holds 45.5 percent of Rossing's equity Currently, uranium oxide from Namibia political significance to the West. Namibia directly, with Rio Algom, RTZ's Canadian is being flown to France at the rate of 70 will shortly become the world's fifth largest associate. Other major shareholders are the tons per week-close to the mine's entire major uranium producer (after the US, South African state-owned Industrial production. It then goes for treatment to USSR, South Africa and Canada). The Development Corporation (13.3 percent), the hexaflouride plants at Perralette in Rossing uranium mine, which is owned by Minatome of France, Urangesellschaft of France and Springfield in the UK. Urenco British, French, West German, and South West Germany, and South Africa's General Almelo has already begun to store uranium African interests, will be the world's largest Mining Corporation. hexaflouride on its property and %%ill soon single uranium mine when it reaches full South Africa's IDC actually exercises start the enrichment process for delivers production at the end of 1979. Situated greater control than is suggested by the under contracts in the 1980's. northeast of Swakopmund, the mine will above figures, according to Roger Murray, It seems certain that an important com produce 5,000 tons per year of unrefined one of the authors of The Nuclear Axis, a ponent of the powers' interest in Namibia uranium oxide, worth an estimated $230 recent study of South African nuclear stems from the desire to avoid political and million. Uranium in this form has been power development. Rossing's equity struc military events that would result in an inter separated from the ore but still has to be ture is divided into "A" and "B" shares, ruption of the production and transporta treated and enriched before it can be used the former having greater voting rights. tion of key minerals, especially uranium. As as a fuel element, processes for which no IDC is a major "A" shareholder, and ac the West's dependency on nuclear energy facilities currently exist in Namibia. cording to Murray actually has the power to increases, so does the political and There are strong indications of further control Rossing policy decisions. economic significance of Namibia's on uranium reserves worth developing in Rio Tinto Zinc began producing uranium going natonal liberation war. 0 Namibia, and at least six major mining in Namibia in 1976, after ten years of companies have begun uranium prospecting surveys, tests, and construction. In 1968 the W.S. 8 SOUTHERN AFRICA MAY 1979 Z [ ABWf

Voting at the Point of a Gun

It was clear from the first day of balloting want." matched their own. in the Rhodesian internal elections held But the campaign avoided any detailed April 17-20 what was of primary concern to explanation of the constitution upon which Rhodesians Hit ZAPU Rhodesian officials. the elections were based. That constitution Hoping to prevent the Patriotic Front It wasn't who Rhodesia's blacks voted guarantees, in effect, a disproportionate from disrupting the balloting, Rhodesian for that was important. What was impor percentage of the seats in parliament for forces intensified attacks on Front camps in tant was how many of the almost three whites and continued white control of the neighboring Zambia and Botswana, while million black Rhodesians eligible to vote significant reins of government for at least continuing incursions into Mozambique. could be counted at the polls. Only with a another decade. large turnout could Rhodesian whites hope The Patriotic Front vowed to disrupt the later for some international recognition of electons, and its leaders had called black Zimbabwe Errata the government. voters to boycott the polls. Most of "Who runs the country is a matter of Rhodesia was under martial law before the On page 7 of the March issue a crucial "not" was left out of supreme indifference to these people," elections began, but security provisions for our report of a Maj. Andre Dennison, military commander the elections were so tight that even by discussion with Callistus Ndlovu, of the Chibi area, said of black Rhodesians Rhodesian standards, the country was ZAPU's permanent representative at the casting their ballots. "Basically, all they unusually bristling with weapons. Rhode IAN. The sentence should have read: want is to be left alone with their cattle and sian whites voted the week before the black "Ndlovu said that it had always been families, getting along as they always balloting, presumably so that during the ZAPU's policy not to discuss the pro have." black elections, authorities could beef up gress of the war in detail." Our The fact is that if this were truly the case, normal police and military forces. Up to apologies to Mr. Ndlovu, ZAPU and Ian Smith would never have entered into 100,000 men were mobilized, including our readers. even the internal settlement with three black every available white man between 18 and leaders last March, and he would never 50 and many younger and older. have then proceeded to the five-day internal Rhodesian authorities also detained an (See Update). Early on the morning of elections. Only massive balck pressure has unknown number of persons believe to be April 13 commandos, probably members of driven Rhodesian whites to these desperate Patriotic Front sympathizers. the Selous Scouts, attacked the home of survival maneuvers. It was an odd facet of these elections that ZAPU leader Joshua Nkomo in Lusaka, According to officials, Rhodesians turn whites could vote twice. They voted first for Zambia. Dressed in Zambian army ed out en masse at the polls. Initial cautious white candidates in the 20 white constituen uniforms, and driving land rovers with projections of a total turnout of 40-50 per cies which cover the whole country. But Zambian markings, the raiders wrecked cent jumped to more than 70 percent by the they also had the privilege of voting for the several buildings in the Zambian capital and third day of voting. There is little doubt 72 black candidates as well. Blacks did not killed at least ten people. Nkomo was not that Rhodesian authorities consider the have the reciprocal right. They could onls home at the time. elections a resounding success. vote for candidates whose skin colo,

Propaganda Campaign But the Rhodesian elections were or chestrated from the beginning almost as precisely as an Irving Berlin musical com edy. Before the elections, the propaganda campaign mounted by Rhodesian authorities was massive. Besides the use of films and radio broadcasts, at least 30 million leaflets, ten leaflets for each eligible voter, were airdropped before voting began. "One-man, one-vote is here," the flyers proclaimed. "Use your vote, because you and your vote can make these things things happen: majority rule, peace, more jobs, better education, prosperity, more oppor tunity, more hospitals and clinics, equal rights, international sport." "We are all going to vote," concluded each leaflet, "That is what the people Rhodesian soldiers delivered voters at gunpoint

MAY 1979 SOUTHERN AFRICA 9 SJUTH/KI A

Information Scandal Revelations Continue

Press reports have focused attention on conflicts between white power groups. A closer look suggests that it was black pressure which produced the massive political eruption. The entire Rhoodiegate affair is only a series of aftershocks.

How much can you buy with $73 million? In the United States, Rhoodie's latest may have helped unseat former Senate Five or six newspapers? A couple of seats in revelations have fueled investigations on Africa subcommittee Chairman Dick Clark the US Senate? A few Japanese labor several fronts. last November. Reports suggest that funds unions? A political party in Norway? A I addition to bank-rolling right-wing to defeat one of the Senate's most piece of a US presidential candidate? publisher John McGoff's bid to purchase knowledgeable and outspoken opponents Ask Eschel Rhoodie. The former South the W4ashington Star (see Southern A.ica, of apartheid may have been channeled to African Ministry of Information official December 1978), South Africa is now his Repulican challenger Roger W. Jepsen says he has at least some of the answers known to have offered to bail out the short through anti-abortion "right to life" locked away in safe deposit boxes lived conservative New York daily The groups; Trib, to the tune of $5 to $10 million. Other * substantial cash payments may have South African funds are alleged to have been made to prominent American union been used for McGoff's purchase of the leaders to win their opposition to a one Sacramento Union in California and for an week shipping blockade of South Africa attempt that "came within a whisker of called by the International Confederation buying a California television station." of Free Trade Unions; But South Africa didn't limit its efforts * South African money may also have to those who report on the news. It also helped S.I. Hayakawa win the Senate seat went after the people who make it. Recent of former California Senator John Tunney. r reports in the South African press suggest Since arriving in Washington, Hayakawa that: has spoken out loudly and frequently in favor of closer ties with South Africa and Rhodesia. Buying into a California Senate seat, a California newspaper, and a California television station may all have been just Eschel Rhoodie small parts of a far more grandiose scheme. somewhere in Europe. As diligent students of the American scene, The safe deposit boxes contain Rhoodie's Rhoodie and Co. are said to have made life insurance policy-in the form of California "the object of very special atten documents and 41 tape recordings detailing tion." his ministry's secret, multi-million dollar Exactly )Nhat that attention amounted to campaign to win friends and influence peo ple for the apartheid state. It may be awhile before Rhoodie lets anyone listen to those tapes. So far, ap parently nobody has offered to meet his $200,000 asking price, aside from a mysterious South African millionaire Connie Mulder named Josias van Zyl. Van Zyl jetted into the South African government may Paris and promised Rhoodie a lucrative have secretly poured up to $3.9 million into lifetime consultancy in exchange for a Gerry Ford's unsuccessful 1976 presidential pledge to keep the tapes under lock and key campaign. Ford didn't make it back to the and his mouth shut. White House, but he did make it to But the previews of coming attractions Houston last year to give a speech at a Rhoodie gave out in the course of several business seminar, where he denounced interviews with South African newspapers moves to restrict US investment in South and a television interview with the British Africa. For that speaking engagement, Broadcasting Corporation have set Ford received a $10,000 check from the reporters from Johannesurg to Sacramento South African Foreign Trade Organization; chasing down dozens of hot new leads. e large sums of South African money General van den Bergh

