Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Windham, Cumberland County, Maine Project: MHPC No. 0483-15

prepared for:

Nobis Engineering, Inc. 18 Chenell Drive Concord, NH 03301

prepared by:

Margaret Gaertner, M.S. Historic Building Consultant

Stephen R. Scharoun, M.A.,

Rosemary A. Cyr, M.A.

and

Ellen R. Cowie, Ph.D.

Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. 382 Fairbanks Road Farmington, Maine 04938

Final

September 6, 2017 ii Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Windham, Cumberland County, Maine Project: MHPC No. 0483-15

ABSTRACT

The Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. (NE ARC) completed an Archaeological Phase 0 Study and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site located in Windham, Cumberland County, Maine on behalf of Nobis Engineering, Inc. Nobis is under contract with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Contract EP-S1-06-03, to perform a remedial investigation at the Keddy Mill Superfund Site. The Keddy Mill Superfund Site is located in the Town of Windham, Maine adjacent to the east bank of the Presumpscot River, and includes an area measuring a 6.93-acre in size. The Keddy Mill site has a long history, starting with a saw mill in the 18th century followed by a series of industries related to the wood and paper industry throughout the nineteenth and into the twentieth century. Its designation as a Superfund Site is a result of the last use of the facility as a metal manufacturing operation which had ceased by the mid-20th century. In accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, the EPA, in consultation with the Maine Historic Preservation Offi ce (MHPC), and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection, authorized the performance of the Archaeological Phase 0 Study and Architectural Assessment. The results of the Archaeological Phase 0 Study indicate that there is a low probability that intact archaeological remains of historical signifi cance are present within the Area of Potential Eff ect (APE) of the present project. In addition, the architectural assessment has resulted in the recommendation that the complex of structures at the Keddy Mill Superfund Site lack integrity necessary to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. NE ARC and Architectural Historian Margaret Gaertner recommend that no additional archaeological or architectural investigations are necessary prior to the commencement of future construction, or other ground disturbing activity at the Keddy Mill Superfund Site.

iii iv Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Windham, Cumberland County, Maine Project: MHPC No. 0483-15

AFFILIATION OF AUTHORS

Margaret Gaertner, M.S. Historic Building Consultant Portland, Maine 04102

Stephen R. Scharoun, M.A. Historical Archaeologist/Historian Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. Farmington, Maine 04938

Rosemary A. Cyr, M.A. Laboratory Director Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. Farmington, Maine 04938

Ellen R. Cowie, Ph.D. Principal Investigator and Director Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. Farmington, Maine 04938

v vi Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Windham, Cumberland County, Maine Project: MHPC No. 0483-15

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... iii AFFILIATION OF AUTHORS ...... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii LIST OF FIGURES ...... ix I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 II: GENERAL HISTORIC CONTEXT ...... 5 Little Falls Historic Context ...... 7 III: HISTORY OF THE KEDDY MILL SITE ...... 9 Existing Conditions ...... 35 IV: ARCHAEOLOGICAL PHASE 0 FIELD INVESTIGATION ...... 39 Introduction ...... 39 History of Environmental Investigation ...... 39 Phase 0 Field Inspection ...... 42 Summary of Phase 0 Archaeological Assessment ...... 56 V: ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT ...... 57 Setting ...... 57 Machine Shop (1909) ...... 57 Beater Building (1909) ...... 62 Dynamo Room (1909) ...... 73 Finishing and Shipping Building (1912)...... 82 Steel-Framed Building ...... 89 Statement of Signifi cance ...... 93 VI: CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION ...... 95 REFERENCES ...... 97 APPENDIX I: CHAIN OF TITLE ...... 101 APPENDIX II: GOOGLE EARTH IMAGES ...... 115

vii viii Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Windham, Cumberland County, Maine Project: MHPC No. 0483-15

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Topographic map (from 1990) showing the location of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

Figure 2. Aerial photograph (from 2012) showing the location of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

Figure 3. Portion of 1857 Chace map showing the route of the Cumberland & Oxford Canal from Sebago Lake to Portland, Maine.

Figure 4. A. W. Longfellow’s 1840 “Plan and Profi le of the Presumpscot River from Gambo Falls to Little Falls...” Source: Maine Historical Society.

Figure 5. Portion of 1857 Chace map showing the location of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site in Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Note the “Factory” on the Gorham side of Little Falls and a building labeled “S.M.” which likely refers to “saw mill” on the Windham side.

Figure 6. Portion of 1871 Beers map showing the location of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site in Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

Figure 7. The earliest known image of the Keddy Mill, then called the Sebago Wood Board Company. Date unknown, although this photo appears to pre-date the 1885 Sanborn Map, as the “Wood Preparing House” is not yet built. Note the roof of the mill is nearly fl at and the monitor is not yet in place. All of the buildings in this image have been demolished. Source: Windham Historical Society, located online.

Figure 8. Portion of the 1885 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Sebago Wood Board Company. The map is rotated to align with the photograph depicted in Figure 7. Source: Maine Historical Society.

Figure 9. Portion of the 1892 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Sebago Wood Board Company. The map is rotated to align with Figure 8. The two-story volume over the Presumpscot is shown for the fi rst time. Source: Maine Historical Society.

Figure 10. View of the Sebago Wood Board Company, taken sometime after 1885 and before 1892. The three-story addition for the “Digesters” and the two-story “Wood Preparing House” are visible. None of these buildings remain. Source: Windham Historical Society.

Figure 11. Portion of the 1897 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Sebago Wood Board Company. Source: Maine Historical Society.

ix Figure 12. Portion of the 1903 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Sebago Wood Board Company, although the property had been sold to the Androscoggin Pulp Company in 1900. Note a water tower has been constructed since the last Sanborn Map was drawn (1897). This is the fi rst map to show the monitor on the roof of the main mill. Source: Maine Historical Society.

Figure 13. Postcard showing the Androscoggin Pulp Company ca. 1904-1906. The water tower shown on the 1903 Sanborn map is clearly visible. Also visible is a small, one-story appendage to the Wood Grinder and Beater Engine Building that was not shown on the 1903 Sanborn but is shown on the 1909 edition. Construction of the concrete mill, not visible in this photograph, began ca. 1906. The red arrow on the 1903 Sanborn map (Figure 12) shows the orientation of this photo. All of these buildings have been demolished. The granite base for the Wood Grinder and Beater Engine Building is in front of the base of the extant hydro-power dam. The west basement wall of the current concrete mill building is the east wall of the former Standard Mill building (north side of the Wood Grinder and Beater Engine Building) shown in the picture. Source: Collection of Margaret Gaertner.

Figure 14. The Androscoggin Pulp Company mills ca. 1906. The stamp on the back was cancelled on February 12, 1909. The concrete addition is under construction. A red arrow on the 1909 Sanborn map (Figure 15) shows the orientation of this photo. Source: Collection of Margaret Gaertner.

Figure 15. Portion of the 1909 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Androscoggin Pulp Company mills. The concrete addition at the east end of the complex is shown. A second siding leads to the new buildings. Source: Maine Historical Society.

Figure 16. This photograph of the reinforced concrete addition to the Androscoggin Pulp Mill was published in Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer in February 1909. Note the continuous monitor on the roof.

Figure 17. Cross section of the Androscoggin Pulp Mill building plan published in Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer in February 1909.

Figure 18. Image of supports within the Androscoggin Pulp Mill published in Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer in February 1909.

Figure 19. Image of duct work and ventilation within the Androscoggin Pulp Mill published in Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer in February 1909.

Figure 20. Image of the Androscoggin Pulp Mill published in Engineering and Contracting in February, 1909.

Figure 21. Image of the Androscoggin Pulp Mill published in Engineering and Contracting in February, 1909.

Figure 22. Image of the Androscoggin Pulp Mill published in Engineering and Contracting in February, 1909.

x Figure 23. Portion of the 1922 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Androscoggin Pulp Company mills. Source: Maine Historical Society.

Figure 24. Postcard view of the Androscoggin Pulp Company mill. Comparison of Sanborn maps indicates the wood offi ce volume overhanging the river was added after 1909 and before 1922. Source: Windham Historical Society.

Figure 25. Portion of the 1934 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Androscoggin Pulp Company mills. Source: Maine Historical Society.

Figure 26. Portion of the 1944 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Keddy Mill site, then owned by Cumberland Securities and rented to J. W. Ellis and Specialty Converters, who were making paper boxes and paper products. Source: Maine Historical Society.

Figure 27. Portion of the 1944 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the nearby Mallison Mill, which was occupied or owned by Maine Steel Inc. in 1944. Source: Maine Historical Society.

Figure 28. Aerial view of the Keddy Mill taken May 1, 1956. Most of the 19th-century buildings have been demolished and the curved railroad siding has also been removed.

Figure 29. Aerial view of the Keddy Mill taken October 5, 1940. Image quality does not allow close study.

Figure 30. Ca. 2005 aerial view of the Keddy Mill complex. All of the 19th-century buildings are gone. The gable roof over the 1909 concrete mill has been replaced by a fl at roof. The hydro dam stands on a granite base that once supported the Wood Grinder and Beater Engine Building.

Figure 31. Map of S.W. Cole Engineering’s 1997 investigation of the site showing the location of testing and surface features within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

Figure 32. 1970 aerial photograph showing location of SW Cole 1997 test pits and START 2012 sample locations within the Source No. 1 area of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

Figure 33. 1970 aerial photograph showing location of SW Cole 1997 test pits and START 2012 sample locations within the Source No. 2 area of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

Figure 34. View east of the former Keddy Mill, hydro-electric station and dam of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 35. Photograph locations plotted on geo-referenced project area over 1922 Sanborn map and underlying contemporary aerial view of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photographs taken 5/3/2017.

xi Figure 36. View north of demolished building foundation, possibly of the southwest corner of ‘Store Ho. No. 2’ as shown in Figure 35, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 37. View east of northern extension of wall shown in Figure 3, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 38. View west of north central section of project area containing deep fi ll deposits, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 39. View east of south edge of concrete footing of former fuel oil storage tank foundation, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 40. View west of former location of second fuel oil storage tank, noting remnant of concrete footing near monitoring well shown in background, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 41. View south of north face of mill showing drainage and portion of access road in foreground, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 42. View west of north face of mill, with monitoring well in foreground, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 43. View north along east boundary of Keddy Mill Site with rail spur behind fence, dirt track, drainage and steep embankment up to main rail bed, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 44. View south of east edge of project area, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 45. View north of large concrete cradles for fuel tanks, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

Figure 46. View east from edge of building and river embankment showing monitoring wells and concrete pad of possible substation location, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 47. View northwest of south face of mill complex, concrete drive, debris piles and monitoring well, installed on raised berm and other possible location of the substation, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

xii Figure 48. View south in the area of the former ‘garage’ of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 49. View north along power line with southern extension of the mill complex in background, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 50. View along power line showing typical example of push pile, which were extensive in southern portions of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 51. Photograph locations for the Architectural Assessment plotted on 1944 Sanborn Map showing mill building and surroundings within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photographs taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 52. Overall view of the Keddy Mill, looking northeast from across river (Gorham side) within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 53. Overall view of the Keddy Mill, looking east from bridge west of site, within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 54. View of south facade of Beater Building and south facade of Machine Shop, west end, within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 55. View of Machine Shop south facade, east end within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 56. View of Machine Shop, north facade, east end within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 57. View of Machine Shop north facade, west end within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 58. Machine Shop detail view, south facade, typical steel sash at basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 59. Machine Shop detail view, south facade, surviving wood sash at basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 60. View from center of room of Machine Shop interior, basement level, looking west within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

xiii Figure 61. Machine Shop interior view, basement level, looking west from elevated position in fi rst fl oor in Finishing and Shipping Building within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 62. Machine Shop interior view, fi rst fl oor, looking west within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 63. Machine Shop interior view, fi rst fl oor, looking east within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 64. Machine Shop detail view of forge hammer, found in east end of basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017, facing north.

Figure 65. Machine Shop detail view, south facade, including remains of overhanging offi ce volume within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 66. View west of Beater Building west façade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 67. View of Beater Building north facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 68. Oblique view of Dynamo Building, north and east facades, showing relationship of the two stories and volumes and also the angled shaft to the Machine Shop within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 69. Beater Building interior view facing west-northwest showing pulp tanks, basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 70. Beater Building interior view west showing surviving equipment next to pulp tanks, basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 71. Beater Building detail view north of equipment within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 72. Beater Building interior view northeast showing concrete stairs, northeast corner, basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. The door at the landing leads to the Dynamo Room. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 73. View south-southeast of Beater Building brick vault, southeast corner, second fl oor within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 74. View west of Beater Building looking into interior of pulp tank within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

xiv Figure 75. Beater Building interior view west-southwest showing remains of wall from demolished 19th century mill building, basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 76. Beater Building interior view, fi rst fl oor, looking southwest within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 77. Beater Building interior view, fi rst fl oor, looking northwest within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 78. View of Beater Building front stairs as seen from second fl oor looking down within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 79. Beater Building second fl oor, overall view looking northwest within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 80. View west of Beater Building former offi ces along south wall, second fl oor within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 81. Machine Shop detail view looking north at shaft to Dynamo Room below within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 82. Dynamo Building detail view, doors, east facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. These appear to be the only surviving original exterior doors. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 83. Dynamo Building interior view, basement level, looking northeast within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 84. Dynamo Room, basement level, looking southwest with Machine Shop in background within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 85. Dynamo Building interior view, fi rst fl oor, looking southeast with Machine Shop visible in background within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Note wood board walls between concrete pilasters. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 86. View of Finishing and Shipping Building south facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 87. View of Finishing and Shipping Building partial east facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 88. View of Finishing and Shipping Building north facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 89. View of Finishing and Shipping Building west facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

xv Figure 90. View of Finishing and Shipping Building interior view of train shed, looking north within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 91. View of Finishing and Shipping Building interior, fi rst fl oor looking northwest, within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 92. View of Finishing and Shipping Building interior, fi rst fl oor looking southwest, within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 93. View of Finishing and Shipping Building basement level looking northwest, within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 94. View of Finishing and Shipping Building basement level looking northeast, within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 95. Closer view of stair in Finishing and Shipping Building basement level, within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 96. View of Steel Building west facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 97. View of Steel Building east facade, overall view including adjacent steel structure over siding within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 98. View of Steel Building east facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 99. View of Steel Building interior, north room, looking north within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 100. View of Steel Building interior, north room, looking south within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 101. Steel Building detail view showing sand pit in fl oor, north room within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 102. View of Steel Building interior, fi rst fl oor, south room, looking south within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

xvi Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Windham, Cumberland County, Maine Project: MHPC No. 0483-15

