Dreaming of 2026

Unlocking a New Era in Biodiversity Science Keck Institute for Space Studies, Pasadena, CA, October 1 - 5, 2018

Dreaming of 2026

Woody Turner Earth Science Division NASA Headquarters

October 2, 2018 TROPICS (12) PREFIRE (2) (Pre)Formulation NASA Earth Science (~2021) PACE (TBD) Implementation GeoCARB (2022) Primary Ops Missions: Present through (~2021) MAIA Extended Ops 2023 Landsat 9 (~2021) (2020) Sentinel-6A/B (2020, 2025) SWOT NI-SAR ISS Instruments (2021) (2021) LIS (2020), SAGE III TEMPO ICESat-2 InVEST/Cube (2020), TSIS-1 (2018), (2018) (2018) Sats ECOSTRESS (2018), GRACE-FO (2) NISTAR, EPIC OCO-3 (2019), GEDI CYGNSS (8) RAVAN (2016) (2018) (DSCOVR / NOAA) (2018) (2019) IceCube (2017) (2019) CLARREO-PF (2020), Suomi SMAP MiRaTA (2017) EMIT (2022) NPP (>2022) HARP (2018) (NOAA) TEMPEST-D JPSS-2 (>2022) Landsat 7 QuikS SORCE, (2018) Instruments RainCube (2018) Terra (USGS) CAT TCTE CubeRRT (2018) OMPS-Limb (2019) (>2021) (~2022) (2017) (NOAA) Landsat 8 (2017) CIRiS (2018*) (USGS) Aqua CSIM (2018) (>2022) (>2022) CloudSat * Target date, not yet manifested GPM (~2018) CALIPSO (>2022) (>2022) Aura (>2022) OSTM/Jason-2 OCO-2 (NOAA) (>2022) (>2022) And It’s Not Just NASA Need for Vigilance

(Science 2018, 361:139-140) 4 Users can provide inputs to the LAG and USGS at [email protected]. 2018 NRC Decadal Survey Observing System Priorities

Ve rtical p rofiles of ozone and trace UV/IR/mic rowa v e limb/nadi r

TARGETED CANDIDATE MEASUREMENT Ozone & gases (including water vapor, CO, NO 2 , sounding and UV/IR solar/stellar SCIENCE/APPLICATIONS SUMMARY X OBSERVABLE APPROACH Trace Gases methane, and N 2 O) globally and with occultation

Explorer high spatial resolution Incubation Designated Sno w Depth Sno w depth and sno w w ate r equivalent Rada r (Ka/Ku band) altimete r; o r Ae rosol p rope rties, ae rosol ve rtical Bac k scatter lidar and multi‐ & Snow including high spatial resolution in lidar** X profiles, and cloud properties to channel/multi‐ Water mountain areas Aerosols understand their direct and indirect imaging X Equivalent effects on climate and air quality radiometerangle/polarization flown together on 3D st ructu re of te rrest rial ecosystem L ida r** the same platform Terrestrial including forest canopy and above Clouds, Coupled cloud‐p recipitation state and Radar( s), w ith multi‐frequenc y ground biomass and changes in above dynamics for monitoring global passive microwave and sub‐mm Ecosystem X Convection, Structure ground carbon stock from processes & hydrological cycle and understanding radiometer X such as deforestation & forest Precipitation contributing processes degradation La rge‐scale Ea rth dynamics mea sured Spacecraft ranging 3D w inds in troposphe re/PBL fo r A cti v e sensing (lida r, rada r, transport of pollutants/carbon/aerosol scatterometer); passive imagery by the changing mass distribution within measurement of gravity Mass Change X Atmospheric and water vapor, wind energy, cloud or radiometry‐based atmos. X X and between the Earth’s atmosphere, anomaly Winds oceans, ground water, and ice sheets dynamics and convection, and large‐ motion vectors (AMVs) tracking; scale circulation Surface Ea rth su rface geology and biology, H y per spectral imager y in the or lidar** ground/water temperature, snow visible and shortwave infrared, Diu rnal 3D PBL the rmodynamic Mic rowa v e, hype rspect ral IR Biology & reflectivity, active geologic processes, multi‐ or hyperspectral imagery X Geology properties and 2D PBL structure to sounder(s) (e.g., in geo or small vegetation traits and algal biomass in the thermal IR understand the impact of PBL processes sat constellation), GPS radio Su rface Ea rth su rface dynamics from Interferometric S y nthetic Planetary on weather and AQ through high vertical occultation for diurnal PBL Deformation earthquakes and landslides to ice sheets Aperture Radar (InSAR) with X Boundary X and temporal profiling of PBL temperature and humidity and & Change and permafrost ionospheric correction Layer temperature, moisture and heights. heights; water vapor profiling CO 2 and methane fluxes and trends, Multi s pectral short w a v e IR and DIAL lidar; and lidar** for PBL Greenhouse global and regional with quantification thermal IR sounders; or lidar** X height Gases of point sources and identification of High‐ resolution global topog raphy Rada r; o r lida r** source types Surface including bare surface land topography X Global ice cha racte rization including Lidar** Topography ice topography, vegetation structure, elevation change of land ice to assess & Vegetation and shallow water bathymetry Ice Elevation sea level contributions and freeboard X ** Could potentially be add ressed by a multi‐function lida r designed to add ress two o r mo re of the height of sea ice to assess sea Targeted Observables ice/ocean/atmosphere interaction Coincident high‐accu racy cu rrents and Radar scatterometer Ocean vector winds to assess air‐sea Other ESAS 2017 Targeted Observables, not Allocated to a Flight Program Element Surface X Aquatic Biogeochemistry Radiance Inte rcalib ration Winds & momentum exchange and to infer Currents upwelling, upper ocean mixing, and sea‐ Magnetic Field Changes Sea Su rface Salinity ice drift. Ocean Ecosystem Structure Soil Moistu re