10 SOUTHERN AFRICA MAY 1979 ,S iUTH AF PC;A has not yet been revealed. But one South volved would have disastrous conse ment to spy on anti-apartheid activists and African report in the Johannesburg Star quences" for South Africa and "a number to have financed the creation of a right has charged that it included attempts to of major Western countries." Rhoodie has wing political party in Norway that went on gain influence with top aides of California made it clear that the US would definitely to win four seats in parliament. Governor Jerry Brown in anticipation of his head the list of those "major Western coun If Gerry Ford banked $10,000 for deliver rumored 1980 presidential campaign. And tries." But he has also made it clear that ing one pro-South African speech, French that too may be just another fragment of a other countries were not neglected. President Valery Giscard d'Estaing, during "California plan" described by one of If $11.5 million of the Information his days as Finance Minister, is alleged to Rhoodie's ex-colleagues as "mind Ministry's slush fund was allocated for have actually read a speech written for him boggling." McGoff's bid to buy the Washington Star, by Eschel Rhoodie. "If they [the California plans] were comparable amounts must certainly have And, as a report in The Observer noted, revealed, they would wreck South African been provided for reported attempts to buy "While there seems little doubt that a sum American relations," Rhoodie's one-time control of the British newspapers, the in excess of $100,000 was distributed among associate told Anthony Sampson of the Guardian and The Observer, or the French a number of American labor leaders, there London Observer. magazine Paris-Match. is also good reason to believe that General That comment echoed repeated threats If South African money helped buy the van den Bergh-on the direct instructions by Rhoodie himself that revealing "the defeat of US Senators Clark and Tunney, it of [then Prime Minister] Vorster-handed nature of the operations, the methods that is also reported to have bought the services over a sum in the region of $200,000 to two were used, and the people that were in- of two Labor members of the British parlia- Japanese MPs who are closely connected Running Interference in the US

When Eschel Rhoodie made his revela former US Ambassador to Ghana now tions on British television in March, he ad president of the Phelps-Stokes Fund, and mitted that his agents had frequently tried leader of the Committee for Justice in to disrupt anti-apartheid activities in South Africa. Williams stated categorically England. that "South Africa was responsible" for "If certain organizations, for example, the attack. were out to arrange an anti-South African But it was not only supporters of AC rally," Rhoodie said, "or were trying to get CESS that made the link. Apparent confir companies to withdraw investment in South mation came from a surprising source: the Africa, we would perhaps send out notices Ministry of Information itself. When the and documents canceling the meeting so scandal surrounding ministry operations that the other party wouldn't know what is was beginning to break in South Africa, a going one." ministry official spoke at a meeting in New That tactic was used in the US as well. York and was pressed to justify the depart But it seems likely that, in order to achieve ment's continued existence. In response he its ends in this country, the "Ministry of stated that its work had met with several re Misinformation" also engaged in far more cent successes. Asked to elaborate by a cor violent activities than the mailing of false respondent for a South African newspaper, notices. the official cited a few instances. "The Richard Lapchick What happened to Richard Lapchick, destruction of Richard Lapchick" was fice at Virginia Wesleyan College. Then long-time campaigner against all sports among them. masked intruders burst into his office. Call links with South Africa, appeared to be a In fact the attempts to "destroy" the ing him "nigger lover" and saying he "had case in point. leader of ACCESS were decidedly unsuc no business in South Africa," they as Early in 1978 Lapchick was deeply in cessful, and Lapchick continues to be an ac saulted him with a metal statuette and carv volved in a campaign to prevent South tive opponent of apartheid. In light of the ed a misspelled 'niger" on his abdomen Africa's participation in the March 1978 recent revelations about South Africa's with a pair of office scissors. Davis Cup tennis tournament, scheduled to influence-buying in the United States, it is As a result of the attack, Lapchick suf be played in Nashville, Tennessee. worth recounting in greater detail what fered kidney and liver damage, a hernia, Lapchick, then national chairperson of looks to Southern Africa to be an attempt and a concussion. the American Coordinating Committee for by the South African government to de While there was widespread horror at this Equality in Sport and Society (ACCESS), stroy at least one aspect of the burgeoning assault, it apparently struck a sympathetic was working with other groups such as anti-apartheid movement in this country. chord in some quarters where racism is a NAACP to have the tournament canceled, On February 14, 1978, Lapchick returned continuing custom. Local Virginia Beach and, if that failed, to mount a massive to his home in Virginia Beach from Nash police, who began to leak information demonstration outside the Nashville tennis ville where he had been helping organize casting doubts on the attack, asked Lap courts. By mid-February the campaign was demonstrations against South Africa. He chick to take a polygraph test. A local state progressing extremely well, causing the had every reason to feel pleased with the medical examiner called the press to say South African regime a considerable campaign's progress. Thanks to the efforts that the wounds were definitely "self headache, and it looked as if the Davis Cup of ACCESS and other groups working on inflicted," despite clear evidence to the con matches in the US might well be canceled. the campaign, NLT Corporation, the finan trary, backed up by all three doctors who Then Lapchick was brutally assaulted in cial backer of the Davis Cup, had an attended him in the hospital. his office by two masked men. nounced that it was withdrawing its sup The local press-and even CBS-implied Many prominent leaders immediately port. that Lapchick was guilty because he refused blamed South Africa for instigating the at Trying to catch up on his teaching load, the lie detector test. In fact, he had refused tack. One of these was Franklin Williams, a Lapchick worked late that evening in his of- continued on page 15 SOUTHERN AFRICA 11 MAYMAY 1979 SOUTHERN AFRICA !11 SOUTH AFP1, A with the trade union movement." time when the white population and the Na actually belong to business interests which Nor did the Information Ministry con tional Party itself were more severely divid have prospered during 30 years of Na fine its efforts to "major western powers." ed than ever before. Predictions about tionalist rule, while favoring certain In fact, the majority of the $73 million Botha's chances were as varied as inter modifications in apartheid. secret fund was spent on the African conti pretations of the differences underlying the Indeed, the one group that distinctly has nent itself. The most expensive of all the In unprecedented political bloodletting that not prospered under Nationalist rule figures formation Ministry's projects was located has already felled what one prominent only tangentially in any of these interpreta in Johannesburg, with $37 million plowed writer on Africa referred to as "a powerful tions. Yet a closer look suggests that it was into starting a pro-Government English triumvirate . . .[which] had decided in the precisely that group that produced the language daily, The Citizen, and keeping it early 1970's to take over the effective massive political eruption of which the en afloat. And substantial sums were spent in government of the country." tire Rhoodiegate affair is a series of after conjunction with South Africa's attempts One member of that triumvirate, shocks. It was the Soweto uprising and to maintain bulwarks of white supremacist Rhoodie, has been on the run, living out of subsequent upsurge of diplomatic and rule to the north in Namibia and Zim suitcases across South America and Europe economic pressures that gave real urgency babwe. while trying to trade his information for a to efforts to polish South Africa's badly "Among the most extravagant secret promise that criminal charges against him tarnished image abroad. And as Burns political investments made by Rhoodie's would be dropped. The second, his former notes at one point, it was the Soweto outfit," The Observer reported, "were in boss, Connie Mulder, who only last fall rebellion that magnified the differences bet Rhodesia, designed to influence the black came within six votes in a National Party ween factions and personalities as "Vorster Rhodesian nationalist leaders in Ian Smith's caucus of becoming prime minister, has . . seemed to lose his grip and began shif transitional government." At least one now been drummed out of both his cabinet ting between vague promises of reforms and million Rhodesian dollars xsere said to have post and the National Party. He has also pledges that nothing fundamental would be been handed over to associates of Bishop now begun to speak up in support of changed." As growing black resistance Abel Muzorewa "in an initial transaction." Rhoodie's charges against such people as heightened pressures on the apartheid Muzorewa later benefited from a second former prime minister, now president, John system, differences about strategy that had transaction, before South Africa reportedly Vorster. And in this he has been joined by previously been discussed intramurally sud switched off and started putting its money the third member of the triumvirate, the denly became grounds for vicious public into the Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole. Two former head of South Africa's secret police, feuds. South African businessmen who figured General Hendrik van den Bergh. Blacks in South Africa have shown little prominently in negotiations with one of In attempting to explain the dossnfall of interest in or enthusiasm for what has Muzorewa's lieutenants, as well as in the Mulder-van den Bergh-Rhoodie trium become a white national past-time-the several of the other secret projects, are now virate, newspaper Africa experts have got game of "Have you heard the latest?" in voluntary exile in Britain. Whatever the outcome of ten bogged down in a morass of political the internal white In Namibia, Ahere South Africa has been and personal differences within the ruling power plays, the perpetuation of apartheid is battling SWAPO guerrillas and diplomatic circles of the National Party. John Burns of not in question. But for blacks the issue is pressures while trying to install a pro the New York Times, for instance, credited achieving political power, not siding with apartheid government, Information much of the political blood-letting to the one or other faction of the enemy. Ministry funds were used to transmit fake Nationalists' extreme right Yet tko significant things have emerged SWAPO radio messages from a ship cruis wing, citing as evidence the rapid rise from this scandal. Firstly the very wildness ing off the coast. The ship was provided by of ultra-right Transvaal party leader Andries Treurnicht. of some of the schemes reflects the the South African Navy. The Defense As the man most likely to succeed Botha desperation with which apartheid's white Minister at the time was P.W. Botha, nowk should the prime minister be forced to cletenders felt they neeaea to win interna trying to ride out the storm as prime resign, Treurnicht has become a born-again tional friends. Nothing could better il minister, while insisting that he never knew convert to the freedom lustrate the vulnerability of their rule to real about any of Rhoodie's 180 secret projects. of the press, with a series of speeches opposing any barriers to foreign pressures, such as oil embargoes Move to Press Censorship continuing newspaper investigations of the and economic sanctions. Botha has pledged that he will step down scandal. Burns attributes this to the right Secondly, and perhaps most psychologic if it is shown that any of his cabinet wing's drive to "recapture the party from ally damaging for the wshite laager, it has members knew about the secret projects • . . 'compromisers' like Mulder. become clear that men who were at the very before they started reading about them in Writing in The Observer, Colin Legum pinnacle of power in South Africa and most the papers. But when Rhoodie called his developed the theory of the Mulder directly involved in trying to preserve apar bluff by brandishing what he claimed was a Rhoodie-van den Bergh triumvirate: theid had serious doubts about their document signed by Botha's Finance "Flushed with power and money . .. they chances of success. What has shaken white Minister Owen Horwood, the prime planned to form a strategic planning group South Africa profoundly has been the minister did not rush to fulfill his promise. in a new-style cabinet made up not of Na realization that many of their "leaders" Instead, he pressed ahead with several bills tionalist Party stalwarts but of the brightes were taking out insurance policies against designed to clamp down on the press and South Africans they could win to their the future, by smuggling large sums of continued what Observer reporter Sampson side." Exactly what "their side" was money out of the country for their own use described as a shift toward "the buying of Legum doesn't specify. "comes the revolution." weapons rather than opinions." This new, As pieces of an analysis, both interpreta In the short run this may simply produce belligerent stance, characterized by many tions make fairly good sense. But neither a swing towards the most "pure" and right observers as a retreat into the white laager, explains why differences that had existed wing elements in the white body politic. In was further emphasized by Botha's expul within the National Party for years sudden the long run, it will add to the blows being sion of three members of the US Embassy ly touched off a no-holds-barred brawl. delivered to the white supremacy mentality staff in early April. And neither addresses the crucial role by black armed victories in Zimbabwe and Rallying the volk aginst foreign foes has played by the English-language press itself. Namibia, and the daily pressure of black long been a staple of Afrikaner politics. But The papers have long been vehicles for militancy and growing organization at home this time it was being called into play at a criticism of the apartheid regime, but they in South Africa. A.M. 0