I: INTRODUCTION

The Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. (NE ARC) has completed an Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, on behalf of Nobis Engineering, Inc. The Keddy Mill Site is located at 7 Depot Street in South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine (Figures 1 and 2). The 6.93-acre parcel is bounded on the north by Depot Street, the former tracks of the Maine Central Railroad on the east, the Presumpscot River on the south and Route 202/Main Street to the west. Nobis is conducting an environmental investigation of the Keddy Mill Site on behalf of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, the EPA consulted with the Maine Historic Preservation Commission (MHPC). As a result of the consultation, EPA directed Nobis to implement an Archaeology Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment. Nobis prepared a Statement of Work and Specifi cation, which was issued for bid. The NE ARC was selected to complete the study, which consisted of four tasks; 1) a detailed history of the Keddy Mill Site; 2) an architectural determination of eligibility of above ground architectural resources; 3) a brief historic context detailing 20th century smelting operations at Keddy Mill; and 4) an Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment for historic archaeology of the Keddy Mill Site. The goal of both Architectural and Archaeological Phase 0 Assessments was to determine whether the Keddy Mill Site contains potentially signifi cant historic period cultural resources that are eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The consultation with the MHPC also determined that a pre-historic archaeological assessment was not required. This project was designated as MHPC No. 0483-15. It should be noted that the need for the requested “smelting study context” came to be questioned during historic background research associated with the project. As detailed in the report, it is unlikely that signifi cant smelting activities took place at the mill. This was reported to staff at the MHPC during the ongoing background research and a decision was made to exclude the smelting context from the list of tasks. All work associated with the architectural and archaeological assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site was completed in accordance with regulatory requirements including, but not limited to, Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and its implementing regulations, 36CFR800. All work followed the MHPC 1992 Contract Archaeology Guidelines as well as MHPC’s Architectural Survey Guidelines and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines. The results of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment indicate that there is a low probability that intact archaeological remains of National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility are present within the Area Northeast Archaeology Research Center

Figure 1. Topographic map (from 1990) showing the location of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

2 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 2. Aerial photograph (from 2012) showing the location of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

3 Northeast Archaeology Research Center of Potential Eff ect (APE) of the present project. NE ARC recommends that no additional archaeological investigation is necessary prior to the commencement of future construction, or other ground disturbing activity. In addition, the results of the architectural assessment have resulted in a recommendation that the extant complex of structures at the Keddy Mill Superfund Site lack integrity and thus it is not likely eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). For the purposes of this document, “Keddy Mill Superfund Site” (or the “Site”) refers to the parcel defi ned by the yellow boundary depicted in Figure 2. The “project area” is area evaluated for the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment, and is defi ned by the red boundary depicted in Figure 2. The “Keddy Mill” is the mill complex that was used for past industrial activities. The original Keddy Mill property extended further south beyond the current Superfund Site or project area boundaries.

4 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

II: GENERAL HISTORIC CONTEXT

The Town of Windham was granted to inhabitants of Marblehead, Massachusetts in 1735. The town retained the name of New Marblehead until incorporation in 1762, when it was renamed Windham. Settlement of the town commenced, ca. 1737. One blockhouse and three garrisons were built in Windham as a means of protection against French and Indian aggression. Twenty nine of the 63 home lots were occupied by the end of the French and Indian War. In 1764, 250 people lived in Windham (Smith 1873). Two important factors in the town’s early development were its proximity to Portland and its location on the Presumpscot River. Wood and agricultural products from as distant as the Coos region of New Hampshire were transported overland and by water to Portland by way of the Presumpscot River drainage (Dole 1935). The Presumpscot River is approximately 25 miles in length and is the outlet of Sebago Lake. There are 18 waterfalls on the river. Use of the river prior to 1830 was confi ned to water powered saw and grist mills, the transport of mast trees, and the driving of logs and sawn timber to shipbuilders in Portland, which led the colonies in the mast trade prior to the American Revolution and remained prominent as a shipbuilding center after the war. Dam construction at the outlet of Sebago Lake and along the river’s course created elongated head ponds, facilitating log drives and reducing the danger of spring fl oods. The river was not suitable as a travel corridor for boat transportation. By 1790, much of the harvestable timber easily accessible to the Presumpscot and the Sebago Lake had been cut. The industry extended north and east into the uplands above the lake, but continued to utilize the lake for booming masts and logs and continued to rely upon the Presumpscot for driving (Anderson 1982). With the depletion of mast trees (white pine) the forest industry was sustained by the production of boards, planks, staves, barrel shooks, clapboards and shingles. Concurrent with the rise of logging and lumbering was an increase in agricultural production and settlement with small village centers forming at mill sites and at the junctions of important overland routes. Beginning in the 1790s, there was a concerted eff ort among Portland businessmen to build a canal linking Sebago Lake and its hinterland to Portland docks on the Fore River (Anderson 1982). Not only was the Presumpscot unsuitable for navigation, the river did not reach Portland docks, but turned northeast at Ammoncongin Falls (Westbrook) to empty in Casco Bay north of Portland, in the town of Falmouth. The initial eff ort to build the canal failed due to the negative eff ect of the 1807 embargo imposed on Portland merchants. The canal plan was revived in the 1820s and the Cumberland & Oxford Canal (C & O), complete with 27 locks, was open to commercial navigation in 1830 (Figure 3) (Chace 1857). Suffi cient water levels in the canal were maintained by feeder canals from the Presumpscot River. The canal considerably reduced the cost of transporting goods to Portland. The reduction in transportation costs resulted in increased production at mill sites along the Presumpscot River as well as around Sebago Lake. Canal traffi c was impeded by ice in the winter and spring log drives “when the river at the mouth of the canal and for ½ mile above was so full of logs that boat passage was laborious and inconvenient” (Anderson 1982:95).

5 Northeast Archaeology Research Center

Figure 3. Portion of 1857 Chace map showing the route of the Cumberland & Oxford Canal from Sebago Lake to Portland, Maine.

6 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Nevertheless, the canal remained in continuous use until it was replaced by the completion of the Portland & Ogdenburgh Railroad (P & O RR) to Sebago Lake, ca. 1870. As timberland, notably white pine, receded to the north and east, former saw mill sites were abandoned, as at Steep Falls. They were dismantled and moved to other sites, as illustrated by the ca. 1846-1861 Leighton and Harding saw mill’s move from Little Falls to the lower falls on the Little River. Surviving saw mills were increasingly obliged to accommodate the arrival of higher capitalized industries, such as the Oriental Powder Company at Gambo Falls, the woolen mill at Mollison Falls (Horse Beef Falls), the S.D. Warren paper mill at Westbrook (Saccarappa or Ammoncongin Falls), and the cotton factory at Little Falls. The manufacture of powder kegs, boxes and chairs represented increased production at a few of the saw mills, and a few grist mills continued to utilize water power demonstrating that agricultural production was an important aspect of the local and regional economy (Wells 1869). Rail transportation and the pulpwood industry represent further industrial intensifi cation along the Presumpscot River. The P & O Railroad extended fi ve miles on the Windham side of the river before crossing at Gambo Falls. The depot at South Windham was reportedly very active and became a collection/ distribution point for a wide area, shipping, for example, 800 tons of pressed hay to Boston, ca. 1872-3 (Smith 1873:84). Two of the earliest wood pulp mills were in Topsham and Norway and operated from the late 1860s to the mid 1870s, when both mills closed due to over expansion and general economic depression (Smith 1972). Samuel D. Warren began manufacturing paper from rags in Westbrook in 1854 and began experimenting with making wood pulp at the Forest Fibre Company in Yarmouth in 1873. In 1875, water power owners on the Presumpscot organized by Warren, petitioned the legislature for the right to increase the water storage capacity of Sebago Lake, by increasing the length and height of the dam then owned by the C & O Canal. As rail had eff ectively replaced canal transport, the petition was granted and construction of the dam was completed in 1878, at which time the S.D. Warren mill produced 16 tons of paper a day. In 1880, the mill had expanded to become the largest paper mill in the world (Smith 1972: 239). The S.D. Warren Co. sought and succeeded in controlling the fl ow of the Presumpscot River by securing ownership of the dam at the outlet of Sebago Lake, following a violent confrontation at the dam between the paper company and the powder mill. The remaining water power owners on the Presumpscot “gave in gracefully, and the paper company controlled water storage from Sebago Lake completely” (Smith 1972: 264). Log drives, including enormous quantities of pulpwood, continued on the Presumpscot throughout the late 19th century, ending with a fi nal drive in 1906 (Smith 1972).

Little Falls Historic Context

As detailed in the following architectural history of the Keddy Mill Site in this report, industrial activity at Little Falls where the Site is located on the Presumpscot River is refl ective of change and continuity. The William Knight saw mill on the Windham side of the river and the Joseph Knight saw mill on the Gorham side represented the principal industry at Little Falls until the early 1820s, when Portland merchants and

7 Northeast Archaeology Research Center others laid plans for the C & O Canal and further development of the Presumpscot’s water power. In 1823, a cotton factory was built on the Gorham side and a few years later the canal was open to commercial traffi c . The cotton factory owners controlled both sides of the falls. However, a saw mill, grist mill and carding mill were variably active on the Windham side up until the early 1860s. The heightened industrial activity at the falls (80 workers at the cotton factory) off ered work to area residents during a period of local logging and lumbering decline as when “a number of houses were hauled from Horse Beef Falls [to form] part of the village [at Little Falls]” to accommodate the shifting population (McClellan 1903:276). The water power at Little Falls was not used after a fi re destroyed the cotton factory in 1856 and the dismantling of the Leighton and Harding saw mill (on the Keddy Mill site) in 1861. Watson Newhall, of the powder mill at Gambo Falls subsequently acquired control of Little Falls, likely in an eff ort to control water levels in the Little Falls impoundment, which extended towards Gambo Falls, located one mile upriver. After a number of years of idleness, the rights to the water power was transferred to the Charles A. Brown Company in 1875. The Sebago Wood Board Company began the manufacture of wood pulp and pulp boards the same year S.D. Warren and other Presumpscot water power owners petitioned and were granted the right to heighten the dam at the outlet of Sebago Lake. C.A. and C.D. Brown demonstrate direct ties to the pioneering development of the pulp wood industry in Maine and its subsequent expansion into one of Maine’s most important industries. Charles A. Brown, presumably the son of Charles Denison Brown, partnered with his father in the 1880s to make signifi cant investments, with Hugh Chisholm and others, towards the construction of multiple pulp and paper mills on the Androscoggin River. Charles Denison Brown, together with E.B. Denison started manufacturing pulp in the basement of a Topsham saw mill in the mid-1860s. This venture is considered the fi rst successful attempt to manufacture pulp in Maine (Smith 1972). Collaboration between the Browns, Chisholm and others led to the formation of International Paper (IP) in 1898, a consolidation of 20 mills across the region. C.D. Brown promoted similar consolidation following the IP plan on the Presumpscot River (Smith 1972). As a Boston mill agent and manufacturer, Brown was vice president of the Rumford Falls Power Co., president of the Somerset Fiber Co., a director of the Kennebec Fiber Co., Androscoggin Pulp Co. and the Sebago Wood Board Company, among others. He established Charles D. Brown and Company in 1892 and acted as an agent for the Uncas Paper Co. and the American Strawboard Co. (Bacon 1896). By the late 1890s, the Sebago Wood Board Co. had become one of 18 mills participating in a paper box combine. Members of the combine included the Kennebec Fiber Co. and the Androscoggin Pulp Company. Members of the combine belonged to the National Pulp Board Co., which regulated the market beginning in 1895 (New England Stationer and Printer 1898:28). In 1906, a consolidation of Brown interests occurred when the deed held by the Sebago Wood Board Company was transferred to the Androscoggin Pulp Company. The mill was greatly expanded as a result of this transaction. The following section presents in greater detail the history of the Keddy Mill Site as derived from maps and historic accounts.

8 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

III: HISTORY OF THE KEDDY MILL SITE

The Presumpscot River runs from Sebago Lake to Casco Bay and serves as the boundary between the towns of Gorham and Windham, Maine. As noted, Little Falls, along with Mallison Falls and Gambo Falls, provided waterpower for a variety of manufacturing operations in Windham including pulp, paper, textiles, and gunpowder. Milling at both sides of Little Falls of the Presumpscot River in Gorham and Windham, Maine was established as early as the 1750s. The construction date of the fi rst dam at this falls is not known. A sawmill was built on the Windham side of the falls sometime before 1756. The sawmill was followed by a gristmill, a carding mill, and later a cotton sheeting mill (Barnes and Barnes 1996:13; Dole 1935:100). The later, 19th- century textile mills were on the Gorham side of the falls. Late-19th and 20th century manufacturing was on the Windham side of the falls, at the site now locally known as the Keddy Mill after Lawrence Keddy who was involved with the site from at least the mid-1950s, and possibly earlier, to 1997. The charter of the Portland and Oxford Canal along the Gorham side of the Presumpscot River in 1825 was likely a factor in the expansion of an early 19th-century cotton mill at Little Falls. Several deeds in the Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, dated 1824 through 1827, appear to record the purchase and expansion of the mill site. The cotton mill was owned by the Cumberland Cotton Manufacturing Company (ca. 1820s-1844) and later by the Casco Manufacturing Company (1844-1865) (Dole, p. 100). A. W. Longfellow’s “Map of the Presumpscot River” shows that in 1840 there was a cotton mill complex that included a mill, an offi ce building, and a third building labeled “picker” on the Gorham side of the dam (Longfellow 1840). On the Windham side of the dam there was a canal to a gristmill (Figure 4). The Longfellow map was made as a part of a court case fi led against the Cumberland Cotton Manufacturing Company over water rights. Court documents may provide additional information about the mill at that time. Chace’s 1857 Atlas of Cumberland County showed a “Factory” on the Gorham side of Little Falls and a building labeled “S.M.” (Figure 5) (Chace 1857). The land on either side of the falls was owned by either Watson Newhall or William T. Wardwell in 1871, so the letters likely refer to the “saw mill” noted on Longfellow’s survey of the Windham side. In 1871 F. W. Beers made an atlas of Cumberland County, Maine (Beers 1871). The “Little Falls” plate shows William Newhall then owned the land on both the Windham and Gorham sides of the Little Falls dam. No structures were shown on the Windham side while on the Gorham side of the dam the “Old Mill Site” was noted (Figure 6). In 1875, the Sebago Wood Board Company acquired the mill site and constructed a mill on the Windham side of the dam (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 420:486). Established in 1875, the Company employed 60 people in 1884 and 70 by 1891. In 1884 production was eight tons of wood pulp in board in 24 hours. Production grew by 25% to 10 tons in 24 hours by 1891 (Bryan 1884; Bacon 1891). A 1928 publication noted “the fi rst pulp wood mill ever to be constructed in Maine was on the site now occupied by

9 Northeast Archaeology Research Center Society. Figure 4. Historical Maine Source: Falls...” Little to Falls Gambo from River Presumpscot the of le Profi and “Plan 1840 Longfellow’s W. A.

