The Typology of Semantic Alignment
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Toward the Reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 3: the Algonquian-Wakashan 110-Item Wordlist
Sergei L. Nikolaev Institute of Slavic studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow/Novosibirsk); [email protected] Toward the reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 3: The Algonquian-Wakashan 110-item wordlist In the third part of my complex study of the historical relations between several language families of North America and the Nivkh language in the Far East, I present an annotated demonstration of the comparative data that was used in the lexicostatistical calculations to determine the branching and approximate glottochronological dating of Proto-Algonquian- Wakashan and its offspring; because of volume considerations, this data could not be in- cluded in the previous two parts of the present work and has to be presented autonomously. Additionally, several new Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan and Proto-Nivkh-Algonquian roots have been set up in this part of study. Lexicostatistical calculations have been conducted for the following languages: the reconstructed Proto-North Wakashan (approximately dated to ca. 800 AD) and modern or historically attested variants of Nootka (Nuuchahnulth), Amur Nivkh, Sakhalin Nivkh, Western Abenaki, Miami-Peoria, Fort Severn Cree, Wiyot, and Yurok. Keywords: Algonquian-Wakashan languages, Nivkh-Algonquian languages, Algic languages, Wakashan languages, Chimakuan-Wakashan languages, Nivkh language, historical phonol- ogy, comparative dictionary, lexicostatistics. The classification and preliminary glottochronological dating of Algonquian-Wakashan currently remain the same as presented in Nikolaev 2015a, Fig. 1 1. That scheme was generated based on the lexicostatistical analysis of 110-item basic word lists2 for one reconstructed (Proto-Northern Wakashan, ca. 800 A.D.) and several modern Algonquian-Wakashan lan- guages, performed with the aid of StarLing software 3. -
UBCWPL University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics
UBCWPL University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics -Papers for WSCLA 17- The Seventeenth Workshop on Structure and Constituency in the Languages of the Americas Edited by: Pat Littell, Analía Gutiérrez, Raphaël Girard, and Natalie Weber May 2014 Volume 36 -Papers for WSCLA 17- The Seventeenth Workshop on Structure and Constituency in the Languages of the Americas Chicago, Illinois March 9–11, 2012 Hosted by: Department of Linguistics, University of Chicago Edited by: Pat Littell, Analía Gutiérrez, Raphaël Girard, and Natalie Weber The University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics Volume 36 May 2014 UBCWPL is published by the graduate students of the University of British Columbia. We feature current research on language and linguistics by students and faculty of the department, and we are the regular publishers of two conference proceedings: the Workshop on Structure and Constituency in Languages of the Americas (WSCLA) and the International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages (ICSNL). If you have any comments or suggestions, or would like to place orders, please contact : UBCWPL Editors Department of Linguistics Totem Field Studios 2613 West Mall V6T 1Z2 Tel: 604 822 8948 Fax 604 822 9687 E-mail: <[email protected]> Since articles in UBCWPL are works in progress, their publication elsewhere is not precluded. All rights remain with the authors. i Cover artwork by Lester Ned Jr. Contact: Ancestral Native Art Creations 10704 #9 Highway Compt. 376 Rosedale, BC V0X 1X0 Phone: (604) 793-5306 Fax: (604) 794-3217 Email: [email protected] ii Table of Contents PREFACE .......................................................................................................... iv HEATHER BLISS ......................................................................................... 1–14 Marking the boundaries: Blackfoot preverbs in narratives and elicitation ELENA BENEDICTO AND ELIZABETH SALOMÓN ...................................... -
Expanding the JHU Bible Corpus for Machine Translation of the Indigenous Languages of North America