12 SOUTHERN AFRICA MAY 1979 1A1Z AI AB I JE The Limpopo Valley: From Colonial Settlement to Socialization of the Countryside The floodgates of the AIassingir Dam in at least partially resolved by the regulating arid in the country. southern Alozamnbique neat the South effect of the Nassingir Dam, the floodgates What is being done with the arid aban African border were opened for the first ol which were opened in December. doned by the Portuguese settlers'? time last December. This is part ol an im The Massingir Dam straddles the main What is the best way to take advantage ol portant project lor utilization o,/ the tributars of the Limpopo, the Elephants the lie\\ irrigation possibilities from Mass hydraulic resource.s o/ the Limpopo J alley Ri'er, about 42 miles from the confluence ingir? which will eventually permit irrigation of of the two rivers and 17 miles front the The People's Republic of Mozambique 965 square miles o1 arid land. South African border. laced ati important policy question at Mass Fernando Liuna of the Mozambique In Work oii the $24 million dan began in ingir. Should the settlers simply be replaced formation A.encv describes what is hap 1972, when Nlozambique ssas a Portuguese bs Mozambican farmers, or should an at pening there ... colony, with a sariety of economic, eco tempt be made to advance toward nes logical, social and political objecti\es. It orga nizat ional forms of production? December and January are the holtest \\as to have pro ided 347 square mile, ol ir months in Mozambique, and there is also rigated Farmland in southern Gaza lor Por Reorgani/ing Agriculture plenty of rain then. After the long dry pell tuguese settler families v ho would consi ihe floods two years ago brought the the rivers begin to swell and, in the rainiest lute a strong bul\ark for the consolidation question into sharp focus. Thousands of period, the waters sander From their of colonialism ill NIoambique. people had lost their crops arid their houses. original course, spreading over the plains Similar settlements wsere created in othrer That ssas lhe big boost for the mo ement to and into the valleys. parts of the territory by resorlingito the comlmunal villages arid organization of col Along the Incornati, the Limpopo, the recruitment of poor peasants and farin cctive production in the area. Buzi, the Pungoe and the Zambezi risers, laborers in Portugal. The face of the Limpopo Valles changed. generations of peasants know the scourge In the Limpopo Valles a settlement of In the irrigated zone alone, a powerful state of the tood cycle. nearly 2,000 Portuguese lamilies ssas sector has emerged with 54 square miles, When the dry season is long in the Lim established on i the basis of a dam built a less shile cooperative peasants occupy an area popo Valley, devastated by floods two years miles fron the town of Chokikue. of 12 square miles. Bank credits to the ago, there is also the problem of salination Today, nost of the settlers have aban slate, cooperative and ifamily sectors for of a considerable area of the arable land. doned the Limpopo Valley. The Niassingir 1977-78 season reached about $11.4 These two problems- flooding and sali project continues, however, with the million. nation-associated with the rise and fall in econonic factor noN dominant in a /one Rice, \%heat, tomrlatoes, potatoes, onions, the volume of water in the Limpopo, will be s hich used to be considered one of the most continued on page 20

rP

A

More and more people are getting involved in collective farming.

