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Home , Antonello da Messina, Antonino Salinas, Centuripe, Levanzo, Oliveri, Paolo Orsi

SICILY AND THE SEA This joint publication by the Allard Pierson LOANS Museum Amsterdam and the Soprintendenza del Mare in in cooperation with the Regione Siciliana, Assessorato Regionale Zenobia Foundation is published alongside the dei Beni Culturali e dell’Identità siciliana, exhibition and the Sea at the Allard Pierson Dipartimento dei Beni culturali e dell’Identità Museum (9 October 2014 to 17 April 2016), the siciliana: Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (16 June to - , Museo Archeologico Regionale 25 September 2016), the Maritime Museum, - Camarina, Museo Regionale Palermo (2016), the Ny Carlsberg Glyptoteket, - , Museo Archeologico Copenhagen (2017) and the LVR-LandesMuseum, Regionale ‘Luigi Bernabò Brea’ Bonn (2017/18). - , Museo Archeologico Regionale ‘Lilibeo – Baglio Anselmi’ This exhibition is the first of its kind organised - Palermo, Museo Archeologico by the COBBRA network, a long-term Regionale ‘Antonino Salinas’ partnership of European museums, research - Palermo, Soprintendenza per i Beni institutions, outreach organisations, and culturali e ambientali commercial partners. - Palermo, Soprintendenza per i Beni culturali e ambientali del Mare - Solunto, Parco Archeologico - Siracusa, Museo Archeologico Regionale ‘Paolo Orsi’ - Siracusa, Soprintendenza per i Beni culturali e ambientali - , Soprintendenza per i Beni culturali e ambientali Castelvetrano, Museo Civico , Museo Civico ‘Castello Ursino’

GERMANY Mainz, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum

SPONSORS THE NETHERLANDS The exhibition Sicily and the Sea was sponsored Amsterdam, Amsterdam Museum by the Mondriaan Fund, Divection Dive Center, Amsterdam, Bijzondere Collecties Amsterdam and the Friends of the Allard Pierson Universiteit van Amsterdam Museum. Amsterdam, De Nederlandsche Bank Amsterdam, Divection Dive Center Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Het Scheepvaartmuseum Amsterdam, Stadsarchief Den Helder, Marinemuseum SICILY

and the Sea

EDITORS WITH Piet Gerbrandy Jeffrey Royal Diederik Burgersdijk CONTRIBUTIONS BY Rossella Giglio Leonard V. Rutgers Richard Calis David Abulafia Harald Hendrix Emilia Salerno Jorrit Kelder Wim Aerts Jacqueline Klooster Fabrizio Sgroi Alexandra Sofroniew Floriana Agneto André Klukhuhn Francesca Spatafora Sebastiano Tusa Gabriella Ancona Roberto La Rocca Siward Tacoma René van Beek Guido As Marc Leijendekker Antonella Testa Carol Atack Eliana Mauro Philippe Tisseyre Paul Beliën Johan E. Meulenkamp Maria Turco Nicolo’ Bruno Agostina Musumeci Ailbhe Turley Vincenzo Castellana Cornelis W. Neeft Maaike van Berkel Maurizio D’Atri Francesca Oliveri Manfred van Bergen Alessandra De Caro Eleftheria Pappa Marieke van den Doel Casper C. de Jonge Asker Pelgrom Floris van den Eijnde Rossana De Simone Marco Poelwijk Hein van Eekert Giuseppe Di Stefano Jonathan Prag Willem van Maanen Roald Docter Ronald Prud’homme Arthur Weststeijn David Engels van Reine Roger J. A. Wilson Adriana Fresina David Rijser Stefano Zangara

ALLARD PIERSON MUSEUM CONTENTS 6 PREFACE

8 INTRODUCTION 9 Sicily and the Mediterranean World DIEDERIK BURGERSDIJK 14 Sicily’s Geological Archive JOHAN MEULENKAMP

CHAPTER 1 18 MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY 19 Maritime Archaeology in Sicily FLORIANA AGNETO 20 Archaeological Cultural Underwater Routes ALESSANDRA DE CARO 22 Marble-Laden Ships SEBASTIANO TUSA 24 Sicily’s Submerged Structures FRANCESCA OLIVERI 26 Methods and Techniques in Maritime Archaeology STEFANO ZANGARA

CHAPTER 2 28 SICILY IN PRE- AND PROTOHISTORY 29 Sicily and the Sea in Prehistory JORRIT KELDER 32 Phoenicians in Sicily ELEFTHERIA PAPPA

CHAPTER 3 38 TRADE AND COLONISATION 39 The Greeks in Sicily CAROL ATACK 46 Sicily, Land of Cyclops’ Songs JACQUELINE KLOOSTER 52 Demeter on Sicily KEES NEEFT 56 Between Rivers and Seas: Aquatic Images on Greek Coins from Sicily PAUL BELIËN 62 Sicily and the Birth of Rhetoric CASPER C. DE JONGE 65 Archimedes’ Mastermind ANDRÉ KLUKHUHN 68 Temples and Community in Greek Sicily FLORIS VAN DEN EIJNDE 72 The Shipwreck Gela I NICOLÒ BRUNO 75 The Shipwreck of Capistello (Lipari) ADRIANA FRESINA 78 The Shipwreck Panarea III ROBERTO LA ROCCA

CHAPTER 4 82 AND 83 Sicily and the JONATHAN PRAG 87 Carthage and the Spoils of the Sicilian Wars ROALD DOCTER 91 Sicily under Roman Republican Rule: Roman Province and Slave Kingdom DAVID ENGELS 97 Sicily as a Refuge WILLEM VAN MAANEN 100 The Fragmentary Voices of the Sea: Sicily as a Stage in Virgil’s Aeneid SIWARD TACOMA 104 Sicily in The Rape of Proserpine by Claudian PIET GERBRANDY 107 Roman Sicily and the Sea ROGER J.A. WILSON 112 The Wrecks of Camarina GIOVANNI DI STEFANO 114 The Late-Roman Shipwreck of the Ancient Port of Scauri on Pantelleria ROBERTO LA ROCCA 116 The I Shipwreck JEFFREY ROYAL