10 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 5. Portion of 1857 Chace map showing the location of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site in Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Note the “Factory” on the Gorham side of Little Falls and a building labeled “S.M.” which likely refers to “saw mill” on the Windham side.

11 Northeast Archaeology Research Center

Figure 6. Portion of 1871 Beers map showing the location of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site in Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

12 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 7. The earliest known image of the Keddy Mill, then called the Sebago Wood Board Company. Date unknown, although this photo appears to pre-date the 1885 Sanborn Map, as the “Wood Preparing House” is not yet built. Note the roof of the mill is nearly fl at and the monitor is not yet in place. All of the buildings in this image have been demolished. Source: Windham Historical Society, located online. the [Androscoggin Pulp Company’s] South Windham plant...”. It is not clear which “fi rst” event the author meant. The fi rst wood pulp mill in Maine started in Topsham in 1868. The Sebago Box Company mill was built in 1875, well after the 1868 date of the Topsham pulp mill. The 1871 map of South Windham shows no buildings on the mill site. In 1885, the Sanborn Map Company documented the mill complex (Figures 7 and 8) (Sanborn Map Company 1885). The map identifi ed four buildings, labeled “A.” through “D.”: a “Standard Mill”, the main mill building; “Mach. Rm. No. 2.”; “Dry Rms.”; and a “Wood Preparing Ho.” The Standard (main) Mill building was three stories, and the other buildings were two-stories high. A room in the south end of the Wood Preparing House contained “Digesters” and the machinery in the fi rst fl oor below the Drying Rooms was noted as having 150 horsepower. The volume with the Drying Rooms had a 100’ tall external chimney. A dashed outline, not drawn to scale, on this map shows an L-shaped “Storehouse” at the west end of the main mill building (Building “A.”). The Storehouse was 130’ by 30’ and was connected to the main mill by a 10’ by 85’ section. The legend on the map does not explain what a dashed line means; perhaps in 1885 the Storehouse was proposed rather than actual. The footprints for these two volumes as shown on the next available map were straight rather than L-shaped.

13 Northeast Archaeology Research Center . is rotated to align with the photograph depicted in Figure 7. Source: Maine Historical Society is rotated to align with the photograph depicted in Figure 7. Figure 8. map The Company. Board Wood Sebago the of details showing Map Insurance Fire Sanborn 1885 the of Portion

14 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

In 1892 the Sanborn Map Company again documented the complex, which was more or less unchanged from 1885 (Figure 9) (Sanborn Map Company 1892). The buildings labeled “A.” through “D.” on the 1885 maps are again labeled as such. One major change was the addition of a two-story volume out over the Presumpscot River; the use of this addition was not indicated. At the west end of the main mill, a “Walk” led to a “Stock Ho.” This appears to be the two buildings indicated with dashed lines on the prior (1885) map. Along the northern edge of the property, a series of freestanding buildings were shown; it is not clear if these did not exist in 1885 or were not shown. They are visible in an early photo of the Sebago Wood Board Mill that was taken ca. 1886-1891 (Figure 10). From west to east, they were a “Machine Shop” with a “Bl. Sm.” behind it; a “Coal Shed,” and a “Wood Storage” building. Each was one-story high. These buildings were arranged along an arc or curve similar to that of the railroad siding through the complex, but the siding is not shown on the map. The fi re hoses on each fl oor noted in 1885 have been upgraded to a “Wolworth System” of automatic sprinklers. One fi re pump was in the main mill and the second was in Building C. The 1897 Sanborn map showed few changes from the 1892 Sanborn map (Figure 11) (Sanborn Map Company 1897). The tracks for the siding from the railroad are shown curving through the complex. Photographs show the tracks were in place much earlier than 1897. A one-story machine room had been added to the southwest corner of the main mill (Building “A.”). A small volume labeled “Deane F.P.” had been added to the west wall of the machine room (Building “C.”) and a “Cooking Rm.” had been added to the east wall of the “Wood Preparing Mill” (Building “D.”). The 1897 Sanborn map was the fi rst to note the equipment in the building (Sanborn Map Company 1897). The main mill (“A.”) had a “cylinder board machine” on the fi rst fl oor and “steam drying” on the second. The volume extending out over the Presumpscot, labeled Building “I” on the 1897 map, contained “Wood Grinders & Beater Eng’s.” Another change noted was the expansion of the fi re suppression system in the building. The building was sprinklered throughout, and the system was fed by town water and pumps. Two pumps were noted, a Fales & Jenks No. 5 and a Deane pump. The Deane pump was in the small appendage to the Machine Room. A trade article about the pulp and paper industries in Maine describes the two processes then used to break down wood in 1899. At that time, Maine had fi fty-eight paper and pulp mills and was second in production to New York. Wood pulp was made by two processes, one entirely mechanical and requiring great amounts of power, and the second chemical-based and requiring steam. According to the reporter, the Sebago Box mill in South Windham was using the fi rst method, with the building out over the river (now the base of the hydro-dam) providing the power to drive the wood-grinders and beaters (Wiggin 1903:486). However, the 1897 Sanborn map showed two digesters in the mill, which indicates chemical based production, which likely occurred from ca. 1885-1897. The digesters are not shown on maps after 1903 and Sanborn maps show mechanical pulp production began sometime after 1885, continuing until 1944 (Sanborn Map Company 1885-1944). In 1900, the Sebago Wood Board Company sold the mill to the Androscoggin Pulp Company (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 687:383). The Androscoggin Pulp Company also produced paperboard items, including paper matches. A 1928 publication claimed the Androscoggin Pulp Company

15 Northeast Archaeology Research Center . is rotated to align with Figure 8. The two-story volume over the Presumpscot is shown for the fi rst time. Source: time. rst fi the for shown is Presumpscot the over volume two-story The 8. Figure with align to rotated is Maine Historical Society Figure 9. map The Company. Board Wood Sebago the of details showing Map Insurance Fire Sanborn 1892 the of Portion

16 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 10. View of the Sebago Wood Board Company, taken sometime after 1885 and before 1892. The three-story addition for the “Digesters” and the two-story “Wood Preparing House” are visible. None of these buildings remain. Source: Windham Historical Society.

17 Northeast Archaeology Research Center . Maine Historical Society Figure 11. Figure 11. Source: Board Company. Portion of the 1897 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of Wood the Sebago

18 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site was the largest manufacturer of paper matches in the world (Coe 2011:103). In 1903 the Sanborn Map Company recorded the mill complex and several changes and new additions were noted (Figure 12) (Sanborn Map Company 1903). The coal shed had been removed and a coal pile was shown in its place. The main (“Standard”) mill had a “raised side light” or monitor that projected 5’ above the roof that was not noted on earlier maps. A water tank in a tower is shown north of the main mill (Figure 13); the map noted the sprinklers were fed by the tank. The water tank was 62’ tall and had a capacity of 16,400 gallons. A platform had been constructed north of the passage between the main mill and the storehouse to the west. The activities in the buildings were unchanged from the 1897 notes. The Androscoggin Pulp Company further expanded the complex, as shown in Figure 14. The Androscoggin Pulp Company constructed a large addition to the mill complex in 1909 (Figures 15 and 16). The new buildings are easily identifi ed on the 1909 Sanborn Map; the new construction is labeled “fi reproof construction” and “not sprinklered” while the earlier buildings are noted as having an automatic sprinkler system (Sanborn Map Company 1909). A second railroad siding was added. The new siding led to the east end of the expanded complex. A few changes were also shown in the earlier mill, including the removal of the elevated passage between Building “A” and the storehouse to the west. The new mill was described in at least two trade publications, including The Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer (Mehren et al. 1909) and Engineering and Contracting (Clark Publishing Co. 1909); both published in February, 1909 (Figures 17-22). The Engineering Record referred to the addition as a “Board Mill” and provided a detailed description, photographs, and section drawings. The engineer was Mr. I. W. or T.W. Jones of Milton, NH and the contractor was the Aberthaw Construction Co. of Boston. The new mill included a machine room and an engine room, while the boilers were located in a separate building. The machinery in the new mill was run by steam engines in a one-story powerhouse. Floors and walls were “exclusively” concrete, as was the roof of the Beater Building. The roof of the machine building and the monitors were of wooden construction. The article also noted the earlier mill had two steam-driven board machines and a ground wood pulp mill that was water driven. Engineering and Contracting included photographs of the completed building and detailed descriptions of the new building including the structural system and the reinforcing rods within the concrete. By 1914, the Androscoggin Pulp Company employed 250 men and 10 women and was by far the largest manufacturing entity in Windham or Gorham (Maine Department of Labor and Industry 1914). In 1922, the Sanborn Map Company again documented the complex, which had continued to expand (Figure 23) (Sanborn Map Company 1922). A two-story “Storehouse” was added to the north wall of Storehouse No. 1 and the storehouse at the west end of the complex was renamed “Store House No. 3”. A small, one- story “Steaming Building” was added to the east wall of Storehouse No. 1. Along the south wall of the ca. 1909 Beater Room and Machine Shop, a narrow volume was shown. As the south wall of these buildings was on the riverbank, this one-story volume was suspended over the water (Figure 24). At the east end of the 1909 addition a “Finishing and Shipping Building” was shown. This building was noted as having a concrete fl oor, walls and roof and was constructed in 1912. On the north side of the curved rail siding, a long storage building had been added to the Machine Shop complex. Two fuel oil tanks were shown along

19 Northeast Archaeology Research Center . property had been sold to the Androscoggin Pulp Company in 1900. Note a water tower has been constructed since the since constructed been has tower water a Note 1900. in Company Pulp Androscoggin the to sold been had property last rst Sanborn map Map to was show drawn the (1897). monitor This on is the the roof fi of the main mill. Source: Maine Historical Society Figure 12. Portion of the 1903 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of although Board the the Company, Sebago Wood

20 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 13. Postcard showing the Androscoggin Pulp Company ca. 1904-1906. The water tower shown on the 1903 Sanborn map is clearly visible. Also visible is a small, one-story appendage to the Wood Grinder and Beater Engine Building that was not shown on the 1903 Sanborn but is shown on the 1909 edition. Construction of the concrete mill, not visible in this photograph, began ca. 1906. The red arrow on the 1903 Sanborn map (Figure 12) shows the orientation of this photo. All of these buildings have been demolished. The granite base for the Wood Grinder and Beater Engine Building is in front of the base of the extant hydro-power dam. The west basement wall of the current concrete mill building is the east wall of the former Standard Mill building (north side of the Wood Grinder and Beater Engine Building) shown in the picture. Source: Collection of Margaret Gaertner.

Figure 14. The Androscoggin Pulp Company mills ca. 1906. The stamp on the back was cancelled on February 12, 1909. The concrete addition is under construction. A red arrow on the 1909 Sanborn map (Figure 15) shows the orientation of this photo. Source: Collection of Margaret Gaertner.

21 Northeast Archaeology Research Center Company mills. The concre te addition Company mills. . Source: Maine Historical Society. ing details of the Androscoggin Pulp Sanborn Fire Insurance Map show ing details of the at the east end of the complex is shown. A second siding leads to the new buildings second siding leads A at the east end of complex is shown. Figure 15. Portion of the 1909

22 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 16. This photograph of the reinforced concrete addition to the Androscoggin Pulp Mill was published in Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer in February 1909. Note the continuous monitor on the roof.

Figure 17. Cross section of the Androscoggin Pulp Mill building plan published in Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer in February 1909.

23 Northeast Archaeology Research Center

Figure 18. Image of supports within the Androscoggin Pulp Mill published in Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer in February 1909.

Figure 19. Image of duct work and ventilation within the Androscoggin Pulp Mill published in Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer in February 1909.

24 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 20. Image of the Androscoggin Pulp Mill published in Engineering and Contracting in February, 1909.

Figure 21. Image of the Androscoggin Pulp Mill published in Engineering and Contracting in February, 1909.

25 Northeast Archaeology Research Center

Figure 22. Image of the Androscoggin Pulp Mill published in Engineering and Contracting in February, 1909.

26 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 23. Portion of the 1922 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Androscoggin Pulp Company mills. Source: Maine Historical Society.