MAY 1979 SOUTHERN AFRICA 13 UNITED STATES

House Kills Observer Plan

Widespread protest defeated the observer move but a fight over sanctions lies ahead.

When Ian Smith came to the United observers, it also had no intention of of Maryland, one of the most skillful and States last October, he extended a cordial fighting McGovern. In effect, the State articulate of the House's far right members, invitation to the US government to send Department's Assistant Secretary for offered an amendment to the foreign aid observers to the elections that had been Africa, Richard Moose, left it to Congress bill calling on the president to send scheduled for mid-April. It was clear then to decide what should be done. observers and to allocate $20 million out of why he did so. Official observers at the elec Others, both in and out of Congress, $68 million in assistance for southern tions would help him establish that were not so accommodating about the Africa to Rhodesia. By skillfully marshal Rhodesia would meet the conditions of the McGovern-Hayakawa plan. ing his forces, Congressman Solarz was able Case-Javits amendment adopted in August. In the Senate, Senator Paul Tsongas, the to engineer a defeat of the proposal by a That amendment provided that sanctions freshman from Massachusetts who had margin of 10 votes. must be lifted if the president determines been the key House sponsor last year of a This encouraging result was the outcome both that the Rhodesian government has cutoff of Export-Import Bank relations of quick and thorough mobilization of committed itself to negotiate in good faith with South Africa, prepared to do battle, forces. The volatility of American political at an all-parties conference and that a with the full support of TransAfrica, the life at this time dictates establshing a tone government has come into existence in Washington Office on Africa, the Amer early so that a momentum and mood is not Rhodesia as a result of free elections in ican Committee on Africa, and many other set that w ill be difficult to overcome later. which all population groups and all political interested non-governmental groups. When However, the more important question is parties have been allowed to participate the Senate Foreign Relations Committee still the matter of lifting sanctions. "with impartial, internationally recognized voted for the McGovern-Hayakawa resolu Washington watchers believe it wvill be observers." tion by an 8 to 1 margin, however, the much more difficult to stop the lifting of With all compromises, the ambiguities resolution seemed destined for almost sanctions than it will be to stop the sending that make them acceptable at the time unanimous passage. But on March 28th, of observers. Without maximum citizen return to haunt their creators. At the time the Senate voted by only a 66-to-27 margin mobilization, sanctions will be lifted, but the amendment was passed, Senator Dick to approve it, with Senator Ted Kennedy with it, there is a good chance that sanc Clark, chairman of the subcommittee on and majority leader Robert Byrd lending tions will remain. E.L.E Africa of the Senate Foreign Relations their weight to the Tsongas position. Committee, projected the United Nations More important still, the House subcom and the OAU as likely sources of such mittee on Africa under the shrewd leader Settlement Blocked observers, a projection he must have known ship of Congressman Stephen Solarz began to be unlikely. In fact, it is even more clear hearings on the observer proposal that sur ty, all very small political groups. now than it was then that no reputable faced objections both on the part of As the weeks drag on and events develop international body is prepared to dignify witnesses and also among a majority of the ominously, officials and observers around the Rhodesian elections by observing them. subcommittee members. Doubts were the UN have grown pessimistic. Many have Yet despite the overwhelming evidence solidified into opposition when the commit concluded that it is just a matter of time that the international community had re tee met privately with a group of African before South Africa makes it clear it will jected the idea of the elections in Rhodesia ambassadors who expressed dismay at the pursue its own internal solution in Namibia. as legitimate and would not provide proposal. Therefore, when the Hayakawa One well-placed UN official called the observers to render them acceptable, early McGovern resolution came to a vote in the situation "disastrous." Projecting a "worst in 1979 the new chairman of the Senate subcommittee on April 2, it was unan possible" scenario, this official expected a Africa subcommittee, George McGovern, amously rejected 9-0. South African internal solution, possible teamed up with arch-conservative Senator Because the House subcommittee is recognition from a new Tory government in Hayakawa to establish an "impartial" known to be one of the most liberal in Con London, and a subsequent heavy observer force of 25-50 private individuals. gress, ways and means of circumventing its crackdown on SWAPO activists and sym Senator McGovern justified his action on judgement were bound to be sought. Solarz pathizers inside the territory. More attacks pragmatic grounds, arguing that if he did had obtained McGovern's agreement not to on Angola were likely to follow, this of nothing, Congress would inevitably move appoint observers with only Senate ap ficial said, as SWAPO prepared to increase to lift sanctions on the basis of election proval of the resolution, and he had the tempo of its guerrilla war. reports originating from conservative politi Representative Clement Zablocki's agree US officials, who have relied on the cians. By setting up a theoretically "objec ment not to allow the full Foreign Relations Namibia negotiations as the centerpiece of tive" group headed by professionals, he Committee to overturn the subcommittee's the "new" Carter African policy, have hoped to head off a move to which he is judgment. sought to maintain an optimistic ap deeply opposed. That meant that a House floor amend pearance throughout these weeks of delay, While the Carter administration has no ment to some other bill would have to be but despite this, little has occurred to dispel intention of creating problems for its own made to keep the move alive. Accordingly, the feeling that there are dark days ahead credibility with Africa by sending on April 9, Representative Robert Bauman for Namibia. M.S.0I

14 SOUTHERN AFRICA MAY 1979 Interference in the us taken on an outing by a neighbor, during an announcement of Lapchick's impending because he had no intention of being cast in the two and a half hours that he and his visit had been made in his presence-just the role of defendant when he was the vic wife feared their son had been kidnapped, one hour before the cancellation call was tim. He later changed his mind, when, back Lapchick called the police. The call was made. in Nashville to continue the campaign, he returned two weeks later! Friends of the activist have told Southern found that he was becoming the issue at Lapchick's friends say that it was this Africa that even now, more than a year stake and not apartheid and the South event that finally convinced the family that later, he continues to receive threats. He African regime. He submitted himself to they could no longer live in Virginia. has avoided discussing these with the press. the lie detector test and to an examination Still the harassment did not halt. The Besides wishing to protect his family, he is by a prominent forensic pathologist. While threats followed Lapchick to New York, particularly concerned that the press should these confirmed his innocence, his accusers where he moved to take up a consultancy focus on the issues that are central and not did not back down. with the Center on Apartheid at the United on the case of one individual. The Davis Cup matches were ultimately Nations. The day before he was to be joined Anti-apartheid organizers are convinced played at Nashville, although successful by his family, an anonymous caller warned that the South African government was demonstrations kept all but a handful of him: "It is a mistake for your family to directly involved in the threats and see this spectators away. But the end of the tourna move here tomorrow." campaign of intimidation as part of ment did not bring an end to the harass The following week he was scheduled to Rhoodie's sanctioned activities in the ment. The Lapchick family received almost speak at the University of Rhode Island. United States. Sam Ramsamy, the exiled daily death threats on the telephone. Their Shortly before he was due to leave New Chairperson of the South African Non car was broken into three times and the York, he received a call saying that the lec Racial Olympic Committee, with which engine tampered with once. His office was ture had been canceled. Suspicious of the Lapchick and ACCESS worked closely, is burglarized and all his South African "commonwealth-related" accent of the insistent that this is the case. "There is no materials removed. When he received caller, he checked with the university and doubt in my mind that Lapchick's case was threatening calls about his children a few found that he was still expected. It turned part of the ministry's operations in the weeks later, he called home to find that his out that a South African Ministry of Infor US," Ramsamy said. "The only question is five-year-old son was not there. Although it mation official, named Vorster, had also when and if all the details will be re was discovered later that the child had been been invited to speak at the university, and vealed." S.U.[

IRAN IN 0 REVOLUTION Iran's popular upheaval has stunned the world. From Washing ton and Wall Street to Palestine and Southern Africa its consequences enormous. Exclusive eyewitness accounts of the last days of the Shah, interviews with oil workers Rease send me rightaway IRAN IN REVOLUTION and leading participants in the MERIP Reports 75/76 struggle, documents from the Enclosed is $2.25 for each copy postage & handling .60 political movements, and a special the opposition forces Name survey of Reports new double Address MERIP what you State Zip issue (75-76) tells you need to know. Available now Mail to: MERIP, PO Box 3122, Washington, D.C. 20010 s for only $2.25.