CHAPTER 5 120 NEW POWERS 121 Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity LEONARD V. RUTGERS 124 Syracuse in the Byzantine Period WIM AERTS 128 The Arab Conquest of Sicily MAAIKE VAN BERKEL 131 Medieval Sicily: an Island open on all Sides DAVID ABULAFIA 135 Dreams of Harmony: Multiculturalism and Norman Sicily DAVID RIJSER 140 The Marausa Wreck ANTONELLA TESTA 143 The Medieval Arabo-Sicilian Shipwreck of Cala Galera at FABRIZIO SGROI 146 The Medieval Shipwrecks of Western Sicily PHILIPPE TISSEYRE

CHAPTER 6 150 THE EARLY-MODERN PERIOD 151 Tommaso Fazello: The Sicilian Livy RICHARD CALIS 153 Sicily’s Role in Art History: the Case of Antonello da MARIEKE VAN DEN DOEL 156 Pirandello’s House: Between Movement and Standstill HARALD HENDRIX 158 Michiel de Ruyter in Sicilian Waters RONALD PRUD’HOMME VAN REINE 162 The Risorgimento and the Sea ASKER PELGROM 166 The Artillery Cargo of the Parissona Grossa, Discovered at Sciacca ELIANA MAURO

CHAPTER 7 168 SICILY IN THE ARTISTIC IMAGINATION 169 Uncovering, Preserving and Presenting the Past: Sicilian Archaeology and Heritage ALEXANDRA SOFRONIEW 173 In Another Country: Sicily on the Silver Screen ARTHUR WESTSTEIJN 176 Rossini’s Aria that Celebrates the Love for the Fatherland HEIN VAN EEKERT

CHAPTER 8 180 MODERN SICILY 181 The Invasion of Sicily in 1943 MARCO POELWIJK 184 Landing in Sicily: Signs of ‘Operation Husky’ EMILIA SALERNO 188 The of 1955 GUIDO AS 190 Modern Politics in Sicily MARC LEIJENDEKKER 193 Sicily and its Fishes MAURIZIO D’ATRI 196 Folk-tales: Musical Stories of People and Fish VINCENZO CASTELLANA

200 FURTHER READING

202 AUTHORS

204 CREDITS CHAPTER 2

SICILY IN PRE- AND PROTOHISTORY JORRIT KELDER Sicily and the Sea in Prehistory 29 SICILY AND THE SEA IN PREHISTORY MYSTERIOUS GRAFFITI t has been suggested that the earliest human encounter the remarkably expressive rock carvings Rock carvings in the Grotta activity on Sicily may date back to the Lower in the Grotta dell’Audaura, close to the city of dell’Addaura near Palermo Palaeolithic, at which point the island may Palermo. These carvings depict various human dating from the Mesolithic. They are among the oldest I have been connected to southern Italy by a figures as well as figures of horses, deer and bovids, known representations land bridge. The possible presence of these early and provide a first glimpse of how the early Sicili- of how the early hominids on Sicily at that point of time is, how- ans perceived their world. The exact interpretation saw their world. Pictured here are human figures ever, controversial. of these early carvings, especially the depiction of and a stag. These Meso- From the Upper Palaeolithic onwards, human two masked (?) human figures with what looks lithic graffiti were discov- activity is attested by the remains of stone tools like ropes around their necks, is unclear. It has ered thanks to the acci- which have been found at the site of Fontana been suggested that this may be a depiction of an dental explosion of the explosives the Allies had Nuova di Ragusa in the south (dating from initiation rite, although more extravagant stored in the caves after c.15,000-11,000 BC) and at various other sites hypotheses — including one suggestion that the the invasion of 1943. across the island (dating from c.10,000 BC). By carvings show acrobats, or even an early homo- this time, at the end of the last Ice Age, the shape erotic scene — have also been put forward. of Sicily would have looked more or less as it does Regardless of the precise nature of the human fig- today — a large island, separated from the Italian ures in these carvings, the presence of bovids and mainland by a narrow strait. Very little can be said equids demonstrates that hunting was an impor- about these early ‘Sicilians’, other than that they tant aspect of daily life. The hunt was not only a probably hunted wild boar, fox, goats, bovids, and terrestrial affair: archaeology shows that fishing possibly a wild predecessor of the donkey, the was important, too. Indeed, the presence of dol- Equus hydruntinus. phin bones in the Mesolithic cave of Uzzo, on the Slightly more can be said about the Final Sicilian west coast, suggests that the early Sicilians Palaeolithic and Mesolithic period, at which point already possessed boats that were sufficiently large wall paintings and carvings not only demonstrate to sail out into the open sea. the early islanders’ artistic prowess, but also their From the sixth millennium BC onwards, the connections with regions elsewhere. The earliest people of Sicily gradually adopted a Neolithic way rock paintings known thus far are found in a cave of life. Most of the cave dwellings were abandoned at Cala dei Genovesi on the islet of Levanzo, near in favour of proper settlements in the fields, and the tip of western Sicily. The paintings at this site pottery made its appearance in everyday life. There date to c 9000 BC and are comparable with rock are no clear arguments to suggest that this change art elsewhere in southern Europe (such as in lifestyle was the result of the arrival of new- Lascaux). Yet another thousand years later, we comers on the island (although this remains a 30 SICILY AND THE SEA

