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Membrane Insertion of the FYVE Domain Is Modulated by Ph Ju He,1 Mohsin Vora,2 Rachel M

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Membrane Insertion of the FYVE Domain Is Modulated by Ph Ju He,1 Mohsin Vora,2 Rachel M proteins STRUCTURE O FUNCTION O BIOINFORMATICS Membrane insertion of the FYVE domain is modulated by pH Ju He,1 Mohsin Vora,2 Rachel M. Haney,2,3 Grigory S. Filonov,4 Catherine A. Musselman,1 Christopher G. Burd,5 Andrei G. Kutateladze,6 Vladislav V. Verkhusha,4 Robert V. Stahelin,2,3,7* and Tatiana G. Kutateladze1* 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana 46617 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 4 Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 5 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 6 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80210 7 The Walther Center for Cancer Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT Phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinases regulate membrane trafficking, pro- The FYVE domain associates with phosphati- tein sorting