5 (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org.10.17226/24938.) H4 Imaging (And Then Some)

(F. Muller-Karger et al. Ecological Applications 2018)

6 H4 High Spatial and Temporal: Landsat and Sentinel-2

7 H4 High Spatial and Temporal: Planet and Other Commercials

8 (https://www.planet.com/products/monitoring/) H4 High Spectral and Radiometric: Dawn of New Era in Satellite Imaging Spectroscopy • Building on foundation of EO-1 Hyperion (mission ended January 2017), we are experiencing a new era of imaging spectroscopy (i.e., hyperspectral imaging of the Earth’s surface) using aircraft, ISS, and satellite platforms

• Large-scale airborne campaigns in CA (6 years running), CORAL (2016, 2017) Hawaii (2017, 2018) India (2015-2016, 2x 2018) provide wealth of data from AVIRIS Classic & Next Generation, MASTER, PRISM, HyTES

• ISS open for business: DESIS, HISUI (2019), EMIT (2022)

• And satellites: EnMAP (2020), PACE (2022), Surface Biology and Geology (2026?)

• A lot of imagery available, Level 2 corrected surface reflectance, initial Level 3 products 9 • Let’s make plans to use it! (https://ucnrs.org/find-a-reserve/)

(http://www.ucedna.com)

10 Thermal!

11 Active Remote

Sensing (ICESat-2 launched September 15) for 3D and Night Vision (GEDI November 2018)

12 (M.J. Behrenfeld et al. GRL 40:4355-4360, 2013) (NISAR 2021) Following the Water Actively—and Passively

Global Precipitation Mission

Soil Moisture Active Passive

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow On 13 Surface Water and Ocean Topography (2021 launch) Remotely Sensing People

14 In Situ Integration Imperative

15 Data Fusion with Map of Life

(Source: W. Jetz, R. Guralnick, A. Wilson AIST-16-0092 1st Annual Review 8/10/2018)

16 Lidar!

Ve rtical p rofiles of ozone and trace UV/IR/mic rowa v e limb/nadi r

17 (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org.10.17226/24938.) Engaging Space Agencies for Biodiversity

(Paganini et al. 2016, Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation) Goals and Next Steps

• Goal 3 for this KISS Study Program: – “Develop an implementation plan/roadmap for an observing system architecture that integrates across multiple satellite remote sensing and in situ datasets to provide crucially- needed biodiversity information for both plants and animals.” • Need plan to engage this wealth of information, including: – Targeting specific—by name—mission science teams for proposals and membership – Considering Earth Venture (Suborbital, Instrument, and Mission) proposal opportunities • NASA scoping studies are wrapping up – Suggesting how NASA and NSF could jointly promote this goal – Promoting interdisciplinary lidar study(-ies) – Strengthening ties to GEO BON through Essential Biodiversity Variable (EBV) development and assembling BON in a Box tools • Build upon GEO BON, Don’t reinvent it – Translating satellite needs for biodiversity observations into requirements for space agencies to address through CEOS • Keep phylogeny central to any effort = Speak to biologists and ecologists in the language of evolution so they understand us • Study how life scales • Bring the diversity of life through the 21st century intact 19 Thank You