SICILY IN PRE- AND PROTOHISTORY

PANTALICA NECROPOLIS possibility): the slow and piecemeal adoption of — owed much to ’s Bell-Beaker culture. Tombs cut into the lime- the Neolithic way of life rather suggests a local Towards the end of that period, overseas connec- stone rock at the necropo- development, probably as a result of overseas con- tions had multiplied and Sicily became a veritable lis of Pantalica, near Syra- cuse. Pantalica was a tacts. Obsidian, which was mined on nearby Lipari gateway to the western Mediterranean for traders major inland centre from (see p. 17) and Pantelleria and has been found on from the east. the 13th to 8th centuries , Sicily and in central Italy, doubtless was an Sicily’s increased importance to long-distance BC. Remains of houses important trigger for these contacts. Other goods maritime trade had a profound impact on local and possibly even a pal- ace-like structure have such as wool may also have played an important culture and everyday life, especially in the eastern been found, but it is un- role in the development of early contacts between part of the island. The Middle Bronze Age on clear whether they are pre- Sicily and its surrounding areas. Regardless of the Sicily is marked by a notable increase in foreign, historic or belong to later periods. In view of the details it is clear that, during the Neolithic at the especially Aegean, Anatolian and Cypriot imports large number of the tombs latest, the sea had become a defining feature of and the adoption of various Aegean symbols (c.5,000), the site must Sicilian life: it served as a source of food, but also (e.g. the Minoan ‘Horns of Consecration’) and have remained important as a connection to nearby Malta, the Aeolian architectural features (such as the arched ceiling after the collapse of the Late-Bronze-Age system Islands, and the mainland of Italy. It is very likely of a number of tombs, which is often thought to of international trade. that these overseas contacts intensified and copy Mycenaean tholos tombs). It is also a period expanded as time progressed. Indeed, it has been of increased social hierarchy, with the emergence suggested that the emergence of monumental, of local elites — who adopted these exotica as stone-built or rock-cut funerary architecture of tokens of their wealth and power — and the the so-called Castelluccian culture — the designa- development of a more centralised territorial (and tion for a number of regional and related cultures probably political) organisation in the eastern parts during Sicily’s Early Bronze Age (2500–1500 BC) of the island in which major, mostly coastal settle- ments controlled a number of smaller inland sites. Empire in Anatolia, and the wealthy principalities By 1400 BC at the latest, there is every indication in the Levant are still not understood, and it is that Sicily was now fully integrated into the east- likely that a number of factors (climate change, ern Mediterranean world of long-distance trade. invasions, earthquakes?) played a role. Sicily, or There can be no doubt that Sicily’s status as a hub rather its prehistoric inhabitants, may have played for Mediterranean trade also attracted immigrants. a role as well, for one of the monuments that Thapsus, a site on an island off eastern Sicily, some report on these calamities, the so-called Great MYCENAEAN STIRRUP JAR 10 km north of Syracuse, seems to have been one Karnak Inscription (a relief of Merneptah, king Top of a Mycenaean stirrup of the places where immigrants settled and min- of Egypt from 1213 to 1203 BC), may bear the jar, 16th–15th cent. BC. gled with the native population. The settlement, first reference to the island’s prehistoric inhabit- It was found in the sea near Filicudi, one of the with its remarkably well-organised grid of houses ants. Amongst a number of invaders is a group north of and wide streets, served as a centre of trade (in of invaders called S-k-rw-s— normally vocalised as Sicily. During the Bronze view of the numerous Mycenaean objects and Shekelesh. There is no way of being sure about this, Age, trade flourished 31 between Sicily and Myce- architectural parallels with ‘Mycenaean’ sites on but it has been suggested that this name may refer naean Greece. Apart from Cyprus probably especially with the Greek world) to the ; a group of people who are known imported goods, traces with resident foreign (Greek?) merchants and from Classical sources to have lived in especially of cultural influence are

their families. In many ways, Thapsus can thus be the eastern part of Sicily in pre-Classical times. SICILY AND THE SEA IN PREHISTORY visible as well, e.g. in the appearance of tholos-like considered a model for things that were yet to The fact that the Shekelesh are referred to as tombs on Sicily. come: the Greek colonies of the eighth and ‘coming from the sea’ only serves as a reminder of seventh centuries BC. the close connection between Sicily and the sea. The end of this period of extraordinary connectivity is marked by the downfall of the great states in the eastern Mediterranean. The causes of the destructions that marked the end of the palaces of , the Hittite

MYCENAEAN KYLIX FROM THAPSUS (SICILY) The kylix was a type of wine cup that was probably reserved for special occa- sions. Thousands of kylix shards have been found in the Mycenaean palace of Pylos in Greece: presuma- bly the remains of a last great feast or ritual at the palace. Since kylikes are relatively rare outside the Aegean, they must have been connected to a spe- cifically ‘Mycenaean’ way of drinking wine. READING FURTHER merchantman in the service Palaeolithic to the Iron Spatafora, F. (2010). La devozi- Kron, U., (1992) ‘Frauenfeste of the annona?’ International Age. Ithaca: Cornell Uni- one dei naviganti. Il culto in Demeterheiligtümern: Journal of Nautical Archaeol- versity Press. di Afrodite ericina nel das Thesmophoreion von ogy, ., 20-65. Marchesini, S. (2012). ‘The Mediterraneo Francesca Bitalemi’. Archäologische Tusa, S. (2010). Arte e storia nei Elymian Language’. In O. Spatafora, Attestazioni di Anzeiger, 611-650. mari di , Palermo. Tribulato (ed.), Language culti femminili nei santuari Larson, J., (2001). Greek Tusa, S. (2005). Il mare delle and Linguistic Contact in della Sicilia Occidentale. In E. Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore. Egadi. Storia, itinerari e parchi Ancient Sicily, 95-114. Cam- Acquaro, A. Filippi & S. Oxford. archeologici subacquei, bridge: Cambridge Univer- Medas (eds.), Devozione dei Lewis, S. (ed.) (2006). Ancient Palermo. sity Press. Naviganti. Il Culto di Afrodite Tyranny (chapters on Sicily Wortel, M.J.R., Govers, R., & Nigro, L. (2009). ‘Il Tempio Ericina nel Mediterraneo, Atti by Zembon, Jackson and Spakman, W. (2009). ‘Con- del Kothon e il ruolo delle del Convegno di , - Mossé). Edinburgh: Edin- tinental collision and the aree sacre nello sviluppo novembre , 137-152. Bib- burgh University Press. STEP-wise evolution of urbano di Mozia dall’ VIII lioteca di Byrsa 7. Lugano: Rutter, N.K., (1997). The convergent plate bounda- al IV secolo a.C.’ In S. Athenaio. Greek Coinages of Southern ries: from structure to Helas & D. Marzoli (eds.) Italy and Sicily. London. dynamics’. In S. Lallemand Phönizisches und punisches 3 TRADE AND COLONISATION Sanders, L.J. (1987). Dionysius I & F. Funicello (eds.), Sub- Städtewesen. Akten der Alram, M., & Zäch B. (eds.) of Syracuse and Greek tyr- 200 The list below comprises duction Zone Geodynamics, internationalen Tagung in (2011). Götter, Menschen und anny. London: Croom books and papers of general 47-59, -Heidelberg: Rom vom 21. bis 23. Feb- das Geld der Griechen. Helm. interest, grouped per chapter. Springer-Verlag. ruar 2007 (Iberia Archaeo- . Schiappa, E. (1999). The Begin- A more extensive overview of logica 13), 241-272. Mainz: Bremmer, Jan N. (2014). Initia- nings of Rhetorical Theory in 2 SICILY IN PRE- AND Verlag Philipp von Zabern. tion into the Mysteries of the . New