Expanding the JHU Bible Corpus for Machine Translation of the Indigenous Languages of North America Garrett Nicolai, Edith Coates, Ming Zhang and Miikka Silfverberg Department of Linguistics University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract ence of the language communities. We demonstrate the usefulness of our Indigenous parallel corpus by build- We present an extension to the JHU Bible ing multilingual neural machine translation systems for corpus, collecting and normalizing more than North American Indigenous languages. Multilingual thirty Bible translations in thirty Indigenous training is shown to be beneficial especially for the languages of North America. These exhibit a most resource-poor languages in our corpus which lack wide variety of interesting syntactic and mor- complete Bible translations. phological phenomena that are understudied in the computational community. Neural transla- 2 Corpus Construction tion experiments demonstrate significant gains obtained through cross-lingual, many-to-many The Bible is perhaps unique as a parallel text. Partial translation, with improvements of up to 8.4 translations exist in more languages than any other text 2 BLEU over monolingual models for extremely (Mayer and Cysouw, 2014). Furthermore, for nearly low-resource languages. 500 years, the Bible has had a canonical hierarchical structure - the Bible is made up of 66 books, each of 1 Introduction which contains a number of chapters, which are, in turn, broken down into verses. Each verse corresponds In 2019, Johns Hopkins University collated a corpus of to a short segment – often no more than a sentence. -
33 Contact and North American Languages
9781405175807_4_033 1/15/10 5:37 PM Page 673 33 Contact and North American Languages MARIANNE MITHUN Languages indigenous to the Americas offer some good opportunities for inves- tigating effects of contact in shaping grammar. Well over 2000 languages are known to have been spoken at the time of first contacts with Europeans. They are not a monolithic group: they fall into nearly 200 distinct genetic units. Yet against this backdrop of genetic diversity, waves of typological similarities suggest pervasive, longstanding multilingualism. Of particular interest are similarities of a type that might seem unborrowable, patterns of abstract structure without shared substance. The Americas do show the kinds of contact effects common elsewhere in the world. There are some strong linguistic areas, on the Northwest Coast, in California, in the Southeast, and in the Pueblo Southwest of North America; in Mesoamerica; and in Amazonia in South America (Bright 1973; Sherzer 1973; Haas 1976; Campbell, Kaufman, & Stark 1986; Thompson & Kinkade 1990; Silverstein 1996; Campbell 1997; Mithun 1999; Beck 2000; Aikhenvald 2002; Jany 2007). Numerous additional linguistic areas and subareas of varying sizes and strengths have also been identified. In some cases all domains of language have been affected by contact. In some, effects are primarily lexical. But in many, there is surprisingly little shared vocabulary in contrast with pervasive structural parallelism. The focus here will be on some especially deeply entrenched structures. It has often been noted that morphological structure is highly resistant to the influence of contact. Morphological similarities have even been proposed as better indicators of deep genetic relationship than the traditional comparative method. -
California Indian Languages
SUB Hamburg B/112081 CALIFORNIA INDIAN LANGUAGES VICTOR GOLLA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London CONTENTS PREFACE ix PART THREE PHONETIC ORTHOGRAPHY xiii Languages and Language Families Algic Languages / 61 PART ONE Introduction: Defining California as a 3.1 California Algic Languages (Ritwan) / 61 Sociolinguistic Area 3.2 Wiyot / 62 3.3 Yurok / 65 1.1 Diversity / 1 Athabaskan (Na-Dene) Languages / 68 1.2 Tribelet and Language / 2 3.4 The Pacific Coast Athabaskan Languages / 68 1.3 Symbolic Function of California Languages / 4 3.5 Lower Columbia Athabaskan 1.4 Languages and Migration / 5 (Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai) / 69 1.5 Multilingualism / 6 3.6 Oregon Athabaskan Languages / 70 1.6 Language Families and Phyla / 8 3.7 California Athabaskan Languages / 76 Hokan Languages / 82 PART TWO 3.8 The Hokan Phylum / 82 History of Study 3.9 Karuk / 84 3.10 Chimariko / 87 3.11 Shastan Languages / 90 Before Linguistics / 12 3.12 Palaihnihan Languages / 95 2.1 Earliest Attestations / 12 3.13 Yana / 100 2.2 Jesuit Missionaries in Baja California / 12 3.14 Washo / 102 2.3 Franciscans in Alta California / 14 3.15 Porno Languages / 105 2.4 Visitors and Collectors, 1780-1880 / 22 3.16 Esselen / 112 3.17 Salinan / 114 Linguistic Scholarship / 32 3.18 Yuman Languages / 117 3.19 Cochimi and the Cochimi-Yuman Relationship / 125 2.5 Early Research Linguistics, 1865-1900 / 32 3.20 Seri / 126 2.6 The Kroeber Era, 1900 to World War II / 35 2.7 Independent Scholars, 1900-1940 / 42 Penutian Languages / 128 2.8 Structural Linguists / 49 2.9 The -
