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Analysis of Phenophases That Control In-Situ Establishment of Ocotea Usambarensis Engl

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Analysis of Phenophases That Control In-Situ Establishment of Ocotea Usambarensis Engl IJETST- Vol.||05||Issue||07||Pages 6674-6687||July||ISSN 2348-9480 2018 International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology IC Value: 76.89 (Index Copernicus) Impact Factor: 4.849 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijetst/v5i7.04 Analysis of phenophases that control in-situ establishment of Ocotea usambarensis Engl. in the southern slopes of Mt. Kenya Forest Authors Rithaa J.N.1*, Magana A.M.2, Nduru G.M.2, Githae E. W2 1Department of Environmental Studies, Chuka University P.O Box 109-60400 Chuka Email: [email protected] /[email protected] 2Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology, Chuka University P.O Box 109-60400 Chuka Email: [email protected] Abstract The existence of Ocotea usambarensis in Mt. Kenya Forest is threatened by extensive exploitation of both wood and non-wood products and therefore requires urgent conservation measures to prevent further degradation. Assessing phenological phases and their sequence determine the species establishment. This study therefore investigated the phenology and establishment of O. usambarensis and its association with other plant species in Mt. Kenya Forest. Three plots that were at least 5 km apart measuring 100 m x 100 m within the natural forest with mature O. usambarensis species were purposely sampled on the southern slopes. Point centered quarter (PCQ) method was applied in determining species association. Flowering, fruiting, leaf fall and leaf flush were determined as the main aspects for phenological assessment. Data on environmental factors were monitored through the aid of automatic weather station while phenophases were observed and recorded through classes of intensities. Shannon Wiener diversity index was used to determine species diversity and importance while regression and correlation analysis were used to determine the relationships among environmental factors. There was significant variation (P<0.05) in flowering, litter fall and leaf flush. Mean flowering was 2.67 (42%) while no fruiting was observed during the study period. Monthly variations in humidity, rainfall and radiation were significant (P< 0.05) while for temperature and wind speed were insignificant. It was observed that Diospyros abyssinica was growing in close association with O. usambarensis playing the role of nurse species. With the absence of seedlings in most of the sites and the limiting environmental factors, promotion of vegetative propagation and enrichment planting would enhance conservation and restoration of the species in Mt. Kenya forest Keywords: Biodiversity, Conservation, Ocotea, Mt. Kenya and Phenology. Introduction sporadic often taking 2-3 months and the trees Ocotea usambarensis is (Camphor) a tree species mature in 60-75 years (Daniel et al., 2006). with significant economic, environmental, social According to Bussmann (2001), large scale and cultural importance. The species is found in logging of Camphor trees predominantly destroys tropical forests which harbor between 50% and its regeneration leading to secondary forest types. 90% of Earth’s terrestrial plant species The over exploitation, exploration and conversion International Union for Conservation of Nature of forest ecosystems to different land use systems and United Nations Environmental Programme normally result in the decimation of biodiversity (IUCN & UNEP, 1992). Ocotea usambarensis and extinction of many valuable indigenous plant was once dominant in the wet forests of the species and animals (Akotsi & Gachanja, 2004). Eastern Aberdares and Mt. Kenya up to an altitude The indigenous tree species of economic of 2,600 meters above sea level, but is now rare importance including O. usambarensis have low due to over-exploitation, low seed viability, density in tropical forests which indicates their browsing, game damage and poor regeneration elimination due to the increasing demand for fuel (Gachathi, 2007). Germination of seeds is wood, timber and medicinal use (Maina, 2013). Rithaa J.N. et al www.ijetst.in Page 6674 IJETST- Vol.