27 Northeast Archaeology Research Center . volume overhanging the river was added after 1909 and before 1922. Source: Windham Historical Society Windham Source: volume overhanging the river was added after 1909 and before 1922. Figure 24. ce offi wood the indicates maps Sanborn of Comparison mill. Company Pulp Androscoggin the of view Postcard

28 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Depot Street. The 1934 Sanborn Map of the complex shows few changes from the 1922 layout (Figure 25) (Sanborn Map Company 1934). One addition was a small transformer building at the west of end of Store House No. 3, near Main Street outside of the present study area. In 1935, the Androscoggin Pulp Company sold the mill to the Androscoggin Paper and Pulp Company who in turn sold the mill to the Robert Gair Company in 1936 (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 1503:241). The Robert Gair Company was a paper manufacturer incorporated in Delaware with New York City offi ces. The Robert Gair Company operated the mill under the name Androscoggin Paper and Pulp Company and continued to produce wood pulp (Manning 1938:169). In 1940, the Androscoggin Pulp and Paper Company mill was purchased by Cumberland Securities Inc. (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 1601:95). A second deed fi led in 1941 recorded the sale of the equipment in the building (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 1655:187). Available records suggest the Mill was used for manufacturing paper and pulp products through the 1940s. Cumberland Securities leased space in the complex to several companies. On March 1, 1941 Cumberland Securities leased the mill to pulp manufacturer Supertex, Inc. (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 1647:419). Some spaces were omitted from the agreement, including the second fl oor of Building No. 5, referred to as the “fi nishing and shipping building,” which was occupied by Specialty Converters, Inc. and the fi rst fl oor of Building 5, which was leased to Ellis Paperboard Products. The building numbers were those used on a map prepared by the Factory Insurance Association of Hartford that was not included with the fi led lease. Manning’s 1942 Directory listed Ellis as a paper products manufacturer and Supertex as a pulp manufacturer (Manning 1942:171). On September 18, 1943 Cumberland Securities leased the fi rst fl oor of the Machine Room in the ca. 1909 concrete building to Specialty Converters, Inc. (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 1727: 442). Specialty Converters was based in East Braintree, Massachusetts and made building papers including Tufcote and Silvercote. The Directory of Maine Manufacturers recorded that Specialty Converters was making boxes in South Windham in 1945-46 (Directory of Maine Manufacturers 1946:1037). The 1944 Sanborn map shows Specialty Converters in the 1st fl oor and J. W. Ellis in the 2nd fl oor of the “Machine Shop” of the 1909 addition to the mill (Sanborn Map Company 1944) (Figure 26). An oral history states a local resident, Lorring Morrell, recalled visiting the Keddy Mill when his father worked there between 1942 and 1946. Mr. Morrell described scrap metal coming in on railroad cars and sparks fl ying from molten metal. This would suggest the Keddy Mill was producing metal items in the 1940s, however, all available records including Sanborn maps, recorded leases and the Directory of Maine Manufactures record the Keddy Mill was producing paper items at that time. The confusion may have arisen as the mill at nearby Mallison Falls was occupied by Maine Steel Inc. in 1944 (Figure 27). That mill was also on a railroad siding (see Figure 27) and was producing metal items for ships during World War II (Tremont Preservation Services n.d.). That same map lists Cumberland Securities as the owner of the Keddy Mill and J. W. Ellis was manufacturing paper boxes on the 2nd fl oor while Specialty Converters was manufacturing paper products on the fi rst fl oor. That these two fi rms were

29 Northeast Archaeology Research Center Historical Society. Figure 25. Portion of the 1934 Sanborn Fire Insurance Androscoggin Map Pulp showing details Company of mills. the Source: Maine

30 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Securities and rented to J. W. Securities Ellis and and rented Specialty to Converters, J. W. who were making paper boxes and paper products. Source: Maine Historical Society. Figure 26. Portion of the 1944 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Keddy Mill site, then owned by Cumberland

31 Northeast Archaeology Research Center

Figure 27. Portion of the 1944 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the nearby Mallison Mill, which was occupied or owned by Maine Steel Inc. in 1944. Source: Maine Historical Society.

32 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site tenants in the Keddy Mill is confi rmed in a lease from Cumberland Securities to Specialty Converters dated September 18, 1943. The Directory of Maine Manufacturers for 1942-43, 1943-44, 1944-45, and 1945-46 listed the only one metal manufacturer in Windham, the Steel Products Corporation in South Windham. Cumberland Securities sold portions of the mill complex to at least two entities, including Windham Fibres in August, 1945 and Atlantic Mills in January, 1954. The deed from Cumberland Securities to Windham Fibres was signed by Gustav Machlup, Treasurer of Windham Fibres. Machlup was also the manager of Supertex. Both companies were manufacturers of fi ber boards. In the 1945-46 Directory of Maine Manufacturers, Windham Fibres, Inc. was listed as making “Fibre Products (board)” in South Windham. Ellis and Special [sic.] Converters were also listed in the 1945-46 Directory, but “South” Windham was not noted. Windham Fibres was not listed in the 1948-49 edition. Specialty Converters was listed again that year, but Ellis was not. In December, 1945 Windham Fibres Inc. sold all of its real estate in Cumberland County, including its portion of the Keddy Mill, to Maine Steel, Inc. of South Portland (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 1800:492). Maine Steel also owned the nearby Mallison Mill. In late September, 1949, Maine Steel, Inc. leased a portion of the Keddy Mill to the Baker Refrigeration Corporation (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 1971:352). What Maine Steel did with the building from 1946 until the space was leased to Baker in September, 1949 is not known. Specialty Converters remained in part of the Keddy Mill for some of that time. The Directory of Maine Manufacturers did not list Baker Refrigeration in the Keddy Mill until 1953-54 (Directory of Maine Manufacturers 1954:1168). In August, 1953 Maine Steel sold its portion of the Keddy Mill to a party of men from Ohio who in turn sold it to Irving Fox of New York in December, 1953 (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 2167:454). In August, 1954 Irving Fox sold his interest to Atlantic Mills, Inc. of Massachusetts (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds: Book 2192:14) who already owned the other portion, returning the site to single ownership. A secondary source notes there was a fi re at the mill in 1954 (Barnes and Barnes 1996:13). This has not been confi rmed but might explain the frequent reselling trend. Atlantic Mills owned the Keddy Mill from 1954-1961. No leases from Atlantic Mills to any tenants were recorded in the Registry of Deeds. Atlantic Mills was not listed in the Directory of Maine Manufacturers alphabetical section in the 1956-57, 1958-59, or 1960-61 editions. An agreement dated February 8, 1954 and fi led at the Registry of Deeds refers to a lease made by Irving and Lenore Fox to the Cumberland Manufacturing Corp. on December 1, 1953 (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds Book 2167:459). It is not clear how the Foxes leased a property they did not buy until nine days later. Cumberland Manufacturing made metal fl anges. The company was listed for the fi rst time in the 1957-58 Directory of Maine Manufacturers with a South Windham location. It was listed again in 1958-59 and 1960-61 with contact information as Keddy Manufacturing, Middletown, Massachusetts. Lawrence J. Keddy was later the president of Atlantic Mills, who owned the mill (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds Book 2641:44). If there was a fi re in 1954, that may have delayed the fi rm moving operations into the mill. At some point after 1950, possibly in 1957, manufacturing at the complex shifted from paper to metal

33 Northeast Archaeology Research Center products. It is diffi cult to identify an exact year for the transition as town directories for Gorham and Westbrook omitted Windham in 1950, 1957, 1961, and 1963 and the Directory of Maine Manufacturers does not include street addresses. One can identify companies that were manufacturing in South Windham in a particular year but it is not possible to know where they were operating, unless they also owned the property or a lease was recorded. In 1961, Atlantic Mills sold its portion of the complex to Lawrence J. Keddy (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds Book 2641:44). Keddy was President and Treasurer of Atlantic Mills and he already owned an abutting property at that time. The 1961 Directory of Maine Manufacturers listed one forging company, Cumberland Mfg. Corp., in South Windham (p. 482). No other companies involved in paper or metal manufacturing were listed in Windham that year. The Cumberland Manufacturing Corporation manufactured metal fl anges and fi ttings and had 45 employees. The sales offi ce was the Keddy Mfg. Corp. on Birch Road, Middletown, Massachusetts (Directory of Maine Manufacturers 1961:1268). In the 1965, 1969, 1967 and 1971 editions of Manning’s Westbrook, Gorham and Windham Directory Keddy Manufacturing was listed as manufacturing “fl anges” at 881 Main Street, South Windham, Maine (881 Maine Street is one address of the Keddy Mill, with 7 Depot Street being the current address). On a survey fi led October 18, 1974, the remaining buildings on the Keddy Mill site were noted as a “Forge Plant” (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 102:34). Keddy would be an owner of the mill complex and hydro dam through 1997, at which time while doing business as Barnard Marquit, he sold the mill buildings to Presumpscot-Phoenix LLC. At various times Keddy sold and bought back various buildings, but he appears to have had some involvement in the site from the mid-1950s through 1997. In 1969 Keddy Manufacturing sold a portion of the mill property to the Grinnell Corp. (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 3110:603). Grinnell Corporation later became the ITT Grinnell Corporation and sold its portion of the property to the Park Corporation in 1973 (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 3450:31). The Park Corporation sold the property back to Lawrence J. Keddy in May, 1974 (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 3545:141). In mid-August, 1974 a new business moved into the Keddy Mill. National Metal Converters, Inc. used the space to recycle scrap steel into 20 tons of ingots a day. The source of the steel was old cars, provided by National Metal Converters’ Leeds facility, where a metal shredder dismantled junk cars. An article published on October 16, 1974 described the new operation and noted that there were no other steel plants in operation in New England at that time The article mentioned both plants – the ingot production in South Windham and the car shredding in Leeds – as the fi rst of their kind in Maine, and the automobile shredder as the only such operation in New England. The South Windham plant used an induction method of heating the metal, another fi rst for Maine according to the reporter (Lhijeholm 1974). On January 2, 1975, Lawrence J. Keddy sold the mill to National Metal Converters of Windham, Inc. (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 3627:312). At some point after 1974, possibly in 1976, National Metal Converters became New England Steel, Inc.; Harold Siegel was the owner of both companies. New England Steel went bankrupt in August, 1977. At that time, the South Windham plant

34 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site had 55 employees and newspaper accounts stated many workers at the plant had not been paid for their last week’s work. Although immediately after the bankruptcy there was optimism that someone would take over the plant operations, it appears this never happened (Sleeper 1977). In the 1978 edition of Manning’s, 881 Main Street (the Keddy Mill) was listed as “vacant.” On January 17, 1978 Lawrence J. Keddy, National Metal Converters of Windham, Inc. and New England Steel Co. Inc. sold the Keddy Mill to Lawrence J. Keddy (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 04162:277). A note on the Town of Windham’s assessor’s card for the property states “…all plumbing turned off + pipes drained since 1978 +-…” suggesting Keddy didn’t take on the manufacturing business. One unanswered question is exactly when many of the 19th century structures including the “Standard Mill” (building “A.”), the Machine Room (building “B.”), the Wood Grinder and and Beater Engines building (“I”, the volume that extended over the river) and Store House 3 were demolished. A clear 1956 aerial photograph (Figure 28) of the complex shows these buildings were demolished by that time (United States Geological Survey [USGS] 2017). Also missing by 1956 was the railroad siding that once ran through the complex on an arced path. A 1940 aerial photograph (Figure 29) is less distinct, but appears to show the 19th century buildings were still standing at that time (USGS 2017). The 19th century buildings are also shown on the 1944 Sanborn Map of the complex, putting the demolition date sometime after 1944 and before 1956. According to town records, sometime after 1999, the last-remaining 19th century structure on the mill site was torn down. Photographs show the building but its exact placement is somewhat unclear. This structure was brick, rather than concrete. It appears to have been the “Wood Preparing Mill” or Building “D.” on the 1903 Sanborn map (see Figure 12) which was expanded to become “Store Ho. No. 1” and possibly part of “Store Ho. No. 2” on the 1909 Sanborn map (see Figure 15). As shown on a Google Earth 1998 aerial photo, the current mill structure and Store Ho. No. 1 are present, and a 2003 aerial photo shows the Store Ho. No. 1 structure is gone and rubble piles are present (Appendix II). A letter from the Town dated June 28, 2000 states that while the permit was issued, the demolition was not completed and that the building was a hazard. The demolition may not have happened until 2002. A 2004 survey by Northeast Civil Solutions noted the remains of the Keddy Mill as “Existing Foundry to be Removed” (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 204:78). As of 2017, it is still standing.

Existing Conditions Nearly all of the pre-1909 structures have been demolished. The only surviving nineteenth-century construction is the granite wall downstream of the base of the present hydro-electric power building (Figure 30). In addition to the base of the hydro-electric power building, the west basement wall of the 1909 mill building is the east wall of the former Standard Mill building (brick arches and stone work are visible as seen in Figure 75). The 1909 mill buildings have been signifi cantly altered. The original gable roof on the long, ca. 1909 Machine Building has been replaced with a fl at roof. The fenestration on the west end of the Beater Building likely dates to the late 1940s, when the abutting nineteenth-century buildings were torn down.

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Figure 28. Aerial view of the Keddy Mill taken May 1, 1956. Most of the 19th-century buildings have been demolished and the curved railroad siding has also been removed.

36 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 29. Aerial view of the Keddy Mill taken October 5, 1940. Image quality does not allow close study.

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Figure 30. Ca. 2005 aerial view of the Keddy Mill complex. All of the 19th-century buildings are gone. The gable roof over the 1909 concrete mill has been replaced by a fl at roof. The hydro dam stands on a granite base that once supported the Wood Grinder and Beater Engine Building.

38 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

IV: ARCHAEOLOGICAL PHASE 0 FIELD INVESTIGATION

Introduction The goal of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment is to determine whether signifi cant archaeological deposits may be preserved in the area of potential eff ect of the Keddy Mill project. The assessment involved background research building on that completed for the architectural assessment. The background research looked for evidence of notable activities that may have occurred around the project area that may be present today as buried, intact archaeological deposits. As has been previously noted, the MHPC determined that it was unlikely that 18th century deposits would remain intact in the project area, but looked for an assessment of possible 19th century deposits related to the varying activities associated with the operation of the mill complex. In addition to the background research into past buildings and activities, a major eff ort was devoted to the review of the many environmental reports detailing various environmental studies conducted at the Keddy Mill complex over the last 25 years. These reports were reviewed for information that helped to determine the level of past ground disturbance as well as the nature of the stratigraphy at various locations around the complex. Detailed stratigraphic sections are available from the reports which show depth and make up of fi ll and natural deposits. The background research, the review of environmental reports and the fi eld inspection make up the basis for the Phase 0 Assessment and the conclusions reached in this study.

History of Environmental Investigation There has been no previous archaeological investigation of the Keddy Mill Site. A number of environmental studies have been conducted at the former mill site, from 1993-2016. They included test pitting, boring, soil sampling and other forms of fi eld documentation of the current Keddy Mill property. The H&S/Nobis 2013 report summarizes this work and includes the full texts of these reports in an appendix (H&S/Nobis Environmental 2013). The report(s) contains information relevant to the Phase 0 Archaeological Assessment in that it locates and describes areas of previous ground disturbing activity related to recent environmental assessment as well as indications of historic instances of ground disturbance. Consla Geotechnical Engineering conducted the fi rst review in 1993. The report describes a mill complex consisting of seven buildings associated with mid-late 20th century steel production. Observations indicating subsurface ground disturbance external to the mill buildings were recorded for three areas: Two, 1,000 gallon underground sewerage storage tanks and piping at the southeast corner of Building # 2; Electrical substation and transformer pad, 50 ft west of Building # 6 and 100 ft south of Building # 4; and fuel oil piping from two large, above ground tanks on the edge of Depot Street at the gravel entry to the mill. The report does not include a plan of the mill complex. The location of the underground tanks is unclear, however they were removed in 1991(Summit Environmental Consultants 2011). S.W. Cole Engineering conducted an investigation of the mill site in 1997, which included the excavation of 24 test pits. Cole’s site plan records the location of the testing and of surface features (Figure 31). The test pits were mechanically excavated to an average depth of 7.5 ft below ground surface. Fill deposits were identifi ed in all test pits. Four test pits (TP 17 – TP 20), located beyond the fenced area in the north central

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Figure 31. Map of S.W. Cole Engineering’s 1997 investigation of the site showing the location of testing and surface features within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

40 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site portion of the property exhibited likely intact sediments beneath 1.5 – 3.0 ft of fi ll. The remaining test pits terminated in fi ll or on bedrock. Water seepage/fl ow was encountered in six of the excavations at varying levels; 2.5 – 3.0 ft in two test pits located at the mill entrance on Depot Street, and 4.8 – 10.5 ft below surface in the remaining four. Eleven tons of contaminated soil was removed in the north central part of the project, in the immediate vicinity of Cole’s test pits, TP 5 and TP 5A (S. W. Cole Engineering, Inc. 1997). Cole’s plan shows a concrete foundation on Depot Street at the entry of the gravel drive, adjacent to two test pits. This structure appears to correspond to the location of a large fuel oil tank as recorded on the 1922 and subsequent Sanborn Insurance maps, and was referred to in the Consla report. Near the northwestern corner of the former boiler house are remnants of a concrete pad and foundation, which may correspond to the base of a 16,000-gallon water tank supported on a 62-foot tower shown on the 1903 and later Sanborn maps (see Figures 12, 15 and 25). Other surface features on the north side of the mill complex recorded on the plan include the brick chimney remains and brick encased storage tanks of the former boiler house and the concrete pad remnants of former loading docks. Noted also on the plan are a culvert, storm drain, water valve, protruding metal pipe and rebar, and a scatter of metal drums. Sanborn maps of the northerly section of the mill property indicate a machine shop, pipe shop, a narrow two-story structure connecting the mill’s storehouse to a platform on the spur track which arcs through north central portions of the project area (e.g. see Figure 15). An early photograph shows that a trestle carried the spur track over the low ground of a periodic drainage in the northeasterly section of the mill property (see Figure 7). Additional features on the Sanborn map include a framed wood storage building and coal shed, large wood piles adjacent to the rail spur east of the machine shop, and a network of six-inch water pipes (e.g. see Figure 15). The site of a former hydroelectric substation is located on the southerly side of the mill building overlooking the river, as observed in the earlier Consla report (Summit Environmental Consultants 2011). Cole’s test pit in the near vicinity of the substation terminated in fi ll eight feet below surface (S. W. Cole Engineering, Inc. 1997). The substation is not recorded on Sanborn maps, inferring construction sometime after 1944. Other surface features recorded on Cole’s plan include the concrete pad of a former garage; a remnant of a second concrete pad, which may correspond to a small shed recorded on the 1909 Sanborn map; a pole-mounted transformer; an abandoned section of spur track; debris piles and metal drums. The 1909 Sanborn map records a ‘paper pulp pile’ south of the mill complex. Historic maps, including the later Sanborn maps, record no other structures south of the mill complex. In 2003, Jacques Whitford tested areas adjacent to the site of the sewerage holding tanks, an oil spill clean up area, and possible fuel oil source areas in the northeast section of the property. Subsurface testing included 12 mechanically excavated test pits to depths up to 12 ft below surface, six hand-auger tests near the transformer pad and nine surface soil samples around the building exterior. A map recording the location of testing is not provided in the report (Whitford 2003). In 2011, Summit Environmental Consultants completed fi ve soil borings, 34 borings utilizing an electrical conductivity probe, and collected 149 soil samples across the entire mill site to determine the extent and concentrations of metal fi lings. These samples were collected from depths ranging from 2.0 – 52 inches below surface. Two of the fi ve soil borings, C1 and C3 were located in the north central portion

41 Northeast Archaeology Research Center of the project in the near vicinity of the previously mentioned contaminated soil removal. Fill deposits containing coal and metal slag, metal fi lings, concrete and brick, measured 14.5 ft and 21.5 ft below surface respectively, in this area (Summit Environmental Consultants 2011). In 2012, EPA’s Superfund Technical Assessment and Response Team (START) contractor, H&S/Nobis Environmental (HSNE), collected 23 soil samples by means of a hand-auger to uniform depths of two feet below surface. Their placement was based on the results of previous reports. HSNE delineated two source areas of contaminated soils (Figures 32 and 33). “Source No. 1” is located in north central and northwesterly portions of the project. As discussed above, test pitting and boring in this area revealed fi ll deposits extending from near the western edge of the property to the gravel access road off Depot Street. Five additional “Pile Source” samples were obtained from the area containing the deepest fi ll deposits and concentrations of metal slag and other debris (McGrath 2013a, 2013b). HSNE noted that this area consisted of light and dark colored sediment suggesting diff erent soil types were intermingled and deposited in this area (McGrath 2013c). The area designated as Source No. 2 encompasses remaining portions of contaminated soils around the mill complex. Fill deposits in three of the test pits excavated during the Cole investigation that fall within the Source No. 2 area measured, on average, nine feet in depth. In 2016, Nobis, with prior approval by the MHPC, advanced 60 soil borings to depths between 20 and 45 feet below ground surface as part of the environmental investigation of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site. Soil samples were collected for laboratory analysis to characterize organic and inorganic contaminants and their distribution. Data evaluation are ongoing.

Phase 0 Field Inspection The NE ARC conducted a Phase 0 fi eld inspection of the Keddy Mill site on May 3, 2017 (Figure 34). Photographs taken during the walkover corroborate much of the content of the environmental reports previously discussed. Archaeological and architectural fi eld inspection photographs, Figures 36-102, were all taken on 5/3/2017. The locations from which the photographs were taken are plotted on an aerial view of the project area which includes the 1922 Sanborn map of the mill building and its surroundings (Figure 35) (Sanborn Map Company 1922). From the Sanborn maps and environmental reports, northern portions of the APE contain remnant walls and concrete footings of structures shown on the 1922 Sanborn map. Figures 36 and 37 most closely relate to the southwest corner of ‘Store Ho. No 2’. Figure 37 also depicts the area containing the site’s deepest fi ll deposits. Piles of bricks, broken concrete and other building debris extend east nearly to the gravel access road off Depot Street. According to the environmental reports, fi ll deposits extend northwards beyond the linear remains of the former building and debris piles, forming an elevated landform 3-4 meters above the fl oor of the existing mill structure. Soil tests indicate the depth of fi ll diminishes to the north with the natural rise of the land. Evidence of the rail spur, pipe and machine shops, and other structural remains associated with the spur track were not observed in the general area where several tons of contaminated soil were removed, currently represented by the location of a monitoring well (Figure 38). Two sets of concrete footings were observed along the northern boundary of the project area and

42 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 32. 1970 aerial photograph showing location of SW Cole 1997 test pits and START 2012 sample locations within the Source No. 1 area of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

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Figure 33. 1970 aerial photograph showing location of SW Cole 1997 test pits and START 2012 sample locations within the Source No. 2 area of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

44 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017. Cumberland County, Windham, of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Figure 34. east of View the former Keddy Mill, hydro-electric station and dam Archaeological of Assessment Phase the 0

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Figure 35. Photograph locations plotted on geo-referenced project area over 1922 Sanborn map and underlying contemporary aerial view of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photographs taken 5/3/2017. 46 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 36. View north of demolished building foundation, possibly of the southwest corner of ‘Store Ho. No. 2’ as shown in Figure 35, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 37. View east of northern extension of wall shown in Figure 36, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

47 Northeast Archaeology Research Center 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017. Figure 38. View west of north central section of project area ll containing deposits, deep of fi the Archaeological Phase

48 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 39. View east of south edge of concrete footing of former fuel oil storage tank foundation, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017. correspond to the location of two large fuel storage tanks as shown on the 1922 Sanborn map. The westerly of the two fuel storage tank features measures approximately 9 m x 20 m and is parallel with and about 3 m south of Depot Street (Figure 39). The other storage tank feature, immediately west of the gravel entry road is much less evident (Figure 40). No other structural features are known to be within portions of the project area north of the mill building. Lower portions of the gravel access road are raised above a wet area, fed by a running stream of water leading from the northeast corner of the project area (Figure 41). Another area of deep fi ll deposits is located off the northeast corner of the mill building, where another monitoring well has been installed (Figure 42). The area along the east boundary of the project is confi ned within a narrow corridor between the existing mill structure and the main line of the railroad (Figures 43 and 44). In the northeast corner of the project area are large concrete cradles for fuel storage tanks. These are situated between the railroad tracks and a steep drop of 3-4 meters to the northeast corner of the mill (Figure 45). Historic maps indicate no previous structures prior to the construction of the mill’s southern extension containing the overhead hoist and press building. The project area near the south facing wall of the mill contained a hydro-electric substation, built sometime after 1944. The substation transmitted power from the hydro power plant located over extant

49 Northeast Archaeology Research Center

Figure 40. View west of former location of second fuel oil storage tank, noting remnant of concrete footing near monitoring well shown in background, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 41. View south of north face of mill showing drainage and portion of access road in foreground, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

50 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 42. View west of north face of mill, with monitoring well in foreground, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 43. View north along east boundary of Keddy Mill Site with rail spur behind fence, dirt track, drainage and steep embankment up to main rail bed, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 44. View south of east edge of project area, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 45. View north of large concrete cradles for fuel tanks, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine.

52 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 46. View east from edge of building and river embankment showing monitoring wells and concrete pad of possible substation location, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017. remains of the former pulp mill’s extension over the river to accommodate the mill’s water powered grinders and beaters. The substation has been removed and may have been located in one of two locations. A concrete pad, located near the wall in the near vicinity of monitoring wells represents the location of the substation (Figure 46) (S. W. Cole Engineering 1997). The second, about 15 meters to the southeast is located on a raised apron of land further up the gradual slope parallel with the west side of the mill’s southern extension (Figure 47). This section contains a concrete driveway and monitoring well. The only structural feature recorded in that portion of the project area lying south of the mill’s south extension is a concrete pad that is identifi ed on Cole’s 1997 map as a garage (see #37 on map, S.W. Cole Engineering 1997:140). The garage is south of what is noted on the map as the “Lawrence J. Keddy Press Building (see Figure 31), on the south side of the gravel drive. This concrete pad was observed during the fi eld inspection partially exposed in an area of a dense undergrowth of honeysuckle and briars. Monitor wells were located immediately north and south of the garage location (Figure 48). Site plans indicate southern portions of the project are confi ned within a narrow corridor between the railroad tracks and the power line corridor. This section is wooded with undergrowth, somewhat hummocky with push piles of building debris lining both sides of the power line corridor (Figures 49 and 50). Former historic structures are not suspected in southern-most sections of the project area. Environmental studies indicate concentrations of deposited slag throughout the general area and were observed at a number of tree throws. Machine parts, metal scrap, barrels and building debris consisting mainly of brick, concrete and rotting lumber and modern trash was observed across the entire project area.

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Figure 47. View northwest of south face of mill complex, concrete drive, debris piles and monitoring well, installed on raised berm and other possible location of the substation, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 48. View south in the area of the former ‘garage’ of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

54 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Figure 49. View north along power line with southern extension of the mill complex in background, of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 50. View along power line showing typical example of push pile, which were extensive in southern portions of the Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Depot and High streets form the extreme northern and eastern limits of the Keddy Mill Industrial Complex. High Street, Ash Street and Androscoggin side streets are outside the APE, as currently understood (see Figure 2). However, a brief note on worker housing represents an important element in industrial and town development. An 1871 map indicates there were no structures or side streets on the road now designated as High Street (see Figure 6). The expansion of the Androscoggin Pulp Company mill in 1906 was accompanied by an expansion of worker housing. According to a notice of the ‘New Mill’ in the periodical, Paper Box Maker, the Robert Gair Co., who owned mills in Haverhill, built worker housing on High Street (Nobis Engineering, Inc. 2013). The 1910 Census is very hard to read, but High Street does not appear in the margins of the town’s record, however, many mill workers lived on Main and Depot streets at that time. A large boarding house on Depot Street was occupied in both 1910 and 1920. The high number of mill workers on Depot Street also indicates tenement or ‘row-house’ construction. The 1922 and subsequent Sanborn maps indicate as many as 20, small, uniformly built, 1½-story houses were built to form the High Street neighborhood (see Figure 23). The 1920 Population Census records 26 separate households on High Street. Twenty nine of the neighborhood’s inhabitants worked at the pulp mill. Most of the families were native to Maine and each composed of one to fi ve children. The 1910 Census shows that a number of inhabitants had previously resided on Depot Street but moved to High street after the worker housing was built. The High Street neighborhood became known as ‘Red City’ because the company had all the houses painted red (Nobis Engineering, Inc. 2013).

Summary of Phase 0 Archaeological Assessment The results of the fi eld inspection indicate that there are no archaeologically sensitive areas within the APE of the project. Any possible historic features of potential importance have been eliminated or considerably modifi ed, primarily as a result of mill expansion and landscape modifi cation involving extensive fi ll deposition, grading and systematic, subsurface environmental investigation. The steeply sloped and lightly wooded terrain between the High Street dwellings and the railroad tracks are likely to preserve domestic deposits relating to early 20th century worker housing. The Phase 0 walkover of this portion of the Keddy Mill property observed that the houses continued to be occupied and that the steep embankment between their backyards and the railroad tracks continued to be used as a dumping ground. Thus, the wooded terrain between High Street and the railroad tracks is considered archaeologically sensitive.

56 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

V: ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT

The following architectural assessment describes the primary structures which make up the current complex of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site. The individual structures discussed include the Machine Shop, the Beater Building, the Dynamo Room, the Finishing and Shipping Building and a Steel Framed Building. The building names in the following descriptions were taken from the available 20th-century Sanborn Maps. They refl ect the uses of the building by the Androscoggin Pulp Company from roughly 1909 through the 1930s. The locations from which the photographs were taken are plotted on the 1944 Sanborn map showing the mill building and its surroundings, with sections of the buildings no longer extant not showing (Figure 51) (Sanborn Map Company 1944).