[.35 **Natural Language Processing Class Here Computational Linguistics See Manual at 006.35 Vs
006 006 006 DeweyiDecimaliClassification006 006 [.35 **Natural language processing Class here computational linguistics See Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285 *Use notation 019 from Table 1 as modified at 004.019 400 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 400 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 [400 [400 *‡Language Class here interdisciplinary works on language and literature For literature, see 800; for rhetoric, see 808. For the language of a specific discipline or subject, see the discipline or subject, plus notation 014 from Table 1, e.g., language of science 501.4 (Option A: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, class in 410, where full instructions appear (Option B: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, place before 420 through use of a letter or other symbol. Full instructions appear under 420–490) 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 SUMMARY [401–409 Standard subdivisions and bilingualism [410 Linguistics [420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) [430 German and related languages [440 French and related Romance languages [450 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican [460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician [470 Latin and related Italic languages [480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages [490 Other languages 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [401 *‡Philosophy and theory See Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.3 *‡International languages Class here universal languages; general -
Revitalizing Indigenous Languages
Revitalizing Indigenous Languages edited by Jon Reyhner Gina Cantoni Robert N. St. Clair Evangeline Parsons Yazzie Flagstaff, Arizona 1999 Revitalizing Indigenous Languages is a compilation of papers presented at the Fifth Annual Stabilizing Indigenous Languages Symposium on May 15 and 16, 1998, at the Galt House East in Louisville, Kentucky. Symposium Advisory Board Robert N. St. Clair, Co-chair Evangeline Parsons Yazzie, Co-chair Gina Cantoni Barbara Burnaby Jon Reyhner Symposium Staff Tyra R. Beasley Sarah Becker Yesenia Blackwood Trish Burns Emil Dobrescu Peter Matallana Rosemarie Maum Jack Ramey Tina Rose Mike Sorendo Nancy Stone B. Joanne Webb Copyright © 1999 by Northern Arizona University ISBN 0-9670554-0-7 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-70356 Second Printing, 2005 Additional copies can be obtained from College of Education, Northern Ari- zona University, Box 5774, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011-5774. Phone 520 523 5342. Reprinting and copying on a nonprofit basis is hereby allowed with proper identification of the source except for Richard Littlebear’s poem on page iv, which can only be reproduced with his permission. Publication information can be found at http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/TIL.html ii Contents Repatriated Bones, Unrepatriated Spirits iv Richard Littlebear Introduction: Some Basics of Language Revitalization v Jon Reyhner Obstacles and Opportunities for Language Revitalization 1. Some Rare and Radical Ideas for Keeping Indigenous Languages Alive 1 Richard Littlebear 2. Running the Gauntlet of an Indigenous Language Program 6 Steve Greymorning Language Revitalization Efforts and Approaches 3. Sm’algyax Language Renewal: Prospects and Options 17 Daniel S. Rubin 4. Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwak’wala Be Revived 33 Stan J. -
Prosodic Prominence in Karuk by Clare Scoville Sandy a Dissertation