SICILY AND THE SEA the available literature can be found at www.allardpierson- PROTOHISTORY Palaggia, O. (2011). ‘Ο νέος Ancient World, Münchner Haven/London. museum.nl. Carayon, N. (2008). Les ports της Μοτύης και η μάζη Vorlesungen aus Antiken Spawforth, A. (2006). The phéniciens et puniques. Géo- της Ιμέρας’. In ‘Eπαινος Welten, 1. Munich. Complete Greek Temples. INTRODUCTION morphologie et infrastructures Luigi Beschi. 7ο Ceserani, Giovanna (2012). London and New York: Ballard, R.D., McCann, A.M., (unpublished PhD diss). Παράρτημα, 283-293. Italy’s lost Greece. Magna Thames & Hudson. Yoerger, D., et al. (2000). Université Strasbourg II. : Benai Museum. Graecia and the Making of Willi, A. (2008). Sikelismos. ‘The discovery of ancient Dawson, H. (2014). Mediterra- Rocco, G. (2004). ‘Zona C, Il Modern Archeology. Oxford. Sprache, Literatur und history in the deep sea nean Voyages – The Archaeol- Cothon, La ceramica greca Cole, T. (1991). 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Torino: Companion to the Punic Wars. under the . l’Émirat et les Origines de Reine, R., & Hövell tot Clausen. 201 Oxford. Warminster. l’Amirauté. Paris. Westerflier, R. van (2011). Varrica, Adriano (2010). Siti Jones Eiseman, C., Ridgway Wilson, R.J.A. (2013). Metcalfe, A. (2003). Muslims De Ruyter: Dutch admiral. archeologici e management B.S. (1987). The Porticello ‘Becoming Roman over- and Christians in Norman Rotterdam. pubblico in Sicilia. Shipwreck. A Mediterranean seas? Sicily and Sardinia in Sicily: Arabic speakers and the Caruso, V. (ed.) (2001). Casa L’esperienzadel Parco Valle dei FURTHER READING Merchant Vessel of 415-385 the later ’. end of Islam. London: Rout- natale ‘Luigi Pirandello’. Sto- Templi. Milan: Franco B.C., College Station. In J. DeRose Evans (ed.), A ledge. ria ed immagini di un recu- Angeli. Kromayer, J. (1897). ‘Die Companion to the Archaeology Metcalfe, A. (2009). The Mus- pero. Palermo. Entwicklung der römis- of the Roman Republic, 485- lims of Medieval Italy. Edin- Consolo, Vincenzo (2006). 8 MODERN SICILY chen Flotte vom Seeräu- 95. Malden, MA, Oxford burgh. Reading and Writing the Edwards, A., & Edwards, S. berkriege des Pompeius bis and Chichester. Michael Psellos (?), Historia Mediterranean, Norma (2014). Sicily, A Literary zur Schlacht von Actium’. Wilson, R.J.A. (2013). ‘Hellen- Syntomos, ed. W.J. Aerts, Bouchard & Massimo Guide for Travellers, 8-11. Philologus 56, 426-491. istic Sicily, c. 270–100 BC’. Berlin 1990. Lollini (eds.). Toronto London. Lancel, S. (1995), Carthage: A In J.R.W. Prag & J. Craw- Mott, L. (2003). Sea power in Dickie, John (1999). Darkest Événements historiques de la History. Oxford. ley Quinn (eds.), The Hel- the medieval Mediterranean: Italy: The Nation and Stereo- construction européenne Lyons, C., Bennett, M., & lenistic West, 79-119. Cam- the Catalan-Aragonese fleet in types of the Mezzogiorno, (1945-2009), www.cvce.eu. Marconi, C. (eds.) (2013), bridge 2013. the War of the Sicilian Vespers. 1860-1900. New York. Serra, E. (ed.) (1989) Il Rilan- Sicily. Art and Invention Wilson, R.J.A. (2013). ‘Sicily c. Gainesville, Florida. Moe, Nelson (2002). The View cio dell’Europa e i Trattati di between Greece and Rome. 300 BC–133 BC’. In C. Norwich, J.J. (1994). The Nor- from Vesuvius. Italian Culture Roma, Actes du colloque de Los Angeles. Smith (ed.), The Cambridge mans in Sicily; The Magnifi- and the Southern Question. Rome 1987, Vol. III. Nomos Mertens-Horn, M. (1988). Die Ancient History, new edition. cent Story of the ‘Other Nor- Berkeley & Los Angeles. Verlag. Löwenkopf-Wasserspeier des Plates to Volumes VIII Part 2 man Conquest’. Prud’homme van Reine, R. Snoy et d’Oppuers, J.-Ch. griechischen Westens im 6. und to IX, 156-96. Cambridge. Harmondsworth: Penguin. (2015, 7th ed.). Rechterhand (1989). Rebâtir l’Europe, 5. Jahrhundert v.Chr., Rizzo, F.P. (2005). Sicilia cristi- van Nederland. Biografie van Mémoires, 220. Paris. Römische Mitteilungen 28, 5 NEW POWERS ana dal I al V secolo. Rome. Michiel Adriaenszoon de Tomasi di Lampedusa, G. Ergänzungsheft. Mainz a.R. Abulafia, D. (1988). Frederick II: Rutgers, L.V. (1998). The Hid- Ruyter. 1st ed. 1996, (1958). Il gattopardo. Transl. Miccichè, C., Modeo, S., & a medieval emperor. London. den Heritage of Diaspora Amsterdam-Antwerpen. The Leopard, 2007 [1960] A. Santagati, L. (eds.) (2006). Abulafia, D. (2011). The Great Judaism. Leuven. Riall, Lucy, (2007). Garibaldi. Colquhoun. London. La Sicilia romana tra Repub- Sea: A Human History of the Sgarlata, M. (2003). San Gio- Invention of a Hero. New blica e Alto Impero. Caltanis- Mediterranean. Oxford. vanni a Siracusa. Vatican City. Haven & London. setta. Ahmad, Aziz (1975). A History Simonsohn, S. (2011). Between Stella, Gian Antonio, & Rizzo, Miltner, F. (1952) ‘Sextus of Islamic Sicily. Edinburgh. Scylla and Charybdis. The Sergio, (2013). Se muore il Pompeius Magnus’. In Baxter Wolf, K. (1995). Making Jews in Sicily. Leiden. Sud. Milan. Paulys Realencyclopädie der History; The Normans and Stanton, C. (2011). Norman classischen Altertumswissen- their Historians in Eleventh- Naval Operations in the Med- 7 SICILY IN THE ARTISTIC schaft [RE] Bd XXI, 2, kol. Century Italy, Philadelphia: iterranean. Woodbridge. IMAGINATION 2213-2250. Stuttgart. University of Pennsylvania Theophanes Confessor, ed. C. Bonanzinga, S. (1992). Forme Paoletti, M. (1991-1992). ‘La Press. de Boor, Munich 1883. sonore e spazio simbolico. nave di Porticello: una rotta Bucaria, N. et al. (eds.) (2002). Theophanes Continuatus, ed. Tradizioni musicali in Sicilia, Siciliana’, Klearchos, 129-136 Ebrei e Sicilia. Palermo. I. Bekker (Corp. Script. Palermo: Folk Studio. [1995], 119-145. Chiarelli, L.C. (2011). A His- Hist. Byz.), Munich 1838. Capuana, L. (1984). La Sicilia Paribeni, E. (1985). ‘Le statue tory of Muslim Sicily. Malta. nei canti popolari e nella bronzee di Porticello’, Eickhoff, Ekkehard (1966). 