||05||Issue||07||Pages 6674-6687||July||ISSN 2348-9480 2018 Ocotea usambarensisis is among the main achieved if adequate information on the targeted timber species for selective logging regeneration dynamics is available. (Kleinschroth, et al., 2013). This is because of its The government policy aims at promoting valuable wood for timber (Gathaara, 1999). Its commercial tree growing and on-farm species medicinal value and high quality timber has led to diversification (GoK, 2014).Tree planting has its overexploitation endangering this unique tree often focused on exotic species; however exotic species. The extraction situation is compounded species have failed to replace indigenous timber in by the slow growth rate, low seeds viability, places where high quality timber is needed for browsing by wild animals, game damage and furniture and interior furnishings (Oballa and difficult in seedlings propagation (Albrecht, 1993; Musya, 2010). If Kenya is to earn more GDP from Poorter et al., 1996). Other common species of forest products, these indigenous species must not large timber trees exploited in Mt. Kenya forest only be conserved but be improved and grown are; Juniperus procera (Cedar), Olea side by side with the exotic ones. Communities europeae(Wild Olive), Hagenia abyssinica (East adjacent to Mt. Kenya forests depends on the African Rosewood), Croton macrostachyus forests for timber, fuel wood, grazing areas and (Croton), Vitex keniensis (Meru Oak) and Ficus non-timber forest products like honey harvesting, thonningii(Strangler fig) (Mugumo (Beentje, medicinal extracts and domestic water. There is 2008). Githae et al. (2015) reported that several ignorance amongst the surrounding communities native tree species of environmental and socio- on ecological aspects including multiple values of economic value are threatened by human activities forest, the effect of forest over-use on their and therefore should be conserved. There is a livelihoods and for those downstream and wide range of biological diversity not only in sustainable conservation strategies. Remnant trees terms of ecosystems but also in terms of plant are retained in the farm lands of the local people species in Mt. Kenya ecosystem. According to to improve livelihoods (Kewesa et al., 2015). Bussmann, (2001) 882 plant species, subspecies Degradation of Mt. Kenya forest is mainly due to and varieties belonging to 479 genera and 146 exploitation of indigenous trees for timber and families have been identified in Mt. Kenya forest other uses coupled with lack of local forest and out of these 81 plant species are endemic ( inventories (Rutten, et al., 2015). Information on Gathaara, 1999). The identified main species in the various aspects of establishment of the most the gazetted indigenous forests include; demanded forest species is necessary for their Calodendrum capense, Catha edulis, Cordia domestication with the aim of easing pressure on africana, Croton macrostachyus, Croton megaloc- their in- situ exploitation since ex- situ production arpus, Ficus thonningii, Hagenia abyssinica, could be achieved. Adoption and domestication of Juniperus procera, Markhamia lutea, Milicia much sort for forest woody species including excelsa, Ocotea usambarensis, Olea capensis, Ocotea usambarensis would in turn lead to the Olea europaea, Olea welwitschii, Premna protection and restoration of natural forest maxima, Prunus africana and Vitex keniensis. habitats. There are values attributed to Mt. Kenya forest by Ocotea usambarensis has prospects as a plantation all the various groups of people living around the timber tree providing wood of excellent quality. forest. The forest provides an important location Marura and Lemmens (2008) observed that for religion and other rituals for the people. Many although the species provides valuable timber and tree species are considered sacred while others are has been over exploited, very little research has used for both socio economic and environmental been done on its growth rates, phenological and services. Its conservation preserves its vitality. regeneration responses to environmental cues. Sustainable utilization of O. usambarensis can be Kleinsclhroth, et. al (2013) reported that natural Rithaa J.N. et al www.ijetst.in Page 6675 IJETST- Vol.||05||Issue||07||Pages 6674-6687||July||ISSN 2348-9480 2018 regeneration of O. usambarensis in Mt. Kenya Study Site forest is inadequate for the recovery of the The study was carried out in the southern slopes valuable timber species and additional of Mt. Kenya forest. Mt Kenya Forest is located to conservation measures should be considered. The the east of the Great Rift Valley, along Latitude 0’ farmers have not succeeded in planting the O. 10’S and longitude 37’ 20’E. It bestrides the usambarensis seedlings on their farm due to lack equator in the central highland zones of Kenya. of information on the species ecological The mountain is situated in two Forest requirements and management. The Kenya Forest Conservancies and five forest management zones Service and timber merchants have also not namely Nyeri and Kirinyaga in Central Highlands succeeded in establishing the O. usambarensis Conservancy and Meru Central, Meru South and plantations for commercial growing. The specific Embu in Eastern Conservancy. The climate of Mt. fertility requirements for the seedlings Kenya region is largely determined by altitude. establishment need to be ascertained for ex-situ There are great differences in altitude within short management. This study
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