Prosodic Prominence in Karuk by Clare Scoville Sandy A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Andrew Garrett, Co-chair Professor Sharon Inkelas, Co-chair Associate Professor Darya Kavitskaya Summer 2017 Prosodic Prominence in Karuk Copyright 2017 by Clare Scoville Sandy 1 Abstract Prosodic Prominence in Karuk by Clare Scoville Sandy Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Andrew Garrett, Co-chair Professor Sharon Inkelas, Co-chair This study focuses on word-level prosodic prominence in Karuk (kyh), a Hokan isolate of Northern California. Prosodic prominence in Karuk is made up of sparse tone and stress, and there are two main influences on its placement: the alignment of high tone and certain syllable structures, and the use of prosodic prominence to mark stem edges. These influences are at times in conflict, with the resolution depending on criteria specific to particular sets of morphology. The study is based on analysis of a corpus combining recent fieldwork and historical data. Specific findings include: 1) the placement of prominence in a Karuk word is largely dependent on CV-skeleton syllable structure and far more predictable than previ- ously thought; 2) while one tone-syllable alignment is the unmarked output of constraints, a different tone-syllable alignment on the input blocks its surfacing; 3) various sets of morphol- ogy interfere with the basic placement of prominence by triggering stem-final prominence; and 4) the predictable placement of basic prominence only applies within the prosodic stem, from which certain morphemes are excluded. -
Language Index
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86573-9 - Endangered Languages: An Introduction Sarah G. Thomason Index More information Language index ||Gana, 106, 110 Bininj, 31, 40, 78 Bitterroot Salish, see Salish-Pend d’Oreille. Abenaki, Eastern, 96, 176; Western, 96, 176 Blackfoot, 74, 78, 90, 96, 176 Aboriginal English (Australia), 121 Bosnian, 87 Aboriginal languages (Australia), 9, 17, 31, 56, Brahui, 63 58, 62, 106, 110, 132, 133 Breton, 25, 39, 179 Afro-Asiatic languages, 49, 175, 180, 194, 198 Bulgarian, 194 Ainu, 10 Buryat, 19 Akkadian, 1, 42, 43, 177, 194 Bushman, see San. Albanian, 28, 40, 66, 185; Arbëresh Albanian, 28, 40; Arvanitika Albanian, 28, 40, 66, 72 Cacaopera, 45 Aleut, 50–52, 104, 155, 183, 188; see also Bering Carrier, 31, 41, 170, 174 Aleut, Mednyj Aleut Catalan, 192 Algic languages, 97, 109, 176; see also Caucasian languages, 148 Algonquian languages, Ritwan languages. Celtic languages, 25, 46, 179, 183, Algonquian languages, 57, 62, 95–97, 101, 104, 185 108, 109, 162, 166, 176, 187, 191 Central Torres Strait, 9 Ambonese Malay, see Malay. Chadic languages, 175 Anatolian languages, 43 Chantyal, 31, 40 Apache, 177 Chatino, Zenzontepec, 192 Apachean languages, 177 Chehalis, Lower, see Lower Chehalis. Arabic, 1, 19, 22, 37, 43, 49, 63, 65, 101, 194; Chehalis, Upper, see Upper Chehalis. Classical Arabic, 8, 103 Cheyenne, 96, 176 Arapaho, 78, 96, 176; Northern Arapaho, 73, 90, Chinese languages (“dialects”), 22, 35, 37, 41, 92 48, 69, 101, 196; Mandarin, 35; Arawakan languages, 81 Wu, 118; see also Putonghua, Arbëresh, see Albanian. Chinook, Clackamas, see Clackamas Armenian, 185 Chinook. -
The Tolowa Dee-Ni' Language Revitalization
The Tolowa Dee-ni’ Language Revitalization Loren Me’-lash-ne Bommelyn Taa-laa-wa Dee-ni’ Tolowa Dee-ni’ Nation Language Revitalization, Is the Challenge The Challenge of Endangered Language recovery is uncertain work. Endangered Languages are spoken and unspoken. Many languages are retrieved from manuscripts, publications, audio files, ethnographies and from the hearts and minds of speakers. What will reform the speech community? Most children hear English and Spanish not Dee-ni'. How can an Endangered Language wage against media, Colonialism and singleness? What methodologies and approaches support Endangered Languages? “Teach what you learn and speak what you know.” The Taa-laa-wa Dee-ni’ Thea Ta -laa-wa Dee-ni' are a Dene (Athabaskan) speaking people of the Pacific Northwest. The Taa-laa-waa-dvn lays across ten rivers systems that empty into the Pacific in southwest Oregon and northern California. The neighbors of the Taa-laa- wa are the Yurok to the south, the Karuk, Takelma and Kalapuya to the east and the Coos to the north. The Yurok language is Algonquian. The Karuk language is Hokan. The Takelma, Kalapuya and Coos are Penutian. The Dee-ni' emerged following Genesis at Yan'-daa-k'vt, "South-up-hill”, the center of the Dee- ni' world. The Dee-ni’ Homeland Xatlh-srii-dvn - Genesis The Three Beings; Baby Sender, Daylight and Thunder living above the Earth in the Sweat House of Knowledge spoke and made the water covered earth. The first tree, the white redwood, stood upon the knoll as it slid forth from the south out of the watery depths at Yan’-daa-kvt. -