6 THE EARLY-MODERN PERIOD novellistica contemporanea, Bollettino del Arte, 6,24 Seekrieg und Seepolitik zwis- Aikema, B. (2000). De Heilige Bologna: Zanichelli. [1984], 1-14. chen Islam und Abendland. Hieronymus in het Studeerver- De Seta, V. (2009). ‘Lu tempu Berlin. trek of: Hoe Vlaams is di li pisci spata’. In Il mondo Antonello da Messina? perduto. I cortometraggi di Vit- Nijmegen. torio De Seta. 1954-1959. BIOGRAPHIES AUTHORS’ GUIDO AS is a master student VINCENZO CASTELLANA is a colonial archaeology of the JACQUELINE KLOOSTER, post- of Political Science at musician, performer and Greek and Punic world, rural doctoral research fellow in Radboud University in researcher who has won and landscape archaeology, Classics at Groningen Uni- Nijmegen, where he special- prizes in the fields of art, ancient metallurgy. versity; published on Hellen- ises in Political Theory. music, and theatre. Travelled istic poetry, space in ancient widely in Europe and is DAVID ENGELS, Professor of narrative, and the evaluation CAROL ATACK, presently lec- proud to have collaborated Roman History at the Univer- of writing statesmen in turer in Classics at St Hugh’s with great artists in the inter- sité libre de Bruxelles, director Antiquity. College, University of national music scene. of Latomus, co-directed the Oxford; her research interests Belgo-German research ANDRÉ KLUKHUHN, chemist, lie in ancient Greek political MAURIZIO D’ATRI has Sicilian project ‘Zwischen Ideal und philosopher, writer, was a thought and historiography. ancestors on his mother’s Wirklichkeit’, dedicated to the teacher at the Faculty of She is now working on side, going back to the exercice of power on Sicily. Liberal Arts & Sciences of the political thought of eleventh century. Studied Utrecht University. Writes Xenophon. marine biology at the Uni- ADRIANA FRESINA, archaeolo- for Concertgebouw Magazine versity of Rome. Was a finan- gist, currently responsible for and HP/De Tijd, editor of RENÉ VAN BEEK is curator of cial broker, now runs a small the Archaeological Heritage the literary review Maatstaf. the Etruscan and Roman boutique hotel in Rome and sector at the Soprintendenza Recently published on 202 department of the Allard has more time for his histori- del Mare, was the director the history of thought and Pierson Museum, the Archae- cal and geographic studies. of Solunto’s Archaeological the boundaries of reason. ology Museum of the Uni- Park. Numerous excavations versity of Amsterdam. He is Alessandra De Caro, architect, on Sicily and in Syria. Publica- ROBERTO LA ROCCA, archaeo- researching the museum’s works at the Assessorato dei tions include in sie me a logist, managing official at SICILY AND THE SEA glass collection and collection Beni Culturali della Regione Hulot e Fougères (2013). Soprintendenza del Mare, of plaster copies. Sicilia; responsible for valori- Regione Siciliana. His sation activities regarding PIET GERBRANDY, poet and research focuses on maritime DAVID ABULAFIA, Professor PAUL BELIËN is curator of submerged cultural heritage classicist, teaches Classical and archaeology and the coastal of Mediterranean History the National Numismatic at the Soprintendenza del Medieval Latin at the Uni- landscape of the smaller at Cambridge University, Collection at the Dutch Mare; manages two EU- versity of Amsterdam, writes islands, paying special atten- Papathomas Professorial National Bank and guest financed Mediterranean about poetry for the weekly tion to shipwrecks and fish- Fellow at Gonville and Caius lecturer at Leiden University. projects. De Groene Amsterdammer, and processing installations. College, Cambridge; Fellow is one of the editors of the of the British Academy and NICOLO’ BRUNO, archaeologist CASPER C. DE JONGE, Assistant literary magazine De Gids. MARC LEIJENDEKKER is Europe the Academia Europaea. at the Soprintendenza del Professor of Ancient Greek editor for the Dutch news- Mare di Palermo, researched at Leiden University. His ROSSELLA GIGLIO, archaeolo- paper NRC Handelsblad and WIM AERTS, Emeritus Profes- Bronze-Age Sicilian funeral research focuses on Greek gist, director of the Sezione mainly writes about Italy. sor of Byzantine and Modern architecture; conducted exca- and Roman rhetoric and per i beni archeologici at the In his book Het land van de Greek at the Rijksuniversiteit vations in Sicily in Turkey; literary criticism. Soprintendenza di Trapani. krul (‘The Land of the Curl’) Groningen. His most recent now conducting underwater Conducted (underwater) he describes his experience publication is an edition with excavations and research ROSSANA DE SIMONE researches archaeological research in as a correspondent, the Italian commentary of the Byzan- along Sicily’s south-east coast. Phoenician/Punic archaeo- Sicily and Turkey, and partici- character, political develop- tine Alexander Poem. logy at the University of pated