SOUTHERN AFRICA 15 MAY 1979 A(_ TI( JrLvv ,10 , T[' was the slogan of a spirited demonstration of 150 persons outside Citibank head mill quarters in Manhattan on April II. Com munity activists and students from sur I.I~ 16 rounding areas joined forces in bank demonstrations held outside First National Bank of Chicago, First National Bank of Boston, and the Provident Bank in Philadelphia as part of the week's actions. Thousands Demand US The actions in Chicago joined southern Africa support groups with those opposing bank loans to Chile. $ Out Now The actions in Boston, outside the First National Bank of Boston's shareholders meeting March 29, underscored the Boston coalition's opposition to a "compromise" worked out with church stockholder ex ecutives in which the bank stated a commit ment opposing new loans to the South African government, but said nothing about corporate and trade-related financ ing. The actions in Philadelphia capped a week of community workshops held in church and union halls on the US and southern Africa sponsored by the United People's Campaign Against Apartheid and Racism. The city-wide actions in Philadelphia were called at a successful Delaware Valley conference of campus and community activists held at the end of February. In Minneapolis, Clergy and Laity Con cerned organized a "run on the bank -- supporters running two miles be tween branches of the Northwestern Na tional Bank of Minneapolis, to protest the bank's involvement in loans to South Africa. .5FEAKcar ,'77 In Eugene, Oregon, with support from groups in Salem and Portland, People for M ilitant student strikes, sit-ins, building April 5 for four days when trustees Southern Africa Freedom initiated their demonstrations, pickets, and public forums refused to consider their demands for participation in the national campaign highlighted an unprecedented national divestment. An estimated 80 percent of the April 4 with a press conference announcing week of action in solidarity with African student body there stayed away from classes the withdrawal of the funds of local church, liberation, April 4-11. Called for last fall by that day. At Pinceton University, about community, and union groups from the US regional conferences of anti-apartheid ac one-third of the student body chose to par National Bank of Oregon. The groups in tivists in the Northeast, Midwest, ticipate in a day of alternate workshops and cluded two locals of the American Federa Southeast, and West Coast, the week rallies featuring liberation movement tion of Teachers. Their week of activities evoked a flurry of simultaneous local ac representatives, rather than follow the featured a speech on US corporate involve tions. These were directed primarily against regular class schedule. One day earlier, hun ment by Dumisani S. Kumalo, an exiled universities refusing to divest holdings in dreds of representatives from black student black South African journalist who was corporations and banks that continue to in organizations throughout New Jersey par speaking at West Coast campuses as part of vest and lend money in racist South Africa. ticipated in a conference to build greater a ten-week tour sponsored by the American Beginning on the anniversary of the awareness and action on southern Africa. Committee on Africa. assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., At Oberlin College in Ohio, one-third of Prior to spending two weeks on the West the actions sought to express solidarity be the College's 2500 students boycotted Coast, Kumalo addressed forums at a score tween the struggles for liberation in Africa classes for one day following university of colleges in the Northeast and at black and the US. European anti-apartheid threats against 90 demonstators outside the colleges in the Southeast. These included groups, taking their cue from the US ac college trustees meeting April 5. The college Harvard, MIT, Boston U., Amherst, tivists, internationalized the week with a administration claimed the demonstrators Williams, Smith, Dartmouth, Syracuse, series of demonstrations in Britain, Ger were creating too much noise for the Brown, the University of Rhode Island; and many and Switzerland against banks loan trustees to continue, but the student strike community forums in Waterbury, Conn. ing to South Africa. quashed plans to take punitive action and Worcester, Mass., regional meetings of against the students. the Association of Black Journalists in Brandeis Occupation Philadelphia and Boston, and a statewide At Brandeis University near Boston, 300 Banks Hit conference of SUNY Colleges in Albany, students occupied the administration "Redline South Africa, Not New York" New York. Other locations included MAY 1979 1616 SOUTHERN AFRICAAFRIC.A MAY 1979 ACTI-A I NEWS A ID 1OTESB

Tougaloo, Rust, Talladega, and Huston vestments. With the support of national and divestment of South Africa-related Tillotson, all black colleges in the figures such as Julian Bond and Harry stocks. Southeast, Oberlin, Cornell, SUNY Belafonte and local support including the At press time, reports were still coming in Brockport, Yale, and a statewide anti Republican Party in Berkeley, the initiative of actions around the country. It was too apartheid conference in Hartford, Connec seems certain to pass. It may form the basis early to assess the impact of the nationwide ticut. for a future statewide ballot for divestment. week of activity-but one thing is obvious. On the West Coast, forums featuring In Atlanta, teach-ins were held at Despite complex corporate, university, and Kumalo coordinated by the South Africa Georgia State University; a demonstration other "administrative" type arguments that Catalyst Project were held at universities in of 50 occurred outside Coca-Cola head defend staying on in South Africa, students Pullman and Seattle, Washington; quarters. Organizers in Knoxville, Ten and community activists are not confused. Willamette and the University of Oregon; nessee stepped up efforts to collect medical Loud and clear, they are raising a very Stanford, Mills College in Oakland, and and clothing supplies for Zimbabwe direct demand: "US $ out now." 0 University of California campuses at refugees. Berkeley, Santa Barbara, Claremont, and Other actions during the week included -Paul Irish Riverside. series of forums culminating in demonstra tions in the five college area at Amherst, California Referendum Massachusetts, and at Columbia University Appeal to activists: Please send your Following a church day of concern on the in New York. At Dartmouth College in reports. newsclips, graphics, and bank loan issue on April 1, California act New Hampshire, a series of meetings and assessments of the week of action to us. ivists in the bay area devoted major efforts demonstrations linked racism at home and We plan a major review in the June to raising support for a Berkeley ballot in South Africa. A coalition of campus issue. Send to Southern Africa. Action referendum on April 17 for divestment of groups, led by minority students, issued a News, 17 If. I7th Street, New York, A'l1 city funds from South Africa-related in- series of demands for affirmative action 10011.

from ther personal qualities and experiences volume shed on the black consciousness of its leaders. Neither gives an analysis mosement. based on the movement's place in south Like all good mass organizers, Biko was Africa's long historical experience of libera concerned with the lasting transformation tion politics. The solume edited b% Arnold of consciousness, not with mobilizing peo remains literal by design (it onls records ple by manipulating symbols. Black con courtroom testimony by Biko about black sciouness was not a slogan or pamphleteer consciousness). Wood's book clings to a ing gimmick but a challenge to black people narrow, highly personal interpretation, one in South Africa to look at themselves in a suspects, for want of any broader consis new way. It was this concern with transfor Steve Biko, Black Consciousness tent perspective on the part of its author. ming consciousness that led Biko to break in South Africa The main attractions o Biko are its with liberal %Nhitesand found the movement Edited by Millard Arnold readability and its low price. Woods has in the late sixties. (Ness York: Random House, 1978) given the anti-apartheid movement a mass At this time one of the larger, token anti $12.95. market resource that ssill introduce tens of apartheid movements operating above thousands of readers to some South Arican ground in South Africa was in the in Biko realities. Most of those readers will make it tegrated National Union of South African Donald Woods through all 431 pages because the pages Students (NUSAS). Dominated by liberal (New York: Paddington Press, 1978) read so smoothly. In addition, Woods' per whites, the group had as its leading motif $10.95 (Clothe). sonal sketch of Biko is moving in places. In not so much the urgency of destroying (New York: Vintage Books, 1979) cidents illustrating Biko's selflessness, ex racial oppression in South Africa as the im $2.50 (Paper). uberance in the face of danger, and political portance of posturing against apartheid by Michael Martin insight are combined to produce a vivid because this was the upright, British, con Government security police gave their character as the narrative progresses. This stitutional thing to do. More sophisticated answer to questions about the importance portrait can then be read against the trial liberals acted in opposition to apartheid in of the political role played by the black testimony collected bs Arnold to get a feel recognition of the reality that blacks would consciousness movement in South Africa for Biko's revolutionary personality. inevitably rise and in the hope that they when they chose to murder Steve Biko in Woods' perceptivity, though, is always in would then, as oppositionists, be able to September 1977. Donald Wood's political conflict with his self-regard, a preoccupa control the direction, speed, and extent of biography, Biko, and the testimony of Biko tion with himself that at times sends the the black challenge. at the 1976 SASO trial gathered together by reader reeling. To be true to the contents of When the NUSAS leadership called a Millard Arnold in the book Steve Biko pro Biko its cover should give Woods close-to meeting at Rhodes University in 1967 vide some additional clues. equal billing with Biko and carry his picture without ensuring that interracial lodging Neither book, however, succeeds in cap as well, though this may be a comment less would be provided, Biko, one of the leading turing the full political meaning of the black on Woods' personal character than on the black members, finally became convinced consciousness movement, though both nature of South African society. Where else that the desultory charade had to be record a number of Biko's views. In part, but in South Africa would a discussion of brought to an end. Under South Africa's perhaps, the books fall short because the the black struggle for self-liberation be so special conditions, most liberal whites could meaning and force of black consciousness overlaid with the personality and sell not be depended on to fight with determina lay outside what the movement could or importance of the white sympathizer doing tion for racial equality because they par would say about itself. From both books we the writing? Where else but in South Africa took of the privileges given to whites by the get an overly literal gloss on black con would the intrusion be so unconscious? system. This fact polluted all integrationist sciousness based on the movement's formal Yet despite these faults it is worth focus politics, since blacks almost invariably positions or on impressionistic deductions ing on the light this book and the Arnold fell or were put into subordinate positions

