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Tree Seeds for Farmers

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Tree Seeds for Farmers Tree Seeds for Farmers by Roeland Kindt Jens-Peter B. Lillesø Anne Mbora Jonathan Muriuki Charles Wambugu Will Frost Jan Beniest Anand Aithal Janet Awimbo Sheila Rao Christine Holding-Anyonge A Toolkit and Reference Source Suggested citation: Kindt R., Lillesø J.P.B., Mbora A., Muriuki J., Wambugu C., Frost W., Beniest J., Aithal A., Awimbo J., Rao S., Holding-Anyonge C. 2006. Tree Seeds for Farmers: a Toolkit and Reference Source. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre. Published by The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) United Nations Avenue PO Box 30677, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7224000, via USA +1 650 833 6645 Fax: +254 20 7224001, via USA +1 650 833 6645 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.worldagroforesty.org © 2006 World Agroforestry Centre ISBN 92 9059 182 X Editing, design and layout: Green Ink Publishing Services Ltd (www.greenink.co.uk) Printing: UNON/Publishing Section Services/Nairobi This publication may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged. Permission for resale or other commercial purposes may be granted under select circumstances by the Head of the Training Unit of the World Agroforestry Centre. Contents Acronyms v Foreword vii Acknowledgements viii How this Toolkit was developed xi List of materials on the CD-ROM xiii How to use this Toolkit xv Detailed list of questions xvii PART I: Strategies for scaling up seed production Chapter 1: Seed Production and Distribution Strategies 3 Chapter 2: Research 23 Chapter 3: Extension 35 Chapter 4: Training 51 Chapter 5: Information Sources 71 Chapter 6: Species Selection 79 PART II: Technical guidelines in seed production Chapter 7: Seed Sourcing 95 Chapter 8: Seed Collection 109 Chapter 9: Seed Processing 123 Chapter 10: Seed Storage 133 Chapter 11: Seed Dormacy and Pre-sowing Treatments 145 Chapter 12: Seed Quality – Physiological and Genetic 155 Chapter 13: Seed Distribution 167 Chapter 14: Seed Documentation 173 PART III: The private sector and seed production Chapter 15: The Business Approach 181 Chapter 16: Marketing Seed and Seedlings 191 Chapter 17: Tree Nurseries as an Enterprise 203 Chapter 18: Tree Seedling Quality 215 Chapter 19: Tree Nursery Operators as Extension Agents 225 Acronyms ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency AgREN Agricultural Research Network AHI African Highlands Initiative ARDAP Appropriate Rural Development Agriculture Programme BAT British American Tobacco CBO Community-based organization CIAT International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical) CIG Common interest groups +5), +WUU]VQ\a5WJQTQ[I\QWV)OIQV[\,M[MZ\QÅKI\QWV COSOFAP Consortium for Scaling-up Options for increasing Farm Productivity and incomes in western Kenya DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DFID Department for International Development, UK DFSC DANIDA Forest Seed Centre DGAK Dairy Goat Association of Kenya ECOTRUST Environmental Conservation Trust of Uganda FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ..; .IZUMZÅMTL[KPWWT FLD Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning FORRI Forestry Resources Research Institute FSA Farming systems approach FTC Farmers’ training centre GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit 01>)1,; 0]UIVQUU]VWLMÅKQMVKa^QZ][)KY]QZMLQUU]VMLMÅKQMVKa syndrome ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ICT Information and communication technology IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFSP Indonesia Forest Seed Project IGCP International Gorilla Conservation Project IIRR International Institution of Rural Reconstruction IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute IPM Integrated pest management IPPC International Plant Protection Convention ITFC Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation ISNAR International Service for National Agricultural Research ISSAAC Improved Seed Systems for Agroforestry in African Countries ISTA International Seed Testing Association ITFC Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KADFA Kabale District Farmers’ Association Acronyms v KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute KEPHIS Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate KWAP Kenya Wood Fuel Agroforestry Programme LRC Learning resource centre M&E Monitoring and evaluation MIS Market information system NARO National Agricultural Research Organisation, Uganda NFA National Forestry Authority NGO Non-governmental organization NTSC National tree seed centre ODI Overseas Development Institute OFI Oxford Forestry Institute PFSA Participatory farming systems analysis PRA Participatory rural appraisal PRIME/West Productive Resource Investments for Managing the