Proof of the Algonquian-Wakashan Relationship
Sergei L. Nikolaev Institute of Slavic studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow/Novosibirsk); [email protected] Toward the reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 1: Proof of the Algonquian-Wakashan relationship The first part of the present study, following a general introduction (§ 1), presents a classifi- cation and approximate glottochronological dating for the Algonquian-Wakashan languages (§ 2), a preliminary discussion of regular sound correspondences between Proto-Wakashan, Proto-Nivkh, and Proto-Algic (§ 3), and an analysis of the Algonquian-Wakashan “basic lexi- con” (§ 4). The main novelty of the present article is in its attempt at formal demonstration of a genetic relationship between the Nivkh, Algic, and Wakashan languages, arrived at by means of the standard comparative method, i. e. establishing a system of regular sound cor- respondences between the vocabularies of the compared languages. Proto-Salishan is con- sidered as a remote relative of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan; at the same time, no close (“Mosan”) relationship between Wakashan and Salish has been traced. Additionally, lexical correspondences between Proto-Chukchi-Kamchatkan, Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan, and Proto-Salishan are also reviewed. The conclusion is that no genetic relationship exists be- tween Chukchi-Kamchatkan, on the one hand, and Algonquian-Wakashan, languages (Nivkh included), on the other hand. Instead, it seems more likely that Proto-Chukchi-Kamchatkan has borrowed words from Wakashan, Salishan, and Algic (but probably not vice versa; § 5). The Algonquian-Wakashan, Salishan and Chukchi-Kamchatkan common cultural lexicon is also examined, resulting in the identification of numerous “cultural” loans from Wakashan and Salish into Proto-Chukchi-Kamchatkan. Borrowing from Salishan into Proto-Nivkh was far less intensive, as there are no reliable Nivkh-Wakashan contact words. -
ICA Course on Toponymy
INFORMATION 9. CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES - Q. AMERINDIAN LANGUAGES The languages spoken by the pre-Columbian societies of North and South America are currently classified in at least 50 separate language families. The largest of these are: (1) the Oto-Manguean family, consisting of a 170 languages, all but one Costa Rican outlier being spoken in Mexico; (2) the 75 Arawakan languages, ranging from Honduras, the Caribbean Islands and Surinam in the north to Argentina in the south; (3) the 70 Tupi languages spoken in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and French Guyana; (4) the Mayan family, also represented with 70 languages, all spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula; (5) the Uto- Aztecan family, with a little over 60 languages extending from the western USA throughy Mexico into El Salvador; (6) the 47 Quechuan (Inca) languages spoken in the mountainous Andean area; (7) the Na- Dene family, with 42 languages represented from Alaska to the southwestern United States; (8) the 33 Algic languages, consisting of the Algonquin subgroup, Wiyot and Yurok, al spoken in Canada and the USA; (9) the 32 Macro-Ge languages of Brazil and Bolivia; (10) the 29 Panoan languages of Brazil, Peru and Bolivia; (11) the 29 Carib languages, spoken from the area south of the Caribbean Sea into the Guyanas; (12) the 27 Penutian languages, spoken in the western USA and Canada; (13) the 27 Hokan languages of Mexico and the southwestern United States; (14) the 27 Salishan languages of Canada and the northwestern USA; (15) the 26 Tucanoan languages of Colombia, Ecuador and Brazil; (16) the 22 Chibchan languages spoken from Ecuador to the southern states of Central America; (17) the 17 Siouan languages of the Great Plains area of Canada and the USA; (18) the 16 Mexican Mixe-Zoque languages; (19) the 11 Eskimo-Aleut languages of the Arctic tundras from Greenland to eastern Siberia; (20) the 11 Mataco-Guaicuru languages of Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil.