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Keddy Mill FINAL REPORT.Indd Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Windham, Cumberland County, Maine Project: MHPC No. 0483-15 prepared for: Nobis Engineering, Inc. 18 Chenell Drive Concord, NH 03301 prepared by: Margaret Gaertner, M.S. Historic Building Consultant Stephen R. Scharoun, M.A., Rosemary A. Cyr, M.A. and Ellen R. Cowie, Ph.D. Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. 382 Fairbanks Road Farmington, Maine 04938 Final September 6, 2017 ii Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Windham, Cumberland County, Maine Project: MHPC No. 0483-15 ABSTRACT The Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. (NE ARC) completed an Archaeological Phase 0 Study and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site located in Windham, Cumberland County, Maine on behalf of Nobis Engineering, Inc. Nobis is under contract with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Contract EP-S1-06-03, to perform a remedial investigation at the Keddy Mill Superfund Site. The Keddy Mill Superfund Site is located in the Town of Windham, Maine adjacent to the east bank of the Presumpscot River, and includes an area measuring a 6.93-acre in size. The Keddy Mill site has a long history, starting with a saw mill in the 18th century followed by a series of industries related to the wood and paper industry throughout the nineteenth and into the twentieth century. Its designation as a Superfund Site is a result of the last use of the facility as a metal manufacturing operation which had ceased by the mid-20th century. In accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, the EPA, in consultation with the Maine Historic Preservation Offi ce (MHPC), and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection, authorized the performance of the Archaeological Phase 0 Study and Architectural Assessment. The results of the Archaeological Phase 0 Study indicate that there is a low probability that intact archaeological remains of historical signifi cance are present within the Area of Potential Eff ect (APE) of the present project. In addition, the architectural assessment has resulted in the recommendation that the complex of structures at the Keddy Mill Superfund Site lack integrity necessary to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. NE ARC and Architectural Historian Margaret Gaertner recommend that no additional archaeological or architectural investigations are necessary prior to the commencement of future construction, or other ground disturbing activity at the Keddy Mill Superfund Site. iii iv Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Windham, Cumberland County, Maine Project: MHPC No. 0483-15 AFFILIATION OF AUTHORS Margaret Gaertner, M.S. Historic Building Consultant Portland, Maine 04102 Stephen R. Scharoun, M.A. Historical Archaeologist/Historian Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. Farmington, Maine 04938 Rosemary A. Cyr, M.A. Laboratory Director Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. Farmington, Maine 04938 Ellen R. Cowie, Ph.D. Principal Investigator and Director Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. Farmington, Maine 04938 v vi Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Windham, Cumberland County, Maine Project: MHPC No. 0483-15 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................iii AFFILIATION OF AUTHORS .............................................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ix I: INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................1 II: GENERAL HISTORIC CONTEXT ................................................................................................. 5 Little Falls Historic Context ....................................................................................................................... 7 III: HISTORY OF THE KEDDY MILL SITE ...................................................................................... 9 Existing Conditions .................................................................................................................................. 35 IV: ARCHAEOLOGICAL PHASE 0 FIELD INVESTIGATION .................................................... 39 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 39 History of Environmental Investigation ................................................................................................... 39 Phase 0 Field Inspection ......................................................................................................................... 42 Summary of Phase 0 Archaeological Assessment ................................................................................... 56 V: ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................. 57 Setting ...................................................................................................................................................... 57 Machine Shop (1909) ...............................................................................................................................57 Beater Building (1909) ............................................................................................................................ 62 Dynamo Room (1909) ............................................................................................................................. 73 Finishing and Shipping Building (1912).................................................................................................. 82 Steel-Framed Building ............................................................................................................................. 89 Statement of Signifi cance ........................................................................................................................93 VI: CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................................... 95 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX I: CHAIN OF TITLE ...................................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX II: GOOGLE EARTH IMAGES ................................................................................... 115 vii viii Archaeological Phase 0 Assessment and Architectural Assessment of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site Windham, Cumberland County, Maine Project: MHPC No. 0483-15 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Topographic map (from 1990) showing the location of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Figure 2. Aerial photograph (from 2012) showing the location of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site, Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Figure 3. Portion of 1857 Chace map showing the route of the Cumberland & Oxford Canal from Sebago Lake to Portland, Maine. Figure 4. A. W. Longfellow’s 1840 “Plan and Profi le of the Presumpscot River from Gambo Falls to Little Falls...” Source: Maine Historical Society. Figure 5. Portion of 1857 Chace map showing the location of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site in Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Note the “Factory” on the Gorham side of Little Falls and a building labeled “S.M.” which likely refers to “saw mill” on the Windham side. Figure 6. Portion of 1871 Beers map showing the location of the Keddy Mill Superfund Site in Windham, Cumberland County, Maine. Figure 7. The earliest known image of the Keddy Mill, then called the Sebago Wood Board Company. Date unknown, although this photo appears to pre-date the 1885 Sanborn Map, as the “Wood Preparing House” is not yet built. Note the roof of the mill is nearly fl at and the monitor is not yet in place. All of the buildings in this image have been demolished. Source: Windham Historical Society, located online. Figure 8. Portion of the 1885 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Sebago Wood Board Company. The map is rotated to align with the photograph depicted in Figure 7. Source: Maine Historical Society. Figure 9. Portion of the 1892 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Sebago Wood Board Company. The map is rotated to align with Figure 8. The two-story volume over the Presumpscot is shown for the fi rst time. Source: Maine Historical Society. Figure 10. View of the Sebago Wood Board Company, taken sometime after 1885 and before 1892. The three-story addition for the “Digesters” and the two-story “Wood Preparing House” are visible. None of these buildings remain. Source: Windham Historical Society. Figure 11. Portion of the 1897 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Sebago Wood Board Company. Source: Maine Historical Society. ix Figure 12. Portion of the 1903 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map showing details of the Sebago Wood Board Company,
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