Environment Program/Western region PWRD People with recovery and disabilities RELMA Regional Land Management Unit, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) REFSO Rural Energy and Food Security Organisation SOFEM Social Forestry Extension Model SURUC-CODEP Sustainable Rural Christian Community Development Programme SWTWS South Western Towns Water and Sanitation T&V Training and visits TATRO Technology Adoption Through Research Organizations TNA Training needs assessment <61 <ZIQVQVOVMML[QLMV\QÅKI\QWV TOT Training-of-trainers TOTDOMEA Testing Options and Training Partners in Participatory Tree Domestication and Marketing in East Africa TTZ Tetrazolium TWAN Two-Wings Agroforestry Network UCRC Ugunja Community Resource Centre UGADEN Uganda Agroforestry Development Network UNSPPA Uganda National Seed Potato Producers’ Association UPOV International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants VVOB Flemish Association for Development Cooperation and Technical Assistance WIFIP Women in Fishing Industry Project Tree Seeds for Farmers: vi A Toolkit and Reference Source Foreword In order to successfully disseminate agroforestry technologies, various hurdles that currently limit the scaling-up process must be tackled. The lack of tree seed, seedling and other planting materials (tree germplasm) is a major con- straint to the scaling up of agroforestry innovations. Sustainable production of high-quality germplasm for a wide range of agroforestry species is the basis of a successful scaling-up process. Institutional and organizational procedures that are adequate and conducive to large-scale production and distribution of agroforestry seed are also needed. Seed and seedlings production and distribution should be a collaborative effort between local actors and stakeholders (including farmers, governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community-based organizations (CBOs) and research organizations. No blueprint exists for strat- MOQM[NWZ[KITQVO]X[MMLXZWL]K\QWV1VLMML[]KP[\ZI\MOQM[VMML\WJM[XMKQÅK to local conditions and should be based on links and collaboration between local actors. The private sector should be involved in developing sustainable seed and seedling production systems without compromising germplasm quality. This Toolkit is part of the World Agroforestry Centre’s (ICRAF’s) scaling- up activities for agroforestry technologies. The Toolkit was developed to provide information to farmers about sustainable production and distribution of agroforestry seed and seedlings. Also included are issues that deal with seed quality, developing joint strategies for seed production and ways of introduc- ing sustainability in seed production and distribution systems. Although this Toolkit was developed for ICRAF’s Trees and Markets thematic area in East and Central Africa, the information and resources herein can be utilized globally. Users are encouraged to adapt the materials provided in this Toolkit for extension and training activities with farmers. The authors hope that this Toolkit will encourage users to recommend strategies that encompass quality, diversity and sustainability of tree seed production, and help bring together organizations that are involved in seed production. Foreword vii Acknowledgments The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs through its Education and Development Division of the Cultural Cooperation, Education and Research Department generously supported the development of this Toolkit; the Flemish Association for Development Cooperation and Technical Assistance (VVOB) through the Testing Options and Training Partners in Participatory Tree Domestication and Marketing in East Africa (TOTDOMEA) project and the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) through Support of the Improved Seed Systems for Agroforestry in African Countries (ISSAAC) project. Thanks to VVOB, the UK Department for International Development (DFID), and Forest and Landscape for sponsoring two work- shops on needs assessment and a review of the Toolkit. We are also grateful to VVOB and DANIDA for supporting the secondment of Roeland Kindt and Jens-Peter B. Lillesø to the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Marcus Robbins (Oxford, UK), Søren Moestrup (Forest and Landscape, Denmark), Lars Schmidt (Forest and Landscape, Denmark), Jim Roshetko (ICRAF, Indonesia and Winrock International, USA) and Christine Holding- Anyonge (Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy), provided technical reviews of the draft versions. The comments and suggestions provided by future users of the Toolkit and other stakeholders during needs assessment workshops in Kabale (Uganda, 21–24 June 2004) and Kisumu (Kenya, 7–9 July 2004) are highly appreciated. The National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) of Uganda
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