SOUTHERN AFRICA 17 MAY 1979 _C)K, REVIEW in integrated organizations. Woods suggests that the answer for the poned in order for the two soldiers to talk Black people, Biko argued, had to learn oppressed majority in South Africa lies in to each other, the African explaining to the to depend on themselses, to form them the paternalistic concern and aroused moral American exactly swhy he is fighting, wshile selves into a self-reliant political bloc, and fervor of western civilization, sshich %kvill the white liberal ssho is also in captivits tries for this reason he founded the all-black lead it to ostracize the s%hite go\ ernment of to explain sshs foreign investment is "good South African Students Organization. The South Africa and choke off the countirs's other, the African explaining to the organization's "exclusivism" arose not economy. No where is it suggested that ails American exactly why he is fighting, while from reverse racism but from political ex moves the West makes in this direction \kill the white liberal who is also in captivity tries igencies that required that blacks trust com as a result of black agitation, or the to explain sshy foreign investment is "good themselves thoroughly because thes %,ere threat of it, in South Africa. Woods dis for Africans." the people ssho would ssin or lose the strug [ays the typical resistance of his "tribe" In order to make their points, the gle. and class to the lessons of the black con characters sometimes are made to appear The leading theme of the movement %%as sciousness period in South Africa. naive. Matabane expresses shock that a thus shaped by the odds against the move Biko suggested privately to Woods after black American .ould fight in South ment's success, the isolation of blacks from the Soweto uprising that this revolt Africa. This is too much to believe from a power, and it ssas much the same ssith its demonstrated the posser and influence of sophisticated guerrilla whose own father political practice. In Biko's viess self black consciousness among South Africans. ,sas killed because he exposed a black reliance ssas difficult to teach to blacks in This connection betsveen black conscious stooge, a man who would knov, of the ex South Africa s\hen all important institu ness and the coming black revolt ill South istence of blacks in Smith's army in tions were controlled by swhites. Black con Africa, which Woods resists, really pro Rhodesia, a man ssho is ideologically not a sciousness emphasized community projects: sides the important legacy of the mose racist, .ho understands class oppression. the building and staffing of clinics and ment. People do not revolt simpl s'\hen Still, as Randall Robinson says himself, recreational facilities, the creation of a they are pushed beyond a certain threshold this "modest novel" has a political pur system of Black community education, and of exploitation. They revolt \%hen the\ pose. It is an excellent place to begin to similar undertakings. Behind this v,as the begin to change their conception of learn about South Africa. It makes the case constant political message speaking of a themselves and of the role they cali play in strongly and clearly that whatever can be societs open to and largely run bs blacks, society. The South African government ssas done to prevent American military involve together ssith the examples of black con quick to learn this lesson, and for this ties' ment in southern African must be done. It sciousness cadres ssho refused to sacrifice killed Biko. does not romanticize the guerrillas or their any of their dignits to the mechanisms of struggle but illustrates the cost of resist white domination. ance, and the necessity of paying that cost The important benefits to blacks lay not The Emancipation of Wakefield (la) bs because existing conditions are intolerable in the specific services provided but in the Randall Robinson, Bogle-L'Ouxerture for humans to endure. demonstrated power of collectisc self Publications Ltd, London, 1978. (Address: I am reminded of the 1975 FRELIMO assertion. At a time when South African Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications, 5a Nesw Year's message, s ritten bs a Mozam security measures had all but succeeded in Chignell Place, London, W 13 OTJ, bican poet: choking off such explicitly res olutionars England) £2. "I wish I "sere able to swrite a poem wshich activity as the initiatives of the African is as beautiful, as exalting, as inspiring and National Congress and the Pan-Africanist The Emancipation olf11 akelield Clay bs profound as our people's victory." Congress, black consciousness began Randall Robinson should be in ever\ The same impetus motivates this novel building a ness spirit in the black Coniuni librars, especially those frequented bs and makes it valuable. It is not a great ty that could complement the work of those soung people: high schools, movement nosel, but if it varns the unsuspecting black organizations. As Biko remarked in one in centers, community centers, etc. It should soldier, as Robinson hopes, it %%ill have terview: "I do not ssatit to give the impres be given for birthdays and Christmas. In a been a significant part of the struggle for sion that the relation between [AN(, PAC word, itshould be read. the "people's sictors." 7 and Black Consciousness] is one of com It willbe read because the plot is fast -Gail Atorlan petition. There ssill be one movement of rnonug and exciting. It tells the story of revolt against the system of injustice." Wakefield Clay, a black American soldier CORRECTION This, and a good deal more of value, is xsho is just kseeks a;say from discharge and Review by Prexy Nesbitt. recorded and suggested by Woods in his marriage to the woman he loses. He ssill do biography, and by Biko inl the trial nothing to upset his plans and makes no The book review of The A4ngolan testimony. But at this stage the analsis protest when his unit is flown to South Revolution: E.Vile Politics and Guerrilla breaks off. Woods concludes rhetoricals Africa ostensibly to evacuate Americans Warfare, 1962-1976 by' John Marcum skith a sentimental peroration which from the mining center of Phalaborwa, published in the February issue was writ recognizes no clear role or program of ac which has been attacked by African Libera ten by Prexy Nesbitt. His name was left tion for blacks in South Africa. He hints, tion Front guerrillas. It is also the story of off in error. additionally, that racism in South Africa is Noka Matabane, a black South African not so much a matter of whites exploiting guerrilla \kslois responsible for the attacks Subscribers, blacks and black labor as a conspiracy at Phalaborwa. Clay is captured by Nlata foisted upon blacks and defenseless bane and, at the book's climax, must decide English-speaking whites by the Afrikaners which side he is on. RENEW after 1948. This view will not stand up to There are things wrong with this iovel. any serious exariination of English There is a simplistic division of good and y our subscription to speaking politics in South Africa or of the bad along racial lines, which is accounted Southern Africa conditions of labor exploitation instrumen for by the book's didacticism. The charac tal in South Africa's economic development ters exist too much to give speeches. Thus at along racist -capitalist lines, a process large the very end the climax is postponed in NOW! ly organized by English-speaking whites. order for the two soldiers to talk to each MAY 1979 1818 SOUTHERN AFRICA MAY 1979 Corporate In 1977, shrewdly preparing for some (See p. 7/8). South Africa's Anglo-American form of Namibian independence, De Beers and DeBeers, and Canada's Falconbridge Interests head, Sir Harry Oppenheimer announced are among the western mining groups cur the transfer of the CDM head office from rently prospecting a wide area of Namibia in German capital has already been provi Kimberley, De Beers century old South for uranium and two other uranium mines sionally allocated on a collective basis. African home, to Windhoek. A new CDM are already at the feasibility stage. Most subsidiary was established to make in analysts believed that resources are suffi New Surveys Multiplying vestments in non-diamond mining sectors. cient to provide for up to 10,000 tons of Economic consultant George Low, uranium oxide a year, which would make representative of the British P-E Consulting US Interests Namibia a bigger producer than South Group, claims that international agencies Namibia is also the source of a variety of Africa and add an estimated $500 million to and mining groups are keen to bankroll the important base minerals-chief among existing production value of the mineral in $30 million job of conducting a corner-to them copper, lead, zinc, vanadium, tin, dustry. corner geological survey of the- territory. silver, lithium ores, and cadmium. The ma For these reasons, while the politial P-E is one of a consortium of British/South