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Swiss German and Swiss Standard German 57 Copyright by Christian Matthias Fingerhuth 2017 The Dissertation Committee for Christian Matthias Fingerhuth certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Grammatical Variation in Standard German, 1900-1999: A Contrastive Corpus-Linguistic Study of Germany and Switzerland Committee: Marc Pierce, Supervisor Lars Hinrichs Peter Hess Stephan Elspaß Hans C. Boas Grammatical Variation in Standard German, 1900-1999: A Contrastive Corpus-Linguistic Study of Germany and Switzerland by Christian Matthias Fingerhuth Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin, 2017 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2017 Acknowledgements Even more than empirical data, the foundation of this dissertation is support - moral, monetary, hands-on, and academic. Naming the sources of funding is the easiest task. Without travel and summer funding from The Department of Germanic Studies at The University of Texas at Austin I would not have had numerous conversations that helped me develop and complete this project. Completing it in only 2 years was possible only with the generous funding from the Graduate School at The University of Texas at Austin that relieved me of my teaching duty for 2 semesters. In more than 10 years as a student I have lost count of my teachers. I will name only three, despite the injustice this does to all those who remain unmentioned. As my adviser, Marc Pierce deserves particular credit. Without his open door and keen eye this dissertation would look markedly different. The use of the Oxford Comma is a testimony to his persistence. He, Katherine Arens, and Hans C. Boas are probably the largest contributors to my growth as a scholar in the past years. I am grateful for the time they devoted to me. Graduate school would have been impossible without friends. They are, again, too many to mention. In Austin, Collin Brown and Jason Roberts deserve special credit for going out of their way to help me getting set up. Alexander Lorenz has been crucial in the precarious logistics of my life on two sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The ways my family contributed to this project could fill a book. I thank my parents Manfred and Maria Fingerhuth and my sisters Judith and Stephanie for their support over the last decades. iv Grammatical Variation in Standard German, 1900-1999: A Contrastive Corpus-Linguistic Study of Germany and Switzerland by Christian Matthias Fingerhuth, PhD The University of Texas at Austin Supervisor: Marc Pierce This study examines the development of grammatical variation in German and Swiss Standard German during the 20th century in the framework of German as a pluricentric language, i.e. as a language with multiple regional or national standard varieties. Starting from features seen as specific for Swiss Standard German at the beginning of the 21st century, it traces the development of these features back to the beginning of the 20th century using written corpora of Standard German. The dissertation builds on a review of the history of the concept of and research on German as a pluricentric language, as well as a discussion of the concept of standard language. It then focuses on diglossia in German-speaking Switzerland, i.e. the context- specific use of dialect and standard language, with a focus on the 20th century, and discusses the relevance of language in the construction of Swiss identity. Subsequently, the composition of the corpora used is discussed. In this context, the relevance of the use of different text types is discussed. The following analysis draws the following conclusions: (1) The data show no uniform development across the features investigated. (2) The Swiss corpus appears to v show more variation than the German corpus. (3) It is an exception that forms that are only used rarely in Switzerland in the beginning of the 20th century become dominant over the course of the 20th century. (4) Text type appears not to influence the use of variants in the Swiss corpus. The findings add to previous research and complicate the understanding of the development of variation in Standard German. In numerous instances, Swiss Standard German appears already distinct from German Standard German at the beginning of the 20th century. Comparison with recent studies further raises theoretical questions on the conception of standard language that may have consequences for future corpus design. vi Contents 1 Introduction1 2 German as a Pluricentric or Pluriareal Language9 2.1 Standard language................................. 11 2.1.1 Standard language and Standard German: old and new terminology 11 2.1.2 Towards a working definition of Standard German......... 14 2.2 Standard German in a historical perspective................. 