in the preservation and ments and culture. DIEDERIK BURGERSDIJK is a Enna ‘Kore’. Participated in restoration of a Punic ship- FLORIANA AGNETO (Soprinten- post-doctoral researcher for archaeological projects on wreck. ELIANA MAURO, historian of denza del Mare) has con- the Netherlands Organisation Sicily (Mozia and Solunto, architecture specialising in ducted underwater research for Scientific Research a.o.), on Sardinia, in Libya HARALD HENDRIX, director of the preservation of architec- since 1998. She was involved (NWO) teaching Latin and (), and in Syria. the Royal Netherlands Insti- tural heritage. Taught at the in the foundation of the Ancient History at Nijme- tute in Rome, full professor Università degli Studi of Soprintendenza del Mare in gen’s Radboud University, GIOVANNI DI STEFANO, archae- of Italian Studies at Utrecht Palermo, led the restoration 2004 and has participated and a guest researcher at the ologist, director of the Museo University. Research oriented of numerous monumental in all its Sicilian maritime Allard Pierson Museum, Archeologico Regionale di towards the intersections of buildings, now responsible excavations as well as in its Amsterdam. Camarina (Scoglitti), teaches Italian literature, heritage and for the Sezione dei beni som- projects abroad. Archaeology at the Univer- material culture. Forthcom- mersi d’età moderna e con- RICHARD CALIS is a PhD can- sità della . Director ing publication on the cul- temporanea and for marine GABRIELLA ANCONA, archaeolo- didate in the Department of the Italian archaeological tural history of Italian writers’ museums on Sicily. gist at the Soprintendenza of History at Princeton Uni- mission at Carthage. Pub- houses. per i Beni Culturali e Ambi- versity. His interests include lished on Carthage and JOHAN E. MEULENKAMP, Emeri- entali of Syracuse, partici- books and their readers, the various Sicilian sites, a.o. JORRIT KELDER, archaeologist, tus Professor of Geology at pated in various excavations Republic of Letters, and associate at the Oriental Utrecht University, chairman and published on the Archaic the various cultures of the ROALD DOCTER, Professor of Institute, Oxford, and the of the Planet Earth Founda- materials from Syracuse. She medieval and Early-Modern Greek Archaeology at Ghent Allard Pierson Museum, tion. His research focuses on worked with Luigi Bernabò Mediterranean. University, editor of Carthage Amsterdam. Specialises in the Mediterranean, particu- Brea on amphora finds from Studies and of Thorikos Bronze Age connections larly the reconstruction of the Aeolian Islands. Reports and Studies. Field- between the Mycenaean recent geological history. work projects in various world and the eastern and countries. Research interests: central Mediterranean. AGOSTINA MUSUMECI, archaeol- nean. He published exten- ALEXANDRA SOFRONIEW, histo- Her research interests are WILLEM VAN MAANEN teaches ogist at the Museo Archeo- sively on Roman Sicily and rian, was assistant curator of Bronze-Age trade networks, Classics at the Barlaeus logico Regionale ‘Paolo Orsi’, is preparing a new digital antiquities at the J. Paul Getty ceramics, and maritime Gymnasium in Amsterdam, Syracuse. Published on the corpus of inscriptions from Museum, Los Angele, now archaeology. a well-known grammar everyday objects found at a ancient Sicily (I.Sicily). teaches Classical Archaeology school. In 2014 he and Marco cave settlement in and at St John’s College, Oxford, SEBASTIANO TUSA, Research Poelwijk published a trans- on the ceramics, RONALD PRUD’HOMME VAN and is curator of Sicily and the Fellow of Prehistory at lation of the main sources now preparing publication of REINE, historian, published Sea. the University of Rome ‘la from Antiquity regarding the the materials excavated at the biographies of Michiel de Sapienza’ and Palermo, triumvirate’s proscriptions. Syracuse Roman gymnasium. Ruyter (1996) and other FRANCESCA SPATAFORA special- Professor of Prehistory at naval heroes, a.o. His latest ises in protohistory and Palermo and , Profes- ARTHUR WESTSTEIJN is director FRANCESCA OLIVERI, archaeol- book concerns the murder non-Hellenic cultures on sor of Maritime Archaeology of historical studies at the ogist, various excavations on of the brothers Johan and Sicily. Was director of the at Bologna and Marburg, Royal Netherlands Institute Sicily (Mozia, Marsala, a.o.) Cornelis de Witt (2013). Archaeological Park at Director of the Soprinten- in Rome. He obtained his and in Israel. At the Soprin- , now director of denza del Mare, conducted PhD from the European tendenza del Mare she coor- DAVID RIJSER teaches Classics Palermo’s Museo Archeolo- research and excavations in University Institute in Flor- dinates research on the Mozia and Cultural History at the gico ‘Antonino Salinas’. various Mediterranean and ence and specialises in Dutch causeway and the use of new University of Amsterdam. Excavations and research on Oriental countries. and Italian intellectual history. technologies in the Stagnone Published widely on the many sites in western Sicily 203 di Marsala, a.o. subject of Classical receptions (Palermo, Solunto, Mozia, MAAIKE VAN BERKEL is Pro- ROGER J. A. WILSON is director in general and the cultural Mazara del Vallo, etc.). fessor of Medieval History of the Centre for the Study CORNELIS W. (KEES) NEEFT, history of Italy in particular. at Radboud University of