jor producer in this sector is the US/UK realities would seem to argue against the African companies which recently began a controlled Tsumeb Corporation. Tsumeb success of any Namibian UDI, South feasibility study of a so-called "Trans has four mines in operation and also con Africa feels increasingly confident that the Kalahari Railway" from Botswana to trols the only processing facilities in investor response will be sufficiently en Namibia. Namibia, producing both its own blister couraging to permit the continued funding The self-financed study focuses on the copper and refined lead for export, as well of a large military effort to confront benefits to Botswana of a new export route as smelting metals from other mineral pro SWAPO's expected guerrilla onslaught to the well-equipped Atlantic port of ducers in the country. against a DTA regime. El Walvis Bay. The plan is to link Namibia's Tsumeb represents by far the largest US eastern railhead at Gobabis by a 600 mile investment in Namibia, through its owner Note: Two recent reports provide very valuable line to Gabarone at a cost of $1 billion. Com ship of American Metal Climax (AMAX) material on Namibian economic questions. The panies involved include Maxwell Stamp ana and Newmont Mining. A third important Mineral Industry of Namibia: Perspectives for Independence, was prepared by Roger Murray Associates, P-E, Mott Hay & Anderson, co-owner of the venture is Selection Trust Henderson Hughes & Busby, all of the UK, for the Secretariat of the Commonwealth. Write (UK controlled), and there is also some Commonwealth Secretariat, Marlborough and the SA consulting geologists Partridge South African participation. But Newmont House, Pall Mall, London SWI, England. And de Villiers & Associates. They hope to per and AMAX are the dominant interest Manpower Estimates and Development Implica suade international development agencies holders and Tsumeb, which accounts for tions for Namibia, by R.H. Green, prepared for to help sell the project to Botswana and approximately 80 percent of base mineral and obtainable from the United Nations Institute Zambia. production in Namibia and 20 percent of all for Namibia, Lusaka, Zambia. The main lure for the corporate decision mineral export earnings, has traditionally makers is the phenomenal mineral wealth of provided the US corporations with healthy Rhodesian Namibia. In the developing scramble put net earnings-averaging $18 million a year ting a foot inside the door has already between 1963-1972. Elections become the main priority. Namibia is Although gross profits have been down The following day, Rhodesian planes at already the fourth largest producer of in recent years because of the fall in world tacked ZAPU camps in Zambia, and minerals by value in Africa-after South copper and lead prices, the company has Rhodesian authorities claimed to have Africa, Zaire, and Zambia, with a total pro continued to expand its operations, par killed 90 guerrillas. Apparently embarrass duction of some $700 million a year. ticularly in smelting and refining concen ed at his raiders having missed Nkomo the Since 1919, mining has been dominated trates from other base metal mines in night before, Lt. Gen. Peter' Walls, by the production of gem diamonds from Namibia. Blister copper and refined lead Rhodesia's supreme military commander, the alluvial deposits along the coast just are shipped to a number of Western coun denied that the raid had been aimed at kill north of the Orange River. Diamond pro tries, mainly Japan, West Germany and the ing or kidnapping Nkomo. "If we wanted duction is dominated by Consolidated Dia US. to kill Nkomo we would have done so," mond (CDM) a wholly-owned subsidiary of As with De Beers/CDM, Tsumeb's boasted Walls. South Africa's diamond giant, De Beers. foreign owners have been "Namibianizing" But the Rhodesian raids may have had Recently CDM's contribution to the overall their operation recently, so that in 1978 another purpose in mind. ZAPU's profit of the De Beers group has risen as Newmont gave up responsibility for manage representative at the UN, Callistus Ndlovu, high as 40 percent. Namibian production ing the operation, and AMAX relinquished who returned to New York from Lusaka has been stepped up in recent years to over control of sales operations. But the US cor just before the elections began, said the at 2 million carats a year. Although in global porations retain their ownership of Tsumeb tacks were meant primarily to bolster sag terms that is less than other major pro equity. ging white morale. "ZAPU has been step ducers such as South Africa, Zaire, and the Bethlehem Steel, Zapata Corporation, ping up the war rapidly and Mr. Smith feels USSR, the Oranjemund deposits are unique and Nord Resources Corporation are other the pressure from the fighters in the field," in the high gem content, averaging 98 per US investors now actively involved in Ndlovu said. "He is trying to reassure the cent of the total, which makes Oranjemund operating mines in Namibia. white minority that even if the war is one of the most profitable mines in the But the major Western interest is escalating in the field, he still has the world, with post-tax profits reaching over centered on uranium. When the Rossing capacity to hit ZAPU wherever it is based." $50 million in some years. Under mine, owned by Rio Tinto Zinc (45 percent) Although there were few guerrilla attacks agreements reached with South Africa after in association with the South African In on polling places during the elections, the ousting of the former German colonial dustrial Development Corporation, Patriotic Front guerrillas did retaliate for authorities, De Beers has rights over the Minatome of France, and Urangesellschaft the Rhodesian raids by attacking an oil deposits until the year 2010, although they of West Germany, reaches full capacity at depot in Fort Victoria. The fire, which are expected to be largely worked out year's end, Namibia will become the burned for seven hours, destroyed about before the end of the century. world's fifth-largest uranium producer. 250,000 gallons of fuel. M.S. 0 SOUTHERN AFRICA 19 MIAY 1979 MAY 1979 SOUTHERN AFRICA 19 However, what you say on p. 9 "But it 1) The central committee endorses the did so only with the provision that its view of the Review committee that the ad critics be given a stronger voice in grant ministration of the special fund "has so approvals" is simply not true. The special far been in accordance with the esta fund as one part of PCR was clearly re blished and accepted criteria set by the affirmed by the central committee in spite central committee," and that the PCR of the criticism, and the fund is normally should be encouraged to continue its work in business. in situations of racial discrimination in the Furthermore, the central committee world today and that the special fund be received a very clear document about the continued with clearer interpretation to in Dear Friends, convictions which led the WCC and the crease comprehension in the churches. member churches to play the role they did 2) The central committee further We have received the February 1979 in southern Africa. The last paragraph in resolves, in the light of changing cir issue of Southern Africa and have read Truman Dunn's article does not do justice cumstances and escalation of racism, to with interest the article "Splits in World to this. accept the proposal of the general Church Ranks over Liberation Support". secretary that a process of consultation, to We are of course glad to see that you Baldwin Sjollema be set in motion as soon as possible, on give attention to the Programme to Com World Council of Churches how the churches may be involved in bat Racism in your publication, but have Commission on the Programme combating racism in the 1980's, be given to indicate that the article gives a to Combat Racism priority. In doing this, account should be somewhat distorted picture of the PCR Geneva, Switzerland taken of the experience gained, the ques and of the decisions taken by the last tions raised, and the criticisms made dur meeting of the central committee in Editor's Note: We apologize for any inac ing the ten years of existence of this pro Jamaica. There has always been con curacies in our report on decisions taken gram. troversy about PCR, and no central com at the World Council of Churches central Copies of the very important mittee meeting has been without strong committee meeting in January. "Background Paper on Southern Africa," debates, ever since our programme was We note that among the recommenda which clearly restates the rationale for the started ten years ago. The Jamaica tions approved by the meeting were the PCR's concerns and actions can be ob meeting was no exception and the grant to following proposals, designed to support tained in English, French, and German the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe provided the ongoing