Setting The Keddy Mill is on the south side of Depot Street, in South Windham, Maine. In the early 20th century South Windham had several mills and factories including the L.C. Andrews lumber and planing mill. The industries have all closed and the village is residential with very few active businesses along Main Street. The Keddy Mill Site is bounded by a recently developed housing complex to the west. This building stands where 19th century portions of the Keddy Mill formerly stood. To the south and southwest is the Presumpscot River, to the east are railroad tracks, and Depot Street is to the north. The immediate site is industrial and includes the mill, a hydro-powered dam, and railroad siding (Figures 52 and 53).

Machine Shop (1909) This long, narrow building is the largest building in the mill complex. It was added to the complex as part of the 1906-1909 expansion made by the Androscoggin Pulp Company. The fi rst fl oor contained a large “board machine” that was installed over a recess in the fl oor. On the 1909 and 1944 Sanborn maps this building was identifi ed as a “Machine Shop” (see Figures 15 and 26). The Machine Shop has two stories, a main (fi rst or upper) fl oor/level and a basement level. This building is reinforced concrete construction including walls, fl oors and interior columns. The roof framing is steel. The fl at roof consists of corrugated metal pans holding a tar-and-gravel-roof system. There are no east and west facades due to the attached structures at either end. The long facades – north and south – are divided into thirty-seven even bays by concrete pilasters (Figures 54-57). The pilasters are narrow, resulting in nearly continuous bands of windows at the main / upper level. A band of clerestory windows provides additional light and ventilation. The original window sash throughout the Machine Shop were wood (see Figure 19) (Lowe 1912:19). The extant steel sash appear to date to the early 20th century and may have been installed after the 1912 fi re. At the fi rst/upper fl oor the windows are a mix of steel sash, wood sash, and fi xed corrugated plastic panels. The steel sash are installed in pairs – two sash per opening – and each sash has fi fteen lights. One of each sash pair has a nine-light operable sash in it. The surviving steel clerestory sash are also installed in pairs and each has nine lights. The steel sash are not original and date to the early-20th century.

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Figure 51. Photograph locations for the Architectural Assessment plotted on 1944 Sanborn Map showing mill building and surroundings within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photographs taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 52. Overall view of the Keddy Mill, looking northeast from across river (Gorham side) within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 53. Overall view of the Keddy Mill, looking east from bridge west of site, within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 54. View of south facade of Beater Building and south facade of Machine Shop, west end, within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 55. View of Machine Shop south facade, east end within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 56. View of Machine Shop, north facade, east end within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 57. View of Machine Shop north facade, west end within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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At the basement level the window openings have a mix of steel sash, fi xed translucent plastic panels, solid wood boards and wood, nine-over-nine double-hung sash. The steel sash on this level are installed in pairs, and each sash has eighteen lights (Figure 58). The wood windows are also installed in pairs and are divided by a wood mullion (Figure 59). The two interior fl oors in the Machine Shop are open spaces (Figures 60-63). At west end of the lower level, a single row of columns runs down the center of the room (Figure 60). These columns both supported the board machine on the fi rst fl oor and also formed the recess or pit below it (see Figures 21 and 22). At the east end of the lower (basement) level the upper fl oor is supported by four, square concrete columns arranged in a grid. East of the four columns is a large cast concrete pier and beyond the pier is a single row of concrete columns (Figure 61). At the west end there is no wall between the Machine Shop and the Beater Building. At the east end, the former exterior wall separates the Machine Shop from the Finishing and Shipping Building. Two large pieces of equipment remain at the east end of the lower level. Both are made of cast iron. One is marked “Chambersburg” and “6435” (Figure 64) and the other is unmarked. These are forging hammers, possibly steam-driven, (Michael Dillon [of Dillon Forge] personal communication 2017) and likely were left by Keddy. The upper fl oor is an open space with no interior columns. Debris from the collapsed roof and plants and moth make it diffi cult to study the concrete fl oor for evidence of past equipment or partitions (Figure 63). As on the basement level, there is little separation between the Machine Shop and Beater Building and a wall at the east end. This building is heavily altered and severely deteriorated. Many of the windows have been replaced with solid panels and those that remain typically have no glass in their frames. The original wood-framed roof had a long monitor running its length for light and ventilation (see Figure 16). The roof, monitor and framing were removed at an unknown date (it is not visible in an early postcard view, see Figure 24, but it was shown on the 1944 Sanborn Map, see Figure 26). The extant roof has collapsed in many areas allowing water to collect and plants to grow inside the building (Figure 63). An offi ce volume that projected out over the water was attached to the south facade. It has deteriorated so severely that only a small portion remains (Figure 65). A series of wood brackets indicates its former location.

Beater Building (1909) This three-story (two upper levels and basement) building was constructed as part of the 1909 addition. It is connected to the west facade of the Machine Shop. After the 19th-century mill was torn down sometime between 1944 and 1956 the west facade of the Beater Building was reconstructed and served as the primary facade of the complex (Figure 66). The west wall is two stories high and constructed of concrete masonry units rather than the reinforced concrete used in the rest of the Beater Building. This facade is divided into seven, regularly spaced bays. The fi rst fl oor has three garage doors, one centered and the remaining two at either end, and two window openings between the garage doors. The south garage door opening is fi lled in with concrete masonry units. At the second fl oor are seven window openings. The window openings have twelve-light steel sash that incorporates an

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Figure 58. Machine Shop detail view, south facade, typical steel sash at basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 59. Machine Shop detail view, south facade, surviving wood sash at basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 60. View from center of room of Machine Shop interior, basement level, looking west within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 61. Machine Shop interior view, basement level, looking west from elevated position in fi rst fl oor in Finishing and Shipping Building within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 62. Machine Shop interior view, fi rst fl oor, looking west within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 63. Machine Shop interior view, fi rst fl oor, looking east within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 64. Machine Shop detail view of forge hammer, found in east end of basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017, facing north.

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Figure 65. Machine Shop detail view, south facade, including remains of overhanging offi ce volume within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 66. View west of Beater Building west façade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 67. View of Beater Building north facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017. operable, four-light hopper. Most of the windows are gone and the few that remain have broken muntins and no glass. The south facade faces the river and is three stories high. It is reinforced concrete and divided into eight, even bays. Each bay contains a single window. Most of the east facade is hidden by adjacent buildings. The north wall has some brick masonry as the walls from earlier 19th-century structures were incorporated (Figure 67). If this facade had windows or openings all have been fi lled in. The exterior detailing of this volume is interesting in that the elements typically found on brick mills – a shallow pitched roof with an overhang, simple brackets at the cornice – have been executed in cast concrete. These details are found on the north and east facades (Figures 67 and 68). When this space was an active paper mill this building contained the beaters, large pieces of equipment that broke down raw material into wood pulp. Sanborn Maps record the beater engines were in the buildings that extended out over the river (where the extant hydro dam is). No evidence of this equipment remains in the building. The interior of the Beater Building has three levels. The lowest (basement) level contains a large, poured-concrete mass with multiple round openings in it; the openings are fi tted with iron frames (Figure 69). North of this mass is a raised platform or pad of poured concrete with two pieces of machinery on it (Figures 70 and 71). East of the mass, a short fl ight of concrete steps leads to a landing consisting of a poured concrete slab on concrete posts (Figure 72). A door leads from the landing to the adjacent Dynamo Room and a second, longer staircase of cast concrete leads to the second upper level fl oor. The second fl oor of the building also has a brick vault in the southeast corner (Figure 73). A ramp in the basement leads to

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Figure 68. Oblique view of Dynamo Building, north and east facades, showing relationship of the two stories and volumes and also the angled shaft to the Machine Shop within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 69. Beater Building interior view facing west-northwest showing pulp tanks, basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 70. Beater Building interior view west showing surviving equipment next to pulp tanks, basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 71. Beater Building detail view north of equipment within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 72. Beater Building interior view northeast showing concrete stairs, northeast corner, basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. The door at the landing leads to the Dynamo Room. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 73. View south-southeast of Beater Building brick vault, southeast corner, second fl oor level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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an exterior door in the north facade. There is no east wall on the basement level as this level is open to the adjacent Machine Shop. The large concrete mass in the basement contains a series of tanks for beating and/or storing pulp. Some sort of mixing or agitating equipment, mounted in the tanks and since removed, would have stirred the pulp and kept the fi bers from settling (Dr. Joseph Genco personal communication to Jennifer Ireland, Program Manager, University of Maine Pulp and Paper Foundation, 2017). The bottoms of the tanks have angled rather than square corners, again, to prevent settling (Figure 74). The two pieces of equipment north of the tanks are incomplete but do provide some information (Figure 71). One is marked “Farrel Foundry & Machine Co. Buff alo NY”. The Farrel Company manufactured machinery for a wide variety of industries including rubber and paper manufacturing. Farrel acquired its Buff alo plant in 1920, the likely earliest date this equipment would have been manufactured, and the company manufactured gears at its Buff alo plant until 1961. However, in 1927 the Farrel Foundry and Machine Company merged with the Birmingham Iron Foundry to form Farrel-Birmingham Company. A logo or branding change might have occurred at that date, although this could not be confi rmed (University of Connecticut 2017). This equipment was likely used for further refi ning of pulp (Dr. Joseph Genco personal communication to Jennifer Ireland, Program Manager, University of Maine Pulp and Paper Foundation 2017). At the lower level of the Beater Building the remains of the foundation and lower portion of the brick wall of the since-demolished 19th-century mill are visible (Figure 75). The original rubblestone foundation, granite belt course, brick walls with pilasters and window openings are clearly visible (Figure 75). The fi rst fl oor is an open space divided into four bays north-to-south and four bays east-to-west by nine concrete columns (Figures 76 and 77). A concrete stair at the east wall leads to the basement and second fl oors. A second, metal stair at the west end connects the fi rst and second fl oors (Figure 78). This fl oor is open, with no remaining fabric to indicate how it was used. The second fl oor appears to have been most recently used as offi ces (Figures 79 and 80). Very deteriorated interior partitions separate a series of rooms along the south and west walls. The partitions are built of wood studs and fi nished with faux-wood paneling.

Dynamo Room (1909) The 1909 Sanborn Map (see Figure 15) refers to this as the “Engine & Dynamo Rm.” while the 1922 Sanborn Map (see Figure 23) refers to this space only as the “Dynamo Room.” The 1934 Sanborn (see Figure 25) again calls it the “Dynamo Room” and further notes it had an “I/E/P” or independent electric plant. A 1909 article states that all of the equipment in the Machine Shop and Beater Building were powered by engines in this room. No equipment survives from these uses. This small volume stands on the east wall of the Beater Building and the north wall of the Machine Shop Building. The west portion is two-stories high and the east section is one-story high (see Figure 68).

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Figure 74. View west of Beater Building looking into interior of pulp tank within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 75. Beater Building interior view west-southwest showing remains of wall from demolished 19th century mill building, basement level within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 76. Beater Building interior view, fi rst fl oor, looking southwest within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 77. Beater Building interior view, fi rst fl oor, looking northwest within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 78. View of Beater Building front stairs as seen from second fl oor looking down within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 79. Beater Building second fl oor, overall view looking northwest within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 80. View west of Beater Building former offi ces along south wall, second fl oor within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 81. Machine Shop detail view looking north at shaft to Dynamo Room below within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

The Dynamo Room is poured concrete, with a concrete slab fl oor, concrete walls, and a concrete roof. Concrete pilasters divide the north and east facades into bays. Many of the window openings are covered with boards. The single pitch roof is nearly fl at and slopes down towards the north. Like the Beater Building, the cornice is embellished with simple cast concrete brackets. A projecting volume on the roof of the one- story section has a sharply-pitched, poured concrete roof over it. This was a shaft where a belt or drive from the engines on the lower basement level connected equipment in fi rst or main fl oor of the Machine Shop (Figure 81).

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Figure 82. Dynamo Building detail view, doors, east facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. These appear to be the only surviving original exterior doors. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

This building is diff erent from the other structures in that at the second fl oor the wall surfaces between the concrete columns are fi lled in with horizontal wood boards. Also unique are the two large doors on the east facade, the only original doors to survive on the building (Figure 82). At the lower, basement level the interior space is open with a single, square concrete column at the center of the room (Figures 83 and 84). This fl oor is elevated several feet above the fl oor in the adjacent Beater Building and due to its elevation and terrain, is at grade. A raised concrete slab in the center of the room is accessed by three steps cast into it. Window openings in the east wall retain six-over-six wood sash. The upper level, fi rst fl oor is also an open space. Openings in the south wall lead to the Machine Shop (Figure 85). Window openings in the north and east walls are placed high on the wall and retain two-over- two, wood sash.

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Figure 83. Dynamo Building interior view, basement level, looking northeast within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 84. Dynamo Room, basement level, looking southwest with Machine Shop in background within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

80 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Note board walls between concrete pilasters. Photo taken 5/3/2017. wood Figure 85. background in visible Shop Machine with southeast looking oor, fl rst fi view, interior Building Dynamo

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Figure 86. View of Finishing and Shipping Building south facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Finishing and Shipping Building (1912) At the east end of the Machine Shop is a two-story volume used for fi nishing and shipping (Figures 86- 95). The 1922 and 1934 Sanborn Maps indicate this portion of the building was added in 1912 (see Figures 23 and 25). Walls, fl oors for both stories, and the ceiling / roof are poured concrete. The north facade is divided into three primary bays. The east bay is open, for train cars to pass through, and the center and west bays each have three window openings between concrete pilasters. The original windows are missing. Some of the window openings have corrugated plastic panels, two are empty, and one is fi lled in with concrete masonry units. The top of this wall is a stepped parapet fi nished with a cap of wood boards. The west facade is divided into seven bays by concrete pilasters. Window openings in the west facade retain steel windows with twenty-light sash. The east facade is also sevens bays and has horizontal wood boards inserted between the concrete column. The south facade is now enclosed within the Steel-Framed Building (Figure 86). The east side of the upper level, which ties into the fi rst, main fl oor of the Machine Shop, is an open shed. Train tracks survive at grade indicating train cars could pull into the shed for unloading (Figure 90). The lower level, which ties into the basement of the Machine Shop, has poured concrete columns that divide the space into thirteen bays north-south and six bays east-west. The upper level has fewer columns than the lower level. This building is in poor condition and has been altered including the removal of windows and the addition of the wood cap to the top of the north wall.