27 2.3 Pluricentricity ................................... 30 2.3.1 History of the Concept and Research................. 30 2.3.2 Pluriareality vs. Pluricentricity: The role of borders in language development ............................... 35 2.4 Research into the Pluricentric Standardization................ 43 2.4.1 The Pluricentric Standardization of German............. 43 2.4.2 A glance at the Pluricentric Standardization of English . 52 3 German in Switzerland: Swiss German and Swiss Standard German 57 3.1 Diglossia in German-Speaking Switzerland.................. 58 3.2 Swiss Diglossia: History of terminology and research............ 62 3.2.1 Terminological considerations..................... 62 3.2.2 The historical development of diglossia ............... 68 vii 3.3 German in Multilingual Switzerland...................... 76 3.4 Language and Identity in German-Speaking Switzerland.......... 81 3.4.1 The construction of Swiss German identity against Germany through language around the end of the 20th century............ 81 3.4.2 The construction of Swiss German identity against Germany through- out the 20th century........................... 90 3.5 Grammatical Variation in Swiss Standard German.............. 97 4 Corpora 100 4.1 Overview of the corpora used.......................... 100 4.2 Text type and standard language ........................ 104 5 Analysis 108 5.1 Introductory remarks............................... 108 5.2 Adverbial morphology .............................. 111 5.2.1 da-/dar- .................................. 111 5.2.2 -weg/-wegs ................................ 122 5.2.3 Hier-/Hie-................................. 125 5.2.4 -weils/-weilen............................... 154 5.2.5 Summary.................................. 157 5.3 Particle/prefix verbs................................ 159 5.3.1 Anerkennen................................ 160 5.3.2 Anvertrauen................................ 162 5.3.3 Auferlegen................................. 165 5.3.4 Fernsehen................................. 168 5.3.5 Überfließen ................................ 170 viii 5.3.6 Überlaufen................................. 172 5.3.7 Unterordnen................................ 175 5.3.8 Widerhallen................................ 178 5.3.9 Widerspiegeln............................... 182 5.3.10 Summary.................................. 187 5.4 Linking elements.................................. 189 5.4.1 Ausrufezeichen/Ausrufzeichen..................... 193 5.4.2 Badezimmer/Badzimmer........................ 194 5.4.3 Fegefeuer/Fegfeuer............................ 199 5.4.4 Gesetzentwurf/Gesetzesentwurf.................... 202 5.4.5 Hemdsärmel/Hemdärmel........................ 205 5.4.6 Jahreszahl/Jahrzahl............................ 208 5.4.7 Kirchengemeinde/Kirchgemeinde................... 209 5.4.8 Klebeband/Klebband .......................... 212 5.4.9 Klebestreifen/Klebstreifen ....................... 216 5.4.10 Lastzug/Lastenzug............................ 216 5.4.11 Mitgliedsbeitrag/Mitgliederbeitrag .................. 217 5.4.12 Modenschau/Modeschau........................ 222 5.4.13 Pressefreiheit/Pressfreiheit ....................... 225 5.4.14 Rinderbraten/Rindsbraten ....................... 226 5.4.15 Schattenseite/Schattseite........................ 228 5.4.16 Schweinebraten/Schweinsbraten ................... 229 5.4.17 Störenfried/Störefried.......................... 234 5.4.18 Tagebau/Tagbau ............................. 236 5.4.19 Tagesreise/Tagreise............................ 239 ix 5.4.20 Tannenzapfen/Tannzapfen....................... 242 5.4.21 Uhrmacher/Uhrenmacher ....................... 245 5.4.22 Wartesaal/Wartsaal............................ 248 5.4.23 Wartezeit/Wartzeit............................ 253 5.4.24 Zeigefinger/Zeigfinger.......................... 253 5.4.25 Summary.................................. 255 5.5 Absolute vs. reflexive verbs............................ 260 5.5.1 Ändern................................... 260 5.5.2 Bessern................................... 262 5.5.3 Rentieren.................................. 264 5.5.4 Summary.................................. 269 5.6 Umlaut ....................................... 270 5.6.1 -nutzen/-nützen ............................. 271 5.6.2 -lohnen/-löhnen ............................. 285 5.6.3 Summary.................................. 294 5.7 Prepositional case assignment.......................... 296 5.7.1 Dank .................................... 296 5.7.2 Während.................................. 303 5.7.3 Summary.................................. 309 5.8 Substantival attributes without genitive.................... 311 5.9 Bereits in the Vorfeld ..............................
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