work of the Programme to from the PCR, P.O. Box 66, Ch-1211 a new occasion for confrontations. Combat Racism: Geneva 20, Switzerland. I ing, dairy products and cattle feed. With Limpopo Valley the energy produced by the two power sta Cable Reprints and alfalfa are among the main crops in the tions, it wkill be possible to accelerate basic valley. industrialization through processing of the Available Massingir will be part of a continuing region's farm produce. process of transformation-creating in the This year, 46 square miles of land in the The confdential cable sent by countryside a strong wage-earning work Limpopo Valley should come under irriga US Ambassador to South Africa. force at the same time as the cooperative tion, and the slassingir power station is due \\ilham Bos dhr'r, to the State movement expands among peasants hither to be completed in December. Department which reseals black to engaged in subsistence family farming. hostilhty to US ins etment in The overall plan for regulating the flos Bringing the Miners Home Son th Afr i ind \%hich Southern of the Limpopo River includes the con The population, for their part, are Air a pubhlished In April is heini struction of a dam on the Limpopo itself at organizing themselves. With the support of niade asai able as a reprint TO Mapai, about 100 miles upstream and Frelimo party structures and the govern obtain one or bulk (opit,, \\rite to northwest of the Limpopo-Elephants con ment, the Limpopo Valley residents are set South'rn Alt.ric. 156 Fifth Ase fluence. ting up the first communal villages along iur. Rloomi T77 \e\% l ork. NY 100)11(). Mapai is about 50 miles from the border the irrigated zones. with Zimbabwe and has been frequently at Massingir is an area much affected by singlte copies ic tacked by the Rhodesian armed forces. emigration -especially men going to work ,5-20) copies 5ceat A Soviet-Bulgarian technical team is in the South African mines. 21-99 copics 1.Xc ea working on the plan for Mapai, sshich will Today there is a movement in the op 10) copies and o\ er l()c C'a be four times the size of Massingir. The posite direction. The miners are coming phis l.711-(postavct plan should be ready next year. home to stay, not just to make a brief visit. When complete, the hydraulic projects in By building solid allernatives, the links of the Limpopo Valley will enable irrigation of dependency are gradually disappearing, an area covering 965 square miles, making rendering unnecessary the emigration of it one of the richest in the country. thousands of Nlozambicans to the mines of Hydro-electric power stations are also "Jone'--the miner's name for Johan Subscribers, planned for Massingir and Mapai, with an nesburg and the Rand. annual production of 240 million and 300 Today they can till the land in the valley million kilowatt-hours per year respec without exploitation, without fear of expul RENEW tively. sion to make way for foreign settlers. And your subscription to Massingir, once a weapon to ensure con Southern Africa Industries Created solidation of colonial setttlement, is now a At present, the Limpopo Agro-industrial weapon in the hands of the Mozambicans: Complex near Chokue has factories for rice technology is being politicized to meet the NOW! husking, tomato processing, sausage mak- people's needs. El MAY 1979 2020 SOUTHERN AFRICA MAY 1979 plant in Robertsham at a cost of almost ing Africans higher wages than this, the FORCES have been expanded $300,000 so that output can be increased ac guidebook scolds, risk offending their considerablySOUTH AFRICA'S over the pastARMED two cordingly. white South African neighbors. Besides, years, according to a recently says the president of the Women's Club, released South African government white Jane Penn, "They [African servants] do paper. Leading elements of the expansion have a tendency to take you for granted. If include the creation of a parachute corps as you give your boy a Coke on a hot day, a "quick reaction force," the construction Citibank, already the largest US lender to he'll want three the next day." of a new military air base, and an increase South Africa, with participation in over 33 of 29 percent in spending to enlarge and loans worth $1.27 billion, has found a new upgrade the physical stock of the country's way to help apartheid's economic well navy. Overall defense budget for the com being. ing year is $2.3 billion, the highest ever. Early in April it became the first major ~ CHINA IS GIVING BOT The white paper takes special care to US bank to attempt to mass market gold SWANA an interest-free loan and point out the urgency for the white regime certificates to investors-and it did more technical advice to assist that of making the military self-sufficient, on than $1 million worth of sales in the first country's program for achieving the chance that outside suppliers of week. self-sufficiency in food production by I , . weapons and technology will honor the The certificate offered in denomina The loan, totaling about $18 million, was arms embargo more stringently. "[South tions of $1000 and up, is an investor's initially agreed upon in 1976 during a Africa] is past the stage where it is only self receipt for a specific quantity of gold meeting between President Seretse Khama sufficient in respect of internal security," bullion. Citibank buys the bullion and and Hua Kuo-feng. Chinese advisors have the report says. "The conventional and ad stores it for the customer. recently visited the country to help identify vanced technological fields [for military South Africa is eager to increase areas where irrigation schemes and other weapons] have been successfully entered, worldwide demand for gold. Greater de improvements could most profitably be car and in many cases we have succeeded in mand means higher prices, and higher ried out. If the Botswana government opts moving through initial development and in prices are now particularly important to run the program as a state farm, Chinese dustrialization phases to line production." because South Africa is being forced to pay advisers would stay on and get involved in very high prices for the oil it imports. The production. If the program is handed over 0 apartheid regime is likely to run into serious to local farmers, the Chinese would concen foreign exchange shortages if it cannot in trate on giving technical advice. LI Pass law arrests in South Africa continue crease its own foreign earnings. to make a mockery of claims that "things are getting better"-the frequently heard 0 corporate defense for staying and making profits. In 1978 272,887 Africans were ar Don't overpay your African servants. Be rested for influx offences in the main urban careful not to be kind to them "in excess." areas-figures for the rest of the country And please, don't refer to black South Give your students a win bave not been revealed. Professor Marius Africans as "Bantus." They consider it of dow on current events with Wiechers, head of the University of South fensive. Southern Africa. Africa's department of constitutional law, This is the gentle but firm advice con You can receive bulk orders of 10 or recently estimated that about 1000 blacks a tained in a guidebook distributed by the day are arrested for pass law offences. United States consulate in Johannesburg. more each month at a 2507o discount. Written by members of the American At this rate 10 copies would bc $7.50 i or 75T each. 0 Women's Club of Johannesburg, the book is a "how to" guide for families of American executives, facilitating their ad LINKS BETWEEN A Please enter my order tor UNITED STATES CORPORA justment to the South African way of life. conics at a 2507o discount. TION and a South African And while proferring this advice, the book manufacturer will mask the South refers to black South Africans using the In enclose a check for S_____ African origins of padlocks on the Euro hated word "Bantu." pean and American markets. Viro Locks The Johannesburg Chamber of Com Name (SA) has struck a deal with the Master Lock merce, a not overly generous body, pegs the Company of Milwaukee whereby Viro locks minimum amount required for an African Address will be sold itt Western countries under the family of five to live in the city at $193 per Master Lock banner. Fortified by this ar month. The book counsels that the families rangement, Viro is hoping to export 1.5 of domestics employed by the Americans zip code million locks a year and is expanding its can get by on $115 per month. Families pay- SOUTHERN AFRICA 21 MAYMAY 19791979 SOUTHERN AFRICA 21 Name SUBSCRIPTION RATES: Address Individuals (Domestic and Foreign) $10.00 per year Institutions (Domestic and Foreign) $18.00 per year ueE4

- New -qRenewal Airmail: ~1I Africa, Asia, Europe $22.50 CHANGE OF ADDRESS $19.50 ATTACH OLD LABEL HERE South & Central America FILL OUT NEW ADDRESS ABOVE ~iI

Note Change of Address

Southern Africa Committee 17 West 17th St. New York, NY 10011