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Figure 87. View of Finishing and Shipping Building partial east facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 88. View of Finishing and Shipping Building north facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 89. View of Finishing and Shipping Building west facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 90. View of Finishing and Shipping Building interior view of train shed, looking north within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 91. View of Finishing and Shipping Building interior, fi rst fl oor looking northwest, within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 92. View of Finishing and Shipping Building interior, fi rst fl oor looking southwest, within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

85 Northeast Archaeology Research Center Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017. Maine. Photo Cumberland County, Windham, Superfund Site, South Figure 93. of View Finishing and Shipping Building basement level looking northwest, within the Keddy Mill

86 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017. Maine. Photo Cumberland County, Windham, Superfund Site, South Figure 94. View of Finishing and Shipping Building basement level looking northeast, within the Keddy Mill

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Figure 95. Closer view of stair in Finishing and Shipping Building basement level, within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 96. View of Steel Building west facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Steel-Framed Building South of the 1912 Shipping and Finishing Building is a steel-framed building (Figures 96-102). This section was added at an unknown date between 1956 and 1969 (Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 81:13). This building is now shown on the 1956 aerial photo (see Figure 28) and is shown on a 1969 survey of the site. The building is one-story high, steel-framed and clad in a mix of corrugated metal and corrugated panels of some kind of translucent plastic. This building has no actual windows just the fi xed, translucent panels to provide natural light. It stands on a concrete slab. The roof is a single pitch, sloping down from east-to-west. The roof was inaccessible, is covered on the inside with insulation panels, and thus the roofi ng material is unknown. The interior is divided into two rooms. The walls are unfi nished as is the concrete fl oor. (Figures 100 and 102). The north wall of the north room is the exterior wall of the 1912 Finishing and Shipping Building. The north room has a raised curb around a bed of sand likely used for casting operations (Figure 101). The south room is also open and has a concrete pad for a piece of since-removed equipment (Figure 102). East of the Steel-Framed Building is an open structure, also of steel (Figure 99). It appears to have been a shed over the railroad siding and may have once had a roof. A bridge crane remains in place on the framing.

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Figure 97. View of Steel Building east facade, overall view including adjacent steel structure over siding within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 98. View of Steel Building east facade within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 99. View of Steel Building interior, north room, looking north within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 100. View of Steel Building interior, north room, looking south within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Figure 101. Steel Building detail view showing sand pit in fl oor, north room within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

Figure 102. View of Steel Building interior, fi rst fl oor, south room, looking south within the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Photo taken 5/3/2017.

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Statement of Signifi cance The Keddy Mill site’s historic signifi cance would be under Criterion A, at the local level for the mill’s role in the economic and industrial development of the town of South Windham. The Keddy Mill site was a pulp and paper mill for most of its existence (ca. 1875-1944). The paper mill employed 260 people in 1914, a signifi cant number when the federal census recorded the population of the entire town of Windham was only 1,954 people in 1910. From the mid-1950s through the early-1970s the mill housed a forging business that produced fl anges. The forging plant typically employed fewer than 50 people in the 1950s while the federal census recorded the population of the town as 3,434 in 1950. The subsequent scrap-metal operations housed in the mill occurred within the last 50 years and thus do not meet the National Register’s threshold for qualifying as historic. The 1906 portions of the mill were designed by engineer I. W. Jones of Milton, N.H. but research to date has not shown this building to be a noteworthy example of his work. The Keddy Mill would not be eligible under Criterion C. The surviving mill buildings are so heavily altered and deteriorated that they do not possess the integrity necessary to convey the site’s signifi cance as a paper mill. The only aspect of integrity that remains intact is location. The demolition of approximately half the mill in the 1940s or 1950s compromised the integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling and association with paper and pulp manufacturing. The surviving buildings have been so altered – many windows removed throughout, pitched roof and monitors removed from the Machine Shed, interior fi nishes and partitions in the Beater Building destroyed, graffi ti covering most walls – that they also lack integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. The changes to the site including the growth of heavy vegetation, the removal of many outbuildings, and construction of a multi-family residential building on the west end of the site have altered the once-industrial character of the site and compromised the integrity of the setting.

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VI: CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION

The Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. and Architectural Historian, Margaret Gaertner, have completed cultural resource assessments related to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency’s ongoing work to clean up the Keddy Mill Superfund Site. This work has been conducted on behalf of Nobis Engineering, Inc., prime contractor for the EPA. The archaeological and architectural work included extensive background research and on-site fi eld inspection of the Keddy Mill project area. Industrial use of the Keddy Mill Site has included large-scale pulp and pulp board manufacturing, metal conversion, forging, steel manufacture and hydroelectric generation. The cumulative eff ect of late 19th and 20th century industries has impacted potential historic resources dating to the mid 18th to the last quarter of the 19th century, which were likely aff ected by the extensive construction activity beginning in 1875, with the construction of the Sebago Wood Board Company. Construction activity after 1875 has also signifi cantly modifi ed and greatly reduced the historical integrity of the Sebago Wood Board Co. mill. In addition, environmental investigations demonstrate much of the property around the mill complex consists of signifi cant fi ll deposits, which further diminishes the potential for intact archaeological deposits to be present. Given the extent of later 20th century industrial activity, there is a low probability that intact archaeological remains of historical signifi cance are present within the APE of the present project. Thus, NE ARC recommends that no additional archaeological work is necessary prior to the commencement of future construction, or other ground disturbing activity related to the clean-up and possible future repurposing of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site. The area east of the railroad tracks is considered archaeologically sensitive for domestic deposits relating to early 20th century worker housing. However, as the area east of the railroad tracks is outside the APE of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, no additional archaeological work is recommended. The architectural assessment work completed by M. Gaertner, included background research and fi eld assessment of the structures at the Keddy Mill Site. This work has resulted in the recommendation that the extant structures lack aspects of integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association thus making the structures not likely eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. No further architectural documentation is recommended at the Keddy Mill mill complex prior to possible future alterations to the structures for safety and/or repurposing goals.

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REFERENCES

Anderson, Hayden 1982 Canals and Inland Waterways of Maine. Maine Historical Society, Portland, ME.

Bacon, Edwin (ed.) 1896 Men of Progress: One Thousand Biographical Sketches and Portraits of Leaders in Business and Professional Life in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. New England Magazine, Boston.

Bacon, George 1891 Portland, Its Representative Business Men and its Points of Interest. Glenwood Publishing Co., Newark, NJ.

Barnes, Diane, and Jack Barnes 1996 Sebago Lake Area. Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, SC.

Beers, F.W. 1871 Atlas of Cumberland County, Maine. F.W. Beers, New York.

Bryan, C. W. 1884 The Paper Mill Directory of the World a Complete Catalogue of all the Paper and Pulp Mills on the Globe. Clark W. Bryan & Co., New York.

Chace, J. 1857 Cumberland County Atlas. Surveyed by Sidney Baker and others. [Phila.].

Clark Publishing Co. 1909 New Reinforced Concrete-Board Mill of the Androscoggin Pulp Co., South Windham Company. In Engineering Contracting. Vol. XXXI.: no. 5:82. Chicago. Accessed online Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TmAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_su mmary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.

Coe, Harrie 2011 Maine Biographies. Vol. II. Clearfi eld Company, Baltimore.

Cumberland County Registry of Deeds 1824-2004 Cumberland County Deeds Various Books. Electronic Source: http://www.cumberlandcounty. org/477/Registry-of-Deeds. Accessed April 2017.

Directory of Maine Manufacturers 1946-1961 Directory of Maine Manufacturers Various years, from 1945-1961. In Maine Register State Yearbook and Legislative Manual. Fred L. Tower Companies, Portland, ME.

Dole, Frederick H. 1935 Sketches of the History of Windham. Henry Cobb, Westbrook, ME.

H&S/Nobis Environmental 2013 Final Site Inspection Report for Keddy Mill, Windham, Maine. H&S/Nobis Environmental JV LLC, Westborough, MA.

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Lhijeholm, Lyn 1974 “Little Steel” at So. Windham Eases Junk Car Blight. Evening Express 92(4): 1.

Longfellow, A.W. 1840 “Plan and Profi le of the Presumpscot River from Gambo Falls to Little Falls Taken by Oorder of the Court in the Case of O.M. Whipple versus the Cumberland Cotton Manufacturing Company.” Courtesy of the Maine Historical Society, Portland, ME.

Lowe, Geo. D. ed. 1912 The Eff ects of Fire in a Large Reinforced Concrete Paper Mill. Accessed online, Google Books. Concrete Age. Accessed online, Google Books 16(October): 19–20.

Maine Department of Labor and Industry 1914 Directory of Manufacturing Industries of Maine . All Bureau of Labor Standards Documents. 549. Available at http://digitalmaine.com/bls_docs/549.

Manning, H. A. 1938 Manning’s Windham Alphabetical Directory. H. A. Manning Co., Boston.

1942 Manning’s Westbrook, Gorham and Windham Directory for Year Beginning January 1942. H. A. Manning Co., Boston.

McClellan, Hugh 1903 History of Gorham. Smith and Sale, Portland, ME.

McGrath, Dennis 2013a Project Note: Keddy Mill Source Nos. 1 and 2 Geographic Coordinates. TDD No. SA-01-13-01- 0001. Superfund Technical Assessment and Response Team, H&S/Nobis Environmental JV, LLC.

2013b Project Note, Keddy Mill RE: Keddy Mill Site Inspection Field Logbook Notes. TDD No. SA-01-12-03-01-0001. Superfund Technical Assessment and Response Team, H&S/Nobis Environmental JV, LLC.

2013c Project Note RE: Keddy Mill Source Nos. 1 and 2 Descriptions. TDD No. SA-01-13-01-0001. Superfund Technical Assessment and Response Team, H&S/Nobis Environmental JV, LLC.

Mehren, Edward J., Henry Coddington Meyer, and John M. Goodell eds. 1909 The New Board Mill of the Androscoggin Pulp Company. In The Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer. Vol. 59 No. 7 (13 February, 1909):190-192. McGraw Hill, New York. Accessed online Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=0J1EAQAAMAAJ&pg =PA190&lpg=PA190&dq=androscoggin+pulp+company+south+windham+new+mill&source=bl &ots=kGyir6NSc4&sig=Qu-RCE44hLCt4ohNpg1XpboyNIU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ- _6O2PnRAhVE8CYKHQYiAfgQ6AEILjAE#v=onepage&q=androscoggin%20pulp%20 company%20south%20windham%20new%20mill&f=false.

New England Stationer and Printer 1898 New England Stationer and Printer Vol. 12.

98 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site

Nobis Engineering, Inc. 2013 Keddy Mill Ownership History, Including Town of Windham Property Records Cards and Historical Information Compiled by David Tanguay of the Windham Historical Society. Provided by and in fi les of Nobis Engineering, Inc.

Sanborn Map Company 1885 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, Gorham (includes South Windham), Cumberland County, Maine. New York.

Sleeper, Frank 1977 Bankrupt Steel Firm May Be Rescued,” Evening Express 31 August, 1977). Evening Express, Vol. 94 No. 270 edition.

Smith, D.C. 1972 A History of Lumbering in Maine 1861-1960. University of Maine Studies No. 93, Orono.

Smith, Thomas L. 1873 History of the Town of Windham. Hoyt and Fogg, Portland, ME.

Summit Environmental Consultants 2011 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment; Keddy Mill, 7 Depot Street, Windham, Maine. Prepared for Town of Windham by SEC, Lewiston, ME.

S. W. Cole Engineering, Inc. 1997 Environmental Site Assessment Phase I & II; Former Steel Mill Property; Route 202 and 7 Depot Street, Windham, Maine. Gray, ME.

Tremont Preservation Services n.d. HPCA Part 1 - Robinson Mill, South Windham Maine. On fi le at the Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta, Maine.

University of Connecticut 2017 A Guide to the Farrel Company Records, undated, 1800-1993. Archives & Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut Libraries. Electronic Source http://archives.lib.uconn.edu/islandora/object/20002%3A860133177. Accessed April 2017.

USGS 2017 U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center. Electronic Source: https://earthexplorer.usgs.giv. Accessed January 2017.

Wells, W. 1869 Water Power of Maine. Sprague, Owen and Nash, Augusta.

Whitford, Jacques 2003 Phase II Supplemental Investigation. [cover page not available].

Wiggin, Francis 1903 The Pulp and Paper Industry of Maine. Board of Trade Journal 16.

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APPENDIX I: CHAIN OF TITLE

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Chain of Title for the Sebago Wood Board Company /Androscoggin Pulp Company /Keddy Mill Site South Windham, ME

Casco Manufacturing Company to Watson Newhall Book 336, page 351 Filed December 8, 1865 Court order turned over property of Casco Manufacturing Company to Newhall for debts or damages owed. Deed mentions “…lately occupied by the Casco Manufacturing Company as the site of its factory, mills, dwelling houses and appurtenances which were conveyed to the said Casco Manufacturing Company by the Cumberland Cotton Manufacturing Company by deed of September thirteenth 1844 recorded in … Book one hundred and eighty seven Page three hundred and fi fty six…”

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Watson Newhall to William T. Wardwell Book 388, page 73 Filed September 14, 1871 Refers back to the deed of Casco Manufacturing to Watson Newhall recorded at Book 336, page 351, dated November 18, 1865 Also refers back to Cumberland Cotton Manufacturing Company deed dated September 13, 1844 at Book 187, page 356. And also refers to August 1, 1856 deed of George Gould at Book 274, page 57.

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William T. Wardwell to William H. Wardwell Book 406, page 434 Filed December 10, 1873 Sold for eleven thousand, fi ve hundred dollars. Deed refers back to Book 336, page 351. Deed mentions stone dam and buildings.

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William H. Wardwell to Sebago Wood Board Company Book 420, page 486 Filed August 10, 1875 Deed refers back to Book 336, page 351 and Book 187, page 356.

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Sebago Board Company to the Androscoggin Pulp Company Book 687, page 383 Filed April 5, 1900

References back to three deeds: William H. Wardwell, August 3, 1875 at Book 420, page 486 George M. Loring, March 3, 1887 at Book 532, page 56 Lucy A. Hart, et. al. March 3, 1887 at Book 535, page 57 Also gives separate references for a fourth, fi fth and sixth parcel.

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Androscoggin Pulp Company to the Androscoggin Paper and Pulp Company Book 1465, page 379 Filed March 25, 1935

Deed states this is a portion of the premises in the deed from the Sebago Wood Board Co. to the Androscoggin Pulp Co. dated April 4, 1900 at Book 687, page 383 and three additional deeds.

