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Serikali Ya Mapinduzi Zanzibar Care Tanzania And SERIKALI YA MAPINDUZI ZANZIBAR CARE TANZANIA AND DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL CROPS, FRUITS AND FORESTRY NGEZI – VUMAWIMBI FOREST RESERVES BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY REPORT PREPARED BY C. L. NAHONYO, L. B. MWASUMBI, C. A. MSUYA, C.A. MASAO, T. B. SUYA AND C. SHING’WENDA DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND MARINE BIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM P. O. BOX 35064 DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA [email protected] JULY 2005 Table of Contents Item Page Title………………………………………………………….……………………... i Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….. ii List of Tables………………………………………………………………………. iv List of Figures……………………………………………………………………… v List of Maps………………………………………………………………………... v List of Appendices…………………………………………………………………. vi Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………… vii Map showing position of Pemba relative to Tanzania mainland……………….….. viii Map of Zanzibar showing position of Ngezi –Vumawimbi Forest Reserves.……... ix Executive Summary………………………………………………………………... x 1.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………... 1 1.1 Overview of Tanzania biodiversity………………………………………… 2 1.2 Brief history of Ngezi –Vumawimbi study area…………………………… 3 1.2.1 History of Ngezi forest………………………………………………… 3 2.0 THE SURVEY AREA…………………………………………………………. 5 2.1 Location……………………………………………………………………. 5 2.2 Scope……………………………………………………………………….. 5 2.3 Accessibility………………………………………………………………... 5 2.4 Topography………………………………………………………………… 5 2.5 Geology and hydrology...………………………………………………….. 6 2.6 Soils………………………………………………………………………... 6 2.7 Climate……………………………………………………………………... 6 2.8 Vegetation………………………………………………………………….. 9 2.9 Fauna……………………………………………………………………… 9 2.10 Land tenure, land use and habitats………………………………………... 10 2.11 Human demography……………………………………………………… 10 3.0 METHODS………………………………………………………………….…. 11 3.1 Vegetation Sampling……………………………………………………….. 11 3.2 Vegetation Mapping……………………………………………………….. 12 3.2.1 Interpretation and field verification………………………………….. 12 3.2.2 Digitatization and rectifications……………………………………… 12 3.3 Fauna inventory……………………………………………………………. 12 3.3.1 Reconnaissance survey………………………………………………. 12 3.3.2 Fauna sampling………………………………………………………. 12 3.3.2.1Mammals……………………………………………………….. 16 3.3.2.2 Small mammals………………………………………………… 16 3.3.2.3 Birds……………………………………………………………. 18 3.3.2.4 Reptiles………………………………………………………… 18 3.3.2.5 Amphibians………………………………………………….…. 18 3.3.2.6 Fish………………………………………………………….…. 18 3.3.2.7 Invertebrates……………………………………………………. 18 3.4 Socio economic survey…………………………………………………….. 19 3.5 Legend to threatened and endangered species of flora and fauna…………. 20 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………. 21 4.1 Vegetation………………………………………………………………….. 21 4.1.1 Synopsis of the vegetation types………...…………………………… 21 4.1.2 Description of vegetation types……..……………………………….. 23 4.1.2.1 Natural moist forest……………………………………… 23 Item Page 4.1.2.2 Moist forest mixed with exotic species………………….. 24 4.1.2.3 Microsites of open pools/ponds in moist forests………… 24 4.1.2.4 Coastal dry evergreen forest on coral rag………………... 24 4.1.2.5 Coastal evergreen dry forest on sandy soils……………… 25 4.1.2.6 Coastal evergreen thicket………………………………… 25 ii 4.1.2.7 Fresh water swamp forest………………………………... 25 4.1.2.8 Fragmented Remnants…………………………………… 26 4.1.2.9 Erica Vegetation…………………………………………. 27 4.1.2.10 Mangrove Thickets……………………………………... 27 4.1.2.11 Fresh water swamp in open land……………………….. 28 4.1.2.12 Rice field landscape and other crops fields…………….. 28 4.1.3 Indicator species and criteria to diagnose ecological condition.. 28 4.1.4 Evaluation of plant biological resources………………………. 32 4.1.5 Plant species diversity…………………………………………. 34 4.1.6 Medicinal Plants………………………………………………. 34 4.1.7 Conservation values of the forest……………………………… 36 4.1.8 Conservation Status of the forest……………………………… 37 4.1.9 Endemic, endangered and introduced plant species…………... 40 4.2 Fauna……………………………………………………………….. 44 4.2.1 Mammal occurrence and distribution…………………………. 44 4.2.2 Relative abundance of animals………………………………... 52 4.2.3 Animal species richness and diversity………………………… 53 4.2.4 Important habitats for animals………………………………… 53 4.2.5 Animal movement and migration……………………………... 54 4.2.6 Birds…………………………………………………………… 54 4.2 7 Reptiles………………………………………………………... 55 4.2.8 Amphibians……………………………………………………. 55 4.2.9 Endemic species of animals…………………………………… 56 4.2.10 Threatened and endangered animal species………………….. 57 4.2.11 Introduced species of animals………………………………... 58 4.2.12 Fish…………………………………………………………… 59 4.2.12.1 Fisheries resources……………………………………… 59 4.2.12.2 Fish species occurrence, endemism and diversity in Ngezi……………………………………………………. 59 4.2.12.3 Fish movement and migration……………………….…. 60 4.2.12.4 Fish habitats and spawning areas…………………….…. 60 4.2.12.5 Threatened species of fish (IUCN threat categories)…… 61 4.2.12.6 Fishing and fish production…………………………….. 