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ETD-5608-7474.19.Pdf (6.749Mb) USING INFRARED SPECTROMETRY TO DEDUCE FLUID HISTORY FROM A GEOTHERMAL ENERGY EXPLORATION CORE AT EMIGRANT PEAK GEOTHERMAL PROSPECT, NORTHERN FISH LAKE VALLEY, NEVADA, U.S.A. by Chinomso N. Madubuike APPROVED BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: ___________________________________________ Dr. Thomas Brikowski, Chair ___________________________________________ Dr. John Oldow ___________________________________________ Dr. William Manton Copyright 2016 Chinomso N. Madubuike All Rights Reserved To God Almighty for His kindness towards me. I cannot thank Him enough. USING INFRARED SPECTROMETRY TO DEDUCE FLUID HISTORY FROM A GEOTHERMAL ENERGY EXPLORATION CORE AT EMIGRANT PEAK GEOTHERMAL PROSPECT, NORTHERN FISH LAKE VALLEY, NEVADA, U.S.A. by CHINOMSO N. MADUBUIKE, B. TECH THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The University of Texas at Dallas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOSCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS December 2016 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Tom Brikowski, for making out time to carefully review my work and offer insightful input to this project, from start to finish. I appreciate his patience, kindness, and superb teaching skills. Thanks to Dr. John Oldow, one of my committee members for helping to simplify the complex structural geology of my study area. He was a valuable resource. To my other committee member - Dr. William Manton, thanks for your support and for showing interest in my project. I am also grateful to Ellison Miles Foundation and Pioneer Natural Resources for their financial support. I appreciate John Deymonaz and Linda Williams for their generous in-kind support provided to me during my stay in Dyer for fieldwork. Thanks to all the Geoscience department staff and faculty, especially Kyong Edwards, Gloria Eby, Dr. Carlos Aiken, Dr. Robert Stern and Dr. John Ferguson for their assistance and guidance. I appreciate my colleagues at the University of Texas at Dallas, particularly Nick Mueller, Ann Moulding, Kelly Ables (helpful during data acquisition in Dyer), Jackie Horn, Michael Anekwe and Hesham Buhedma who helped in various magnitudes leading to a successful project. Thanks to all my family and friends, especially Toochukwu Onwuliri, my best friend for his constant support and companionship all through the duration of my program. I also appreciate my loving brother Tochi Madubuike for his encouragement and moral support. To my awesome parents, Mr. and Mrs. Emeka Madubuike, thank you for all your prayers and financial support. Finally, I am most grateful to God for granting me good health, favor, provision and protection through the years. Thank you all! November 2016 v USING INFRARED SPECTROMETRY TO DEDUCE FLUID HISTORY FROM A GEOTHERMAL ENERGY EXPLORATION CORE AT EMIGRANT PEAK GEOTHERMAL PROSPECT, NORTHERN FISH LAKE VALLEY, NEVADA, U.S.A. Publication No. ___________________ Chinomso N. Madubuike, MS The University of Texas at Dallas, 2016 ABSTRACT Supervising Professor: Dr. Thomas Brikowski The purpose of this study was to test the possibility of using infrared (IR) spectrometry in mineral identification from a core (EM 17-31), from the Emigrant Peak geothermal prospect in northern Fish Lake Valley, Nevada. The use of IR spectrometry in the identification of minerals has led to notable progress in quantifying rock alteration in magma-hydrothermal systems. Similar progress may be possible for the amagmatic geothermal systems common in western U.S., despite their much weaker rock alteration. The stratigraphic sequence includes shallow Tertiary intermediate and silicic volcanic rocks, Paleozoic greenschist-facies metamorphosed sheared carbonates and pelites, infrequent lithons of Mesozoic granodiorite, all in detachment fault contact with Precambrian gneissic metamorphic tectonites. IR-detected minerals exhibited a steady downhole progression from smectite to illite to muscovite (total depth of 2900 ft.), reflecting shallow diagenetic alteration merging smoothly into much older regional metamorphic assemblages. IR scalars, based on ratios of reflectance at diagnostic wavelengths, indicate a steadily increasing alkali phyllosilicate maturity with depth (Illite vi Spectral Maturity or ISM), largely independent of lithology. At 2400 ft. depth, this trend reverses with decreasing maturity in silicified Paleozoic metasiltstones overlying the Silver Peak-Lone Mountain Detachment Fault at 2733 ft. A distinct change to ISM values consistent with the shallow diagenetic zone occurs at and below the detachment. Chlorite Spectral Maturity (CSM) scalar exhibits similar trends. This suggests a relatively cool hydrothermal event, with fluid temperatures in the range of those observed in nearby amagmatic geothermal systems, primarily restricted to the detachment fault and below. The reappearance of smectites and iron oxides in this depth range also indicates relatively epithermal conditions. At an even finer scale, minimum maturity ISM values are spatially correlated with smectite mineral occurrences near and below the detachment, suggesting the movement of relatively cool fluids younger than 5 Ma indicating pathways for recent amagmatic geothermal circulation. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 LOCATION AND GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA .................................................. 3 1.2.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK ......................................................... 3 1.2.2 GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA .......................................................................... 6 1.2.3 AN AMAGMATIC GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM ................................................ 9 1.2.4 SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY OF THE EM 17-31 CORE ................................. 10 1.3 RESEARCH FOCUS ................................................................................................ 12 1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................... 13 1.4.1 AIMS.................................................................................................................. 13 1.4.2 OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2 METHOD .......................................................................................................... 14 2.1 INFRARED (IR) SPECTROSCOPY ........................................................................ 14 2.2 DATA ACQUISITION WITH INFRARED SPECTROMETER ............................ 15 2.3 PETROGRAPHIC THIN SECTION ANALYSIS ................................................... 17 2.4 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM INCORPORATION .......................... 17 CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 20 3.1 INFRARED SPECTROMETER MINERAL RESULTS FOR EM 17-31 ............... 20 viii 3.1.1 DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION MINERALS ....... 22 3.2 HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION MINERAL ZONATION ............................. 25 3.2.1 DOWNHOLE SMECTITE-ILLITE-MUSCOVITE PROGRESSION ............. 26 3.2.2 DOWNHOLE PROGRESSION OF APPARENT METAMORPHIC ZONES 27 3.3 INFRARED SCALARS ............................................................................................ 28 3.4 POTENTIAL RECENT ALTERATION ZONES .................................................... 31 CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................. 33 4.1 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................... 33 4.2 RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................................ 35 APPENDIX A PHYLLOSILICATE MINERALS .................................................................. 36 APPENDIX B THIN SECTION ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 42 APPENDIX C EM17-31 MINERAL DISTRIBUTION ......................................................... 47 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 83 VITA ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Map of southwestern United States with the study area outlined in red.. .............. 3 Figure 1.2. Location map of the EM 17-31 geothermal exploration well relative to major structural features of west-central Nevada. ............................................................ 5 Figure 1.3. Satellite image of northern Fish Lake Valley of Nevada showing locations of some wells ........................................................................................................................ 8 Figure 1.4. Stratigraphic column representation ..................................................................... 12 Figure 2.1. (a) First author
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