Ancient Sicily at the Uni- Emeritus Assistant Professor SIWARD TACOMA, classicist, Nijmegen. Her research versity of British Columbia, AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHIES of Classical Archaeology at JEFFREY ROYAL, director at main interests: Classical interests include the social and Emeritus Professor of the the University of Amsterdam, RPM Nautical Foundation, reception studies, focusing on and cultural history of the Archaeology of the Roman specialises in Corinthian Adjunct Professor at East Car- the Latin epic tradition and medieval Middle East and Empire there. His current pottery. Projects in several olina University. Directed contemporary vernacular lit- its relations with Europe. excavation project is of a Mediterranean countries, projects on Sicily and other erature. Teacher at the Leiden Roman villa site at Gerace including Sicily (Catania, Mediterranean locations. Cur- Municipal Gymnasium and MANFRED VAN BERGEN is a on Sicily. Camarina, Gela). Forth- rent research includes ancient chairman of the Zenobia volcanologist/petrologist at coming publication on the warships, amphora morphol- Foundation’s Organising the Geology Department of STEFANO ZANGARA, architect, Catania Thesmophorion ogy and overseas trade. Committee. Utrecht University. after many years at Civil votive deposit. Engineering now works at LEONARD V. RUTGERS, Professor ANTONELLA TESTA, archaeolo- MARIEKE VAN DEN DOEL is the Soprintendenza del Mare, ELEFTHERIA PAPPA specialises of Late Antiquity at Utrecht gist at the Soprintendenza del director of studies in art at the head of the section in the archaeology of western University, is known for his Mare, specialises in Byzantine history at the Royal Nether- Instrumental Underwater Phoenician colonisation and work on the Jewish and painting. She has published lands Institute in Rome, Research Western Sicily. East-West contacts during Early-Christian catacombs a.o. on Byzantine painting in project manager of the He coordinates and plans the transition from Late of Rome, published in Nature western Sicily and on the museum network COBBRA, cultural underwater routes. Bronze Age to Iron Age. and The Journal of Archeological imperial portraits of Pantelle- and chief curator of the dig- Published Early Iron Age in Science. Now directing a pro- ria. itisation platform HADRI- the West: Phoenicians in the ject on the history of Jewish ANVS mapping the cultural Mediterranean and the Atlantic communities of the Mediter- PHILIPPE TISSEYRE, maritime traces of Dutch artists in (2013). ranean diaspora. archaeologist, studied the Rome. Lipari port, the Acqualadroni MARCO POELWIJK teaches EMILIA SALERNO comes from rostrum, and numerous ship- FLORIS VAN DEN EIJNDE has Classics at the Barlaeus Palermo, Sicily, where she wrecks (Messina province, been conducting research Gymnasium in Amsterdam, a received her Master’s degree Catania, Trapani). Specialising at Utrecht University since well-known grammar school; in Classics and Ancient in metallurgy and glass man- 2004. He specialises in early together with his colleague History summa cum laude. ufacture, he takes an interest state formation and group Willem van Maanen he is From September 2015 she in overseas trade in these participation in the early working on a Dutch transla- will attend a Research Master artefacts in Antiquity. Greek polis. He is about to tion of Appian. in Classics and Ancient publish The Cults of Athens: Civilisations at the Vrije MARIA TURCO, archaeologist The Archaeology of Attic Cult ASKER PELGROM, historian, Universiteit of Amsterdam. at the Servizio Beni archeo- Sites (1000-600 BCE). now teaches History at logici della Soprintendenza Utrecht University, focusing FABRIZIO SGROI, archaeologist, di Catania (Sicily). Specialises HEIN VAN EEKERT hosts the on stereotypes in the presen- numerous maritime excava- in local prehistory (necropo- opera programme on the tation of Italy and in the tion campaigns around Sicily lis, funeral rites) and Catania’s Dutch national radio station cultural history of travel. (San Vito Lo Capo ship- rural settlements from Late NPO Radio 4. He gives talks wreck, Marausa shipwreck, Antiquity to Middle Ages. at the Dutch National Opera JONATHAN PRAG, Tutorial Scauri, Pantelleria, a.o.). and the Royal Concert- Fellow in Ancient History at Research and recoveries on AILBHE TURLEY is an MA gebouw, writes for various Merton College, Oxford. various sites in the student at the University of magazines, and teaches Dutch His research focuses on Sicily province for the Soprin- Amsterdam and an intern at in a grammar school. and the western Mediterra- tendenza del Mare. the Allard Pierson Museum. CREDITS ILLUSTRATION COLOPHON Eindhoven, Stan and Wim Ver- (photograph by David Etruscans. Eminent women, beek: p. 8, 71, 86 bottom. Gowers). powerful men European Union 1955: p. 189 Munich, Himer-Archive: p. (isbn 978 90 400 7807 1) bottom. 