Unlocking a New Era in Biodiversity Science Keck Institute for Space Studies, Pasadena, CA, October 1 - 5, 2018 Dreaming of 2026 Woody Turner Earth Science Division NASA Headquarters October 2, 2018 TROPICS (12) PREFIRE (2) (Pre)Formulation NASA Earth Science (~2021) PACE (TBD) Implementation GeoCARB (2022) Primary Ops Missions: Present through (~2021) MAIA Extended Ops 2023 Landsat 9 (~2021) (2020) Sentinel-6A/B (2020, 2025) SWOT NI-SAR ISS Instruments (2021) (2021) LIS (2020), SAGE III TEMPO ICESat-2 InVEST/Cube (2020), TSIS-1 (2018), (2018) (2018) Sats ECOSTRESS (2018), GRACE-FO (2) NISTAR, EPIC OCO-3 (2019), GEDI CYGNSS (8) RAVAN (2016) (2018) (DSCOVR / NOAA) (2018) (2019) IceCube (2017) (2019) CLARREO-PF (2020), Suomi SMAP MiRaTA (2017) EMIT (2022) NPP (>2022) HARP (2018) (NOAA) TEMPEST-D JPSS-2 (>2022) Landsat 7 QuikS SORCE, (2018) Instruments RainCube (2018) Terra (USGS) CAT TCTE CubeRRT (2018) OMPS-Limb (2019) (>2021) (~2022) (2017) (NOAA) Landsat 8 (2017) CIRiS (2018*) (USGS) Aqua CSIM (2018) (>2022) (>2022) CloudSat * Target date, not yet manifested GPM (~2018) CALIPSO (>2022) (>2022) Aura (>2022) OSTM/Jason-2 OCO-2 (NOAA) (>2022) (>2022) And It’s Not Just NASA Need for Vigilance (Science 2018, 361:139-140) 4 Users can provide inputs to the LAG and USGS at [email protected]. 2018 NRC Decadal Survey Observing System Priorities Vertical profiles of ozone and trace UV/IR/microwave limb/nadir TARGETED CANDIDATE MEASUREMENT Ozone & gases (including water vapor, CO, NO2, sounding and UV/IR solar/stellar SCIENCE/APPLICATIONS SUMMARY X OBSERVABLE APPROACH Trace Gases methane, and N2O) globally and with occultation Explorer high spatial resolution Incubation Designated Snow Depth Snow depth and snow water equivalent Radar (Ka/Ku band) altimeter; or Aerosol properties, aerosol vertical Backscatter lidar and multi‐ & Snow including high spatial resolution in lidar** X profiles, and cloud properties to channel/multi‐ Water mountain areas Aerosols understand their direct and indirect angle/polarization imaging X Equivalent effects on climate and air quality radiometer flown together on 3D structure of terrestrial ecosystem Lidar** the same platform Terrestrial including forest canopy and above Clouds, Coupled cloud‐precipitation state and Radar(s), with multi‐frequency ground biomass and changes in above X dynamics for monitoring global passive microwave and sub‐mm Ecosystem Convection, Structure ground carbon stock from processes & hydrological cycle and understanding radiometer X such as deforestation & forest Precipitation contributing processes degradation Large‐scale Earth dynamics measured Spacecraft ranging 3D winds in troposphere/PBL for Active sensing (lidar, radar, transport of pollutants/carbon/aerosol scatterometer); passive imagery by the changing mass distribution within measurement of gravity Mass Change X Atmospheric and water vapor, wind energy, cloud or radiometry‐based atmos. X X and between the Earth’s atmosphere, anomaly Winds oceans, ground water, and ice sheets dynamics and convection, and large‐ motion vectors (AMVs) tracking; scale circulation Surface Earth surface geology and biology, Hyperspectral imagery in the or lidar** ground/water temperature, snow visible and shortwave infrared, Diurnal 3D PBL thermodynamic Microwave, hyperspectral IR Biology & reflectivity, active geologic processes, multi‐ or hyperspectral imagery X Geology properties and 2D PBL structure to sounder(s) (e.g., in geo or small vegetation traits and algal biomass in the thermal IR understand the impact of PBL processes sat constellation), GPS radio Surface Earth surface dynamics from Interferometric Synthetic Planetary on weather and AQ through high vertical occultation for diurnal PBL Deformation earthquakes and landslides to ice sheets Aperture Radar (InSAR) with X Boundary X and temporal profiling of PBL temperature and humidity and & Change and permafrost ionospheric correction Layer temperature, moisture and heights. heights; water vapor profiling CO2 and methane fluxes and trends, Multispectral short wave IR and DIAL lidar; and lidar** for PBL Greenhouse global and regional with quantification thermal IR sounders; or lidar** X height Gases of point sources and identification of High‐resolution global topography Radar; or lidar** source types Surface including bare surface land topography X Global ice characterization including Lidar** Topography ice topography, vegetation structure, elevation change of land ice to assess & Vegetation and shallow water bathymetry Ice Elevation sea level contributions and freeboard X ** Could potentially be addressed by a multi‐function lidar designed to address two or more of the height of sea ice to