62 4.2.12.7 Threats to fisheries resources…………………………… 63 4.2.12.8 Fisheries conservation………………………………….. 63 4.2.3 Invertebrates (Lepidopterans and Odonata)…………………... 63 4.4 Socio-economic Survey…………………………………………….. 65 4.4.1 Demographic characteristics………………………………….. 65 4.4.2 Crops grown…………………………………………………... 66 4.4.3 Livestock keeping…………………………………………….. 67 Item Page 4.4.4 Resources utilization………………………………………….. 67 4.4.5 Threats to biodiversity………………………………………... 69 4.4.6 Future management of Ngezi Forest Reserve………………… 70 4.4.7 Socio economic recommendations…………………………… 72 6.0 EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND THEIR CONSERVATION VALUE………………………………………………... 74 7.0 POTENTIAL THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY……………………….. 74 8.0 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………….. 78 9.0 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………. 83 iii Terms of reference…………………………………………………………………. 90 Appendices…………………………………………………………………………. 91 Plates……………………………………………………………………………….. 135 List of Tables Item Page Table 2.1: Human population distribution by Shehia in the study area, Pemba…………………………………………………………… 11 Table 2.2: Human population in villages in the immediate vicinity of Ngezi forest, Pemba……………………………………………………………….. 11 Table 3.1: Description of transects used to sample plants, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates in Ngezi - Vumawimbi Forest Reserves, Pemba…………………………………………………………... 15 Table 4.1: Synopsis of main vegetation types in Ngezi – Vumawimbi Forest reserves, Pemba…………………………………………….. 21 Table 4.2: Summary of tree data for the different vegetation types in Ngezi, Pemba……………………………………………………………….. 22 Table 4.3: Land cover/Land use of Ngezi – Vumawimbi Forest Reserves and surrounding areas, Pemba…………………………………………………… 23 Table 4.4: Common herbaceous species occurring in seasonally water logged pools in Ericaceous bushland in Ngezi forest, Pemba………………………. 27 Table 4.5: Woody herbs and other herbaceous vegetation occurring in fresh water swamps in open land surrounding Ngezi forest, Pemba……………………. 28 Table 4.6: Trees used for commercial timber harvesting and other uses in Ngezi forest, Pemba……………………………………………………………… 33 Table 4.7a: Some plant species with medicinal values in Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba……………………………………………………………………... 34 Table 4.7b: Records of medicinal plants also available in Ngezi forest used traditionally as primary source of health care…………………………….. 35 Table 4.8a: List of new records of plant species from Ngezi forest, Pemba.. 37 Table 4.8b: List of new records of non-vascular (mushroom) plant species from Ngezi forest, Pemba…………………………………………... 40 Table 4.9: Endemic species of the Zanzibar-Inhambane regional centre of endemism including Lowland and Eastern Arc Forests occurring in Ngezi forest and surroundings in Pemba…………………………………………. 41 Table 4.10: Threatened plant species of Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba……... 43 Table 4.11: Animals and animal signs observed during foot count in Ngezi – Vumawimbi forest reserves, Pemba………………………………………. 45 Table 4.12: Total number of fauna specimens captured in traps (bucket pitfalls, snaps, Sherman’s, cage) in Ngezi forest, Pemba…………………………. 52 Table 4.13: Relative abundance of some vertebrate groups and species in Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest reserves, Pemba………………………………………. 53 Table 4.14: Distribution of different habitats in Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest reserves, Pemba…………………………………………………………… 54 Table 4.15: Endemic and near endemic fauna species and sub species of Pemba… 56 Table 4.16: New record of fauna of Pemba………………………………………... 57 Table 4.17: Threatened and endangered animal species listed in IUCN redlist, and species listed in CITES Appendices found in Ngezi – Vumawimbi forest reserves and surrounding areas, Pemba…………………………………… 58 Table 4.18: Some animal species introduced to Pemba and Zanzibar……………... 58 Table 4.19: Threatened fish species (IUCN) reported as occurring in Pemba and iv Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………… 61 Table 4.20: The reported disadvantages experienced after the initiation of total protection programme at Ngezi forest…………………………………….. 70 Table 4.21: The declared suggestions/comments offered by the respondents regarding their views for future management of Ngezi forest…………….. 71 Table 6.1: Summary of potential threats to biodiversity in Ngezi - Vumawimbi forest reserves, Pemba……………………………………………………………... 77 List of Figures Item Page Figure 4.1: Tree density (trees ha-1) shown against basal area (m2 ha-1) for the six sampled vegetation transects in Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba………. 30 Figure 4.2: dbh versus number of trees (stems) in each of the six sampled transects in Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba………………………………………….. 30 Figure 4.3: Height range (in metres) versus number of trees in six sampled transects in Ngezi forest reserve, Pemba………………………………….. 31 Figure 4.4: Number of vervet
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