An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals
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Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3751723/9780903056434_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals Third Edition W. A. DEER{, FRS Emeritus Professor of Mineralogy & Petrology, University of Cambridge R. A. HOWIE{ Emeritus Professor of Mineralogy, University of London J. ZUSSMAN Emeritus Professor of Geology, University of Manchester { Sadly, Professors Deer and Howie died while this edition was in preparation The Mineralogical Society London Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3751723/9780903056434_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 The Mineralogical Society First published 1966 Second edition 1992 Third edition 2013 # W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie and J. Zussman 1966 Second edition # W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie and J. Zussman 1992 This edition # W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie and J. Zussman 2013 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. First published 1966 Second edition 1992 Third edition 2013 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Deer, W. A. An introduction to the rock-forming minerals. – 3rd ed. I. Title II. Howie, R. A. III. Zussman, J. 549 ISBN 978-0903056-33-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Deer, W. A. (William Alexander) An introduction to the rock-forming minerals/W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie, J. Zussman. – 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN ISBN 978-0903056-33-5 1. Silicate minerals. 2. Mineralogy. 3. Rocks. I. Howie R. A. (Robert Andrew) II. Zussman, J. (Jack) III. Title. 2013 549-dc23 Typeset by Almaroca Ltd., West Kirby, Wirral, UK Printed by Berforts Information Press, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3751723/9780903056434_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 Contents Preface to Third Edition v Serpentine 216 Preface to Second Edition vii Clay Minerals 224À227 Preface to First Edition viii Kaolinite group, Illite group, Acknowledgements ix Smectite group, Vermiculite 226 Abbreviations and Symbols x Prehnite 244 Key to optical sketches and data 1 Framework Silicates Ortho-, Di- and Ring Silicates Feldspar group 248À309 Olivine 4 Alkali feldspars, Barium feldspars Zircon 12 Plagioclase feldspars 253 Titanite (sphene) 15 Silica minerals Garnet group 18 Quartz, Tridymite, Cristobalite 311 Vesuvianite (idocrase) 28 Feldspathoids 325À354 Sillimanite 30 Nepheline and Kalsilite, Leucite, Andalusite 33 Sodalite Group, Cancrinite–Vishnevite, Kyanite 36 Scapolite 325 Staurolite 39 Zeolite group 355À379 Topaz 44 Analcime, Natrolite, Phillipsite– Chloritoid 47 Harmotome series, Laumontite, Epidote group 52À64 Heulandite series, Chabazite series, Zoisite, Clinozoisite, Epidote, Piemontite, Mordenite 363 Allanite 53 Non-silicates Lawsonite 65 Oxides 382 Pumpellyite 68 Periclase, Cassiterite, Corundum, Melilite group 72À75 Hematite, Ilmenite, Rutile, Anatase, Gehlenite, Melilite, A˚ kermanite 72 Brookite, Perovskite 382 Beryl 76 Spinel group 402 Cordierite 80 Al hydroxides and oxyhydroxides 409 Tourmaline group 86À92 Dravite–Fluor-dravite, Schorl–Fluor-schorl, Brucite, Gibbsite, Diaspore, Boehmite 409 Elbaite–Fluor-elbaite, Olenite–Fluor-olenite, Fe oxyhydroxides 417 Uvite–Fluor-uvite 86 Goethite, Lepidocrocite, Ferrihydrite 418 Sulphides 423 Chain Silicates Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, Chalcopyrite, Sphalerite, Pyroxene group 94À131 Galena 424 Enstatite–Ferrosilite, Pigeonite, Sulphates 441 DiopsideÀHedenbergite, Johannsenite, Baryte, Celestine, Gypsum, Anhydrite 441 Augite–Ferroaugite, Omphacite, Jadeite, Carbonates 451 Kosmochlor, Aegirine, Aegirine-augite, Calcite, Magnesite, Siderite, Dolomite, Spodumene 102 Aragonite, Strontianite 453 Wollastonite 132 Phosphates 473 Amphibole group 137À171 Apatite, Monazite 473 Anthophyllite–Gedrite, Cummingtonite– Halides 480 Grunerite, Tremolite–Ferro-actinolite, Fluorite, Halite 480 Hornblendes, Kaersutite, Glaucophane, Appendix 1: Calculation of a chemical formula Riebeckite, Richterite–Ferrorichterite, from a mineral analysis 485 Magnesiokatophorite–Katophorite, Appendix 2: Atomic and molecular weights for Eckermannite–Arfvedsonite 144 use in calculations of mineral formulae from Layered Silicates chemical analyses 487 Mica group 174À180 Appendix 3: End-member (Mol%) calculations 488 Muscovite, Paragonite, Glauconite, Appendix 4: Use of optical identification Phlogopite–Biotite, Lepidolite, Zinnwaldite 181 tables 490 Stilpnomelane 199 Table 4A: Birefringences and Pyrophyllite 202 Michel-Levy colours 491 Talc 204 Table 4B: Optical properties of Chlorite Group 208–215 common minerals 492 Clinochlore, chamosite 208 Index 495 iii Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3751723/9780903056434_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3751723/9780903056434_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 Preface to Third Edition In this edition most of the commonly occurring be confused, and in addition over 60 photomicrographs minerals of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks are presented illustrating typical features of minerals as are discussed in terms of structure, chemistry, optical seen under the petrological microscope. The electron and other physical properties, distinguishing features and probe and other analytical instruments have become paragenesis. Important correlations between these more widely employed, but in our view this does not aspects of mineralogy are emphasized wherever possible, diminish the importance of the petrological polarizing and the content of each section has been updated where microscope which provides an overview of the minerals needed in the light of published research over the and their relationships as they occur in rocks before they 21 years between editions. The text on each mineral are given individual attention using the powerful but now opens with a brief highlighted introduction on its generally more complex equipment now available. nature and occurrence, and where appropriate, following It is intended that this book dealing with the basic the last in a group of closely related minerals, a panel nature and properties of the principal rock-forming gives a very brief summary of their basic similarities minerals, while being particularly useful to under- and differences. Tables of over 200 chemical analyses graduate and postgraduate students of mineralogy, and formulae are included and a number of older entries petrology and geochemistry at various levels, will also have been replaced by more recent examples. The rather help those coming to these subjects for the first time small selection of references listed previously has been from other disciplines such as Materials Science and replaced by a more extensive reading list, including Chemistry, for whom it may serve as a condensed many recent publications and major reviews. version of the more extensive volumes of the DHZ Treatment of several mineral groups has been series, Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd edition. moderately expanded, and the zeolites more so, their We wish to express our thanks to many people. To general introduction now being followed by separate Kevin Murphy (Executive Director) and members of the sections for six of the main zeolite sub-groups. Still publications committee of the Mineralogical Society of more expanded is the treatment of the feldspar minerals, Great Britain and Ireland, for their very helpful comprising a comprehensive, more integrated, and suggested improvements. We are grateful to Pearson updated account of this very complex mineral group, Education for allowing use of a selection of the late most of it generously provided by Ian Parsons. In order W.S. MacKenzie’s photomicrographs, and to Mrs Anne to help limit the size and price of this volume, however, MacKenzie for making the original transparencies we have omitted previous brief sections on some of the available to us; we also thank Giles Droop for supplying less common minerals. us with photomicrographs from his teaching collection. This edition makes extensive use of colour, both in Enclosed inside the back cover of this third edition is the optical orientation sketches and in the many an interactive CD ‘‘CrystalViewer 8.3’’ containing a set photomicrographs of minerals in thin section. As well of crystal structures of the more common minerals. as adding colour to earlier crystal structure diagrams, These were created using ‘‘CrystalMaker’’ software many entirely new views are presented, and a (www.crystalmaker.com) and the authors and The ‘CrystalViewer’ interactive CD containing more than Mineralogical Society are very grateful to Dr David 100 crystal structures is provided. Palmer for supplying this CD and for helping in the While our text continues to be primarily concerned construction of many of the new crystal structure images with the understanding of the properties and formation seen throughout the volume. of minerals rather than the use of properties as a means We owe thanks also to Mark Welch, for generously of identification, the latter purpose is also addressed in preparing for us