assess sea Targeted Observables ice/ocean/atmosphere interaction Coincident high‐accuracy currents and Radar scatterometer Ocean vector winds to assess air‐sea Other ESAS 2017 Targeted Observables, not Allocated to a Flight Program Element Surface X Aquatic Biogeochemistry Radiance Intercalibration Winds & momentum exchange and to infer Currents upwelling, upper ocean mixing, and sea‐ Magnetic Field Changes Sea Surface Salinity ice drift. Ocean Ecosystem Structure Soil Moisture 5 (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org.10.17226/24938.) H4 Imaging (And Then Some) (F. Muller-Karger et al. Ecological Applications 2018) 6 H4 High Spatial and Temporal: Landsat and Sentinel-2 7 H4 High Spatial and Temporal: Planet and Other Commercials 8 (https://www.planet.com/products/monitoring/) H4 High Spectral and Radiometric: Dawn of New Era in Satellite Imaging Spectroscopy • Building on foundation of EO-1 Hyperion (mission ended January 2017), we are experiencing a new era of imaging spectroscopy (i.e., hyperspectral imaging of the Earth’s surface) using aircraft, ISS, and satellite platforms • Large-scale airborne campaigns in CA (6 years running), CORAL (2016, 2017) Hawaii (2017, 2018) India (2015-2016, 2x 2018) provide wealth of data from AVIRIS Classic & Next Generation, MASTER, PRISM, HyTES • ISS open for business: DESIS, HISUI (2019), EMIT (2022) • And satellites: EnMAP (2020), PACE (2022), Surface Biology and Geology (2026?) • A lot of imagery available, Level 2 corrected surface reflectance, initial Level 3 products 9 • Let’s make plans to use it! (https://ucnrs.org/find-a-reserve/) (http://www.ucedna.com) 10 Thermal! 11 Active Remote Sensing (ICESat-2 launched September 15) for 3D and Night Vision (GEDI November 2018) 12 (M.J. Behrenfeld et al. GRL 40:4355-4360, 2013) (NISAR 2021) Following the Water Actively—and Passively Global Precipitation Mission Soil Moisture Active Passive Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow On 13 Surface Water and Ocean Topography (2021 launch) Remotely Sensing People 14 In Situ Integration Imperative 15 Data Fusion with Map of Life (Source: W. Jetz, R. Guralnick, A. Wilson AIST-16-0092 1st Annual Review 8/10/2018) 16 Lidar! Vertical profiles of ozone and trace UV/IR/microwave limb/nadir TARGETED CANDIDATE MEASUREMENT Ozone & gases (including water vapor, CO, NO2, sounding and UV/IR solar/stellar SCIENCE/APPLICATIONS SUMMARY X OBSERVABLE APPROACH Trace Gases methane, and N2O) globally and with occultation Explorer high spatial resolution Incubation Designated Snow Depth Snow depth and snow water equivalent Radar (Ka/Ku band) altimeter; or Aerosol properties, aerosol vertical Backscatter lidar and multi‐ & Snow including high spatial resolution in lidar** X profiles, and cloud properties to channel/multi‐ Water mountain areas Aerosols understand their direct and indirect angle/polarization imaging X Equivalent effects on climate and air quality radiometer flown together on 3D structure of terrestrial ecosystem Lidar** the same platform Terrestrial including forest canopy and above Clouds, Coupled cloud‐precipitation state and Radar(s), with multi‐frequency ground biomass and changes in above X dynamics for monitoring global passive microwave and sub‐mm Ecosystem Convection, Structure ground carbon stock from processes & hydrological cycle and understanding radiometer X such as deforestation & forest Precipitation contributing processes degradation Large‐scale Earth dynamics measured Spacecraft ranging 3D winds in troposphere/PBL for Active sensing (lidar, radar, transport of pollutants/carbon/aerosol scatterometer); passive imagery by the changing mass distribution within measurement of gravity Mass Change X Atmospheric and water vapor, wind energy, cloud or radiometry‐based atmos. X X and between the Earth’s atmosphere, anomaly Winds oceans, ground water, and ice sheets dynamics and convection, and large‐ motion vectors (AMVs) tracking; scale circulation Surface Earth surface geology and biology, Hyperspectral imagery in the or lidar** ground/water temperature, snow visible and shortwave infrared, Diurnal 3D PBL thermodynamic Microwave, hyperspectral IR Biology & reflectivity, active geologic processes, multi‐ or hyperspectral imagery X Geology properties and 2D PBL structure to sounder(s) (e.g., in geo or small vegetation traits and algal biomass in the thermal IR understand the impact of PBL processes sat constellation), GPS radio Surface Earth surface dynamics from Interferometric Synthetic Planetary on weather and AQ through high vertical occultation for diurnal PBL Deformation earthquakes and landslides to ice sheets Aperture Radar (InSAR) with X Boundary X and temporal profiling