102. Troje. Stad, Homerus en Florence, Scala: p. 6 (Andrea Naples, Museo Archeologico Turkije Jemolo); 28, 31 bottom, 38, Nazionale/Bridgeman (isbn 978 90 400 0750 7) 47, 63, 88 left, 90, 122, 165 Images: p. 98. Troy. City, Homer and Turkey top, 199 (DeAgostini Pic- Nijmegen, Ilse Verstegen, Rad- (isbn 978 90 400 0793 4) ture Library); 33 (White boud University: p. 13. Troya. Kent, Homeros ve Images); 65 (Bildagentur für Oxford, Paul Roberts: p. 20; Türkiye Kunst, Kultur und Alexandra Sofroniew: p. 170. (isbn 978 90 663 0001 9) Geschichte, Berlin); 88 right, Palermo, Museo archeologico Eeuwig Egypte 195 (courtesy of the Minis- regionale Antonino Salinas: (isbn 978 90 663 0573 1) tero Beni e Att. Culturali); p. 37 top (photograph by Eternal Egypt 94, 173-175, 184 (Album/ David Gowers), 37 bottom. (isbn 978 90 663 0626 4) Scala); 103 (Digital Image Palermo, Soprintendenza per i De Krim. Goud en geheimen Museum Associates/ Beni culturali e ambientali van de Zwarte Zee LACMA/Art Resource del Mare: p. 18, 19, 21-23, 24 (isbn 978 94 625 8002 2) 204 NY); 129; 130 bottom (Brit- bottom, 25-27, 31 top, Van Rome naar Romeins ish Library board/Robana); 34-35, 74, 76, 77 bottom, (isbn 978 94 625 8016 9) 163; 198. 79-81, 84, 86 top, 96, 112, Keys to Rome Gela, Museo archeologico 113 top, 115, 118 bottom, (isbn 978 94 625 8046 6) regionale: p. 49 left, 73 right. 127 bottom, 141, 144, 145- PUBLISHER Google Art Project: p. 105. 147, 161, 167 bottom (Bibli- wbooks, Zwolle © 2015 wbooks/Allard Google DigitalGlobe: back oteca Regionale di [email protected] Pierson Museum cover Palermo, photo Stan and www.wbooks.com All rights reserved. Nothing Amsterdam, Allard Pierson Google maps - Panoramio. Wim Verbeek), front cover from this publication may Museum: p. 17 bottom, 36 com, Burkhard Foltz: p. 16B. bottom. In collaboration with be reproduced, multiplied, (APM 1974-1975), 42 (APM Greenwich, National Mari- Philadelphia, dr. Kevin Fur- Allard Pierson Museum, stored in an electronic data 9995-9998), 44 top (APM time Museum: p. 182. long, Pennsylvania State Amsterdam file, or made public, in any 8386), 44 bottom (APM Hamburg, Carthage excava- University: p. 16A. [email protected] form or in any manner, 13986), 48 (APM 1599), 51 tions of Hamburg Univer- Rome, Harald Hendrix: p. 157. www.allardpiersonmuseum.nl be it electronic, mechanical, (APM 3702), 53 left (APM sity bottom Decumanus Syracuse, Museo archeologico through photocopying, 16.272), 53 right (APM Maximus (KA86/120): p. 89. regionale Paolo Orsi di EXHIBITION CURATOR recording or in any other 1196), 54 bottom (APM International Commission on Sira cusa: p. 50 (Photograph Alexandra Sofroniew way, without the advance 6453), 55 top (1142-1143), 55 Stratigraphy, 2014: P. 14. by David Gowers). written permission of the middle (APM 13.362), 55 Key West, RPM Nautical Syracuse, Soprintendenza Beni COORDINATION publisher. bottom (APM 2149), 77 top Foundation: p. 82, 117, 118 culturali di Siracusa, Anti- Paulien Retèl, with Aniek (10601-10607), 142 (APM top, 119. quarium Parco della Nea- van den Eersten The publisher has endeav- 16763). Lo Presti, et al. (2014): p. 16D. polis: p. 127 top. oured to settle image rights Amsterdam, National Numis- Lausanne, M. Vanappelghem - Trapani, Soprintendenza dei IMAGE AND CAPTIONS EDITORS in accordance with legal matic Collection, Dutch Opéra de Lausanne: p. 177- Beni culturali Trapani: p. 54 Paulien Retèl, with Ailbhe requirements. Any party who National Bank: p. 57-61. 179. top (Museo Tonnara Florio Turley and Noctua Text & nevertheless deems they have Amsterdam, Special Collec- London, Bridgeman Images: p. di Favignana); 138 (Museo Translation, Corinna a claim to certain rights may tions of the University of 24 top (De Agostini Picture Tonnara Florio di Favig- Vermeulen apply to the publisher. Amsterdam: p. 11, 64, 151, Library / Aeronike); 40-41 nana, photo Stan and Wim 165 bottom, front cover top. (Private Collection/Abbott Verbeek); 95 top (Museo TRANSLATION Copyright of the work Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum: p. and Holder, London, UK); del Satiro di Mazaro del Noctua Text & Translation, of artists affiliated with a 158, 160. 85 (Private Collection/© Vallo); 148 bottom (Tor- Corinna Vermeulen CISAC organisation has been Branca et al. (2014): p. 17 top. Look and Learn); 136 (Ali- razzo di San Vito lo Capo). www.noctua-text- arranged with Pictoright of Camarina, Museo archeolo- nari); 180 (De Agostini Pic- Utrecht, dr. Paul Meijer, Fac- translation.eu Amsterdam. gico regionale di Camarina: ture Library / G. Roli); p. ulty of Geosciences, © c/o Pictoright Amsterdam p. 45, 113 bottom. 192 (Martin Norris Travel Utrecht University, based COPY EDITOR 2015. Soprintendenza Beni culturali Photography). on data Lindquist et al. Noctua Text & Translation, di Catania, Museo civico London, Honor Frost Founda- (EOS, 85,186, 2004): p. 15. Corinna Vermeulen isbn 978 94 625 8113 5 (Dutch) Castello Ursino di Catania: tion: p. 172 bottom. Vancouver, R.J.A. Wilson: p. isbn 978 94 625 8115 9 (English) p. 95 bottom. London, Mary Evans Picture 91, 99 top, 106, 107, 109, 110, DESIGN nur 682 Collection J. de Wilde: p. 61 Library: p. 120, 183. 111, 171, 172 top Miriam Schlick, Amsterdam bottom right. London, National Army Vincenzo Castellana: p. 196. www.extrablond.nl Di Stefano and Longhitano Museum: p. 186. Wikipedia.com: p. 66-67, 69, (2009): p. 16C. London, The Trustees of the 70 top, 99 below, 100, 126, This is volume 6 in the Dreamstime.com: p. 10, 30, 43, British Museum: p. 32, 73 130 top, 133, 134, 139, 154, Allard Pierson Museum 49 right, 93, 101, 108, 123, left. 155. Series. Previously published: 125, 131, 132, 135, 137, 148- Marsala, Museo Archeologico Etrusken. Vrouwen van 149, 150, 152, 168, 187, 189 Regionale ‘Lilibeo – Baglio aanzien, mannen met macht top, 191. Anselmi: p. 148 bottom (isbn 978 90 400 7806 4)