The Andros Company also signed the deed with the Androscoggin Pulp Company. In 1935, the board of the Androscoggin Pulp Co. authorized sale of the South Windham Mill to the Robert Gair Company; the Robert Gair Company designated the Androscoggin Pulp and Paper Co. as its nominee.

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Androscoggin Pulp and Paper Company to the Robert Gair Company, Inc. Book 1503, page 241 Filed August 7, 1936 Deed states this is a portion of the premises in the deed from the Sebago Wood Board Co. to the Androscoggin Pulp Co., dated April 4, 1900 at Book 687, page 383 and three additional deeds. Also states “BEING the same property described in the deed from Androscoggin Pulp Company (a Massachusetts corporation) and Andros Company to this grantor, dated March 21, 1935 and, recorded in the Cumberland County Registry of Deeds in Book 1465 at Page 379.”

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Robert Gair Company, Inc. to the Cumberland Securities Corporation Book 1601, page 95 Filed March 11, 1940 Deed states this is a portion of the premises in the deed from the Sebago Wood Board Co. to the Androscoggin Pulp Company, dated April 4, 1900 at Book 687, page 383 and three additional deeds.

Deed also includes “…the Grantor’s right, title and interest in and to any and all the real estate situate in said Towns of Windham and Gorham, owned by Androscoggin Pulp Company (a Massachusetts corporation) on March 21, 1933, excepting, however, that strip of land conveyed by Robert Gair Company, Inc. to the inhabitants of the Town of Windham…”

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Note: Sanborn Map, City Directories, and leases record that Cumberland Securities leased the mill to a variety of paper and pulp manufacturers.

Cumberland Securities divided and sold the Androscoggin Pulp Mill in at least two separate transactions/parcels. One part went to Atlantic Mills and the other part to Windham Fibres.

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Cumberland Securities to Atlantic Mills, Inc. Book 2167, page 245 Filed January 29, 1954

Includes “…the dam situated thereon and the mill privileges connected therewith, also the fl owage, riparian and water rights as were excepted and reserved to this Grantor, its successors and assigns, in an Indenture dated July 25, 1945, between this Grantor and Windham Fibres, Inc., recorded in Cumberland County Registry of Deeds Book 1787, Page 353.”

Deed mentions/refers back to “All the Grantor’s right, title and interest in and to any and all land lying westerly of said Main Street and/or the Old Gray Road, so called, which the Grantor acquired from Robert Gair Company, Inc. by deed dated March 7, 1940, recorded in Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 1601, Page 95….”

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Cumberland Securities Corp. to Windham Fibres Inc. Book 1787, page 353 Filed August 17, 1945

This deed is signed by Gustav Machlup, treasurer of Windham Fibres, Inc.

Gustav Macklup was the manager of the Supertex Corporation, which leased part of the mill from Cumberland Securities in 1941 (see Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 1647, page 419). Supertex was listed in the Annual Register of Maine through 1944-45 as a manufacturer of fi ber boards in South Windham. In 1945-46, the Annual Register of Maine listed Windham Fibres a manufacturer of fi ber boards in South Windham. Supertex was not listed.

Note: I did compare the boundary descriptions, and the boundary description in this deed matches the boundary description in Book 2146, page 461 (two deeds down this chain).

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Windham Fibres Inc. to Maine Steel Inc. of South Portland Book 1800, page 492 Filed December 13, 1945 “Windham Fibres, Inc. ... to Maine Steel, Inc. … All real estate and interests therein owned by or standing of record in the name of the Grantor on the date hereof and situated in the County of Cumberland and State of Maine.” No boundary description given.

Deed is signed by G. C. Soule, President and Treasurer of Windham Fibres, Inc. Soule was also involved in Maine Steel.

NOTE: Maine Steel leased this parcel (Keddy) to Baker Refrigeration on September 28, 1949. See Cumberland County Registry of Deeds, Book 1971, page 352. Maine Steel leased the Mallison Mill to the Baker Ice Machine Corp. on October 1, 1946. See Book 1847, page 204, and that deed also mentions the prior owner of the Mallison Mill, Steel Products Corp. See also Deed 1847, page 202, fi led October 1, 1946 which records that Steel Products Corp. owned the Mallison Mill and sold it to Maine Steel. G. C. Soule was also an offi cer of Steel Products Corp. Steel Products Corp. fi rst leased the Mallison Mill (1942) and later bought it (1943) from the Windham Realty Corp.

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Maine Steel Inc. of South Portland to Fred Weiland, Joseph H. Hoodin, Albert J. Butchkes and Jerome K. Jelin, all of Cincinatti, Ohio Book 2146, page 461 Filed August 28, 1953

Refers back to “…above described premises are the same and are intended to be the same premises acquired by the Grantor from the Windham Fibres, Inc. by deed dated December 13, 1945 and recorded…. Book 1800 at Page 492.” Deed was signed by G.C. Soule, President and Treasurer of Maine Steel, Inc.

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Fred Weiland, Joseph H. Hoodin, Albert J. Butchkes and Jerome K. Jelin, all of Cincinatti, Ohio to Irving Fox of New York, NY Book 2167, page 454 December 10, 1953/Filed February 17, 1954

This deed refers back to “…The above described premises are the same and are intended to be the same premises acquired by the Grantors from Maine Steel, Inc. by dated August 28, 1953 and recorded in Cumberland County Registry of Deeds in Book 2146, page 461.”

This deed has an exception: “EXCEPTING from this conveyance all land and interests in land excepted by Cumberland Securities Corporation in its deed to Windham Fibres, Inc. Dated July 25, 1945 and recorded in Cumberland County Registry of Deeds in Book 1787 at Page 353.”

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Irving and Lenore Fox of New York, NY to Atlantic Mills, Inc. Book 2192, page 14 Filed August 24, 1954 Refers back to the premises acquired by the Grantor from Fred Weiland, Joseph H. Hoodin, Albert J. Butchkes and Jerome K. Jelin, by deed dated December 10, 1953 (book and page not given).

Note: An agreement dated February 8, 1954 and fi led at Book 2167, page 459 refers to a lease made by the Foxes to the Cumberland Manufacturing Corp. on December 1, 1953.

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As of 1954, Atlantic Mills owned more or less the whole Keddy Mill complex. Atlantic Mills owned the mill from 1954-1961. No leases from Atlantic Mills to other parties were recorded in the Registry of Deeds. Lawrence J. Keddy was the President of Atlantic Mill during some of that period.

Atlantic Mills was not listed in the Annual Register of Maine alphabetical section in: 1956- 57; 1958-59; and 1960-61. Cumberland Manufacturing, which made metal fl anges, is listed in the 1958-59 and 1960-61 Annual Registers with contact information as Keddy Manufacturing, Middletown, MA.

Atlantic Mills sold the complex to Keddy Manufacturing and Lawrence J. Keddy in June and October, 1961 (see next two deeds). Keddy Manufacturing sold its portion of the mill to a series of buyers and eventually Lawrence J. Keddy bought that part as well, returning the complex to s a single owner in 1974.

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Atlantic Mills, Inc. to Lawrence J. Keddy Book 2641, page 44 Filed October 30, 1961

Deed mentions this is “…a portion of the premises conveyed to the Grantor by Cumberland Securities Corporation by deed dated January 29, 1954, and recorded in said registry of Deeds, Book 2167, Page 245, and by Irving Fox et. al, by deed dated August 19, 1954 recorded in said Registry of Deeds, Book 2192, page 14.”

Deed was signed by Lawrence J. Keddy, President and Treasurer of Atlantic Mills, Inc.

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Atlantic Mills, Inc. to Keddy Manufacturing Company Book 2611, page 192 Filed June 20, 1961 “The above described premises are a portion of the premises conveyed by Irving Fox, et al, to Atlantic Mills, Inc. by deed dated August 19, 1954 recorded…. Book 2192, Page 14.”

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Keddy Manufacturing Company to Grinnell Corp. Book 3110, page 603 Filed November 28, 1969

“The above described premises are the premises conveyed by Atlantic Mills, Inc. to Keddy Manufacturing Co. by Deed dated June 6, 1961, recorded in said Registry of Deeds Book 2611, Page 192.” * * * * * *

Grinnell Corp/ITT Grinnell Corporation to Park Corp. Book 3450, page 131 Filed 8/28/1975

Deed states “…The above described premises are those conveyed to the Grantor herein under its former name “Grinnell Corporation” by Keddy Manufacturing Co. by deed dated October 17, 1969 and recorded …. In Book 3110, Page 603, and are show on “PLAN OF LAND IN SOUTH WINDHAM MAINE” by Owen Haskell, Inc. of South Portland, Maine, dated July 14, 1969, which plan is attached to said deed to the Grantor herein and recorded at pages 607-614 of said Book 3110.”

Note: no plan available online at that book/page.

“…The above described premises are the premises conveyed by Atlantic Mills, Inc. to Keddy Manufacturing by deed dated June 6, 1961, recorded said Registry of Deeds Book 2611, page 192.”

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Park Corp. to Lawrence J. Keddy Book 3545, page 141 Filed May 16, 1974

Deed states “…being the same premises conveyed to the grantor herein by deed of ITT Grinnell Corporation, dated August 21, 1973 …. Recorded in Book 3450, page 31.”

Note: Lawrence J. Keddy now owns the whole complex again.

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Lawrence J. Keddy to National Metal Converters of Windham, Inc. Book 3627, page 312 January 2, 1975 / Filed January 3, 1975

Boundary description matches that on the Northeast Civil Solutions survey dated 3/20/2004. Yes, I double-checked it.

This deed refers back to: Park Corporation to Keddy, Book 3545, page 141 Atlantic Mills, Inc. to Lawrence J. Keddy Book 2641, page 44, October 30, 1961 Mallison Corp July 10, 1974 (no reference given)

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Lawrence J. Keddy, National Metal Converters of Windham, Inc. and New England Steel Co. Inc. to Lawrence J. Keddy Book 04162, page 277 Filed January 17, 1978 “Lawrence J. Keddy, P.O. Box 40, Windham, Maine as mortgagee under a Mortgage from National Metal Converters of Windham, Inc. dated January 2, 1975 and recorded in Cumberland County Registry of Deeds Book 3638, page 56, and under a Supplemental Mortgage and Security Agreement from New England Steel Co., Inc., formerly known as National Metal Converters of Windham, Inc. Dated September 24, 1976 and Recorded in said Registry of Deeds in Book 3915, page 58, and as attorney in fact for said mortgagors pursuant to the power of sale granted in said mortgages, in consideration of One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) ….” Refers to mortgages at Book 3638, page 56 and 3915, page 58. Exhibit A – many references to rights-of-way.

Refers back to: Park Corporation to Lawrence J. Keddy Book 3545, page 141 Atlantic Mills, Inc. to Lawrence J. Keddy, Book 2641, page 44 Mallison Corporation dated July 10, 1974 – no book/page

Note: Boundary in this deed matches that shown on Northeast Civil Solutions survey. as traced in green highlighter. * * * * * *

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Lawrence J. Keddy to Barnard Marquit Book 10620, page 324 Filed April 2, 1993

On January 4, 1993 Lawrence J. Keddy of Center Conway, N.H. sold the land described in the deed at Book 4162, page 277 to the Barnard Marquit Corp.. As per a later deed, Keddy was president of Barnard Marquit.

A corrective deed is fi led at Book 12018, page 140 to note the corporation is a N.H. corporation.

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Barnard Marquit (Lawrence J. Keddy, President) to Prseumpscott Phoenix LLC Book 13431, page 164 Filed November 10, 1997

Short-form quit-claim deed with Covenants. Boundary description in deed matches that shown on Northeast Civil Solutions Survey dated February 20, 2004 for the two lots id’d as “Remaining Lands of Lumas, Inc.” and “Proposed outsale to Avesta” which is the Keddy Mill site. and traced in yellow highlighter

* * * * *

Prumpscot/Phoenix LLC and George B. Wood, sole member of Presumpscot/Phoenix LLC to Lumas, Inc. Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure Book 18046, page 32 Filed September 6, 2002

Includes lengthy boundary description and refers to a plan of land in South Windham made for National Metal Converters by Owen Haskell and dated June 19, 1974. Refers to a mortgage at 13431, page 167. Refers to a right of way granted by Lawrence J. Keddy to Scott Paper Co.

Note: per the deed reference noted on the survey fi led at Cumberland County Registry of Deeds Book 204, page 78 this is the lot with the mill on it. I also found the survey referred to at the Town of Windham Planning Department.

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Lumas Inc. to Village at Little Falls LLC Book 23312, page 286 Filed October 26, 2005

Deed refers to deed dated September 5, 2002 at Book 18046 page 32.

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Village at Little Falls LLC to HRC - Village at Little Falls, LLC Deed Book 24617, page 165 Filed November 30, 2006

Deed in lieu of foreclosure. Gives long description, refers to plan fi led at Book 204, page 78. Note: Plan Book 204, page 78 shows Keddy Mill as “Remaining lands of Lumas 18046/32” 6.94 acres

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HRC- Village at Little Falls LLC to Keddy Mill Enterprises LLC Book 20950, page 322 Filed October 20, 2011

Describes two lots. PARCEL 1 is Tax Map 38, Lot 7 (per Assessor, this lot is vacant land) This one is shown on a plan dated November 6, 2003 and fi led at the Registry of Deeds Plan Book 204, Page 78. Note: Plan Book 204, page 78 shows Keddy Mill as “Remaining lands of Lumas 18046/32” 6.94 acres

This is the same premises conveyed to HRC-Village at Little Falls, LLC by deed from Village at Little Falls, LLC date November 30, 2006 and recorded at the CC Registry of Deeds Book 24617, Page 165.

The second is the Tax Map 38, Lot 13 lot conveyed by Joseph Kittrell to HRC – Village of Little Falls April 5, 2006 and recorded at Book 23835, Page 21.

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General Note: Per the Town of Windham Assessor’s database, the Keddy Mill is: Map 38, Lot 7 And 7 Depot Street The database cites Book 20950, page 322 as the reference for this parcel

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APPENDIX II: GOOGLE EARTH IMAGES

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116 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Appendix II Figure 1. Earth. Google Source: Maine. County, Cumberland Windham, South Site, Superfund Mill Keddy the of image 04/28/1998

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118 Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Appendix II Figure 2. 12/30/2003 image of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, South Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Source: Google Earth. Maine. Source: Google Cumberland County, Windham, Site, South Appendix II Figure 2. 12/30/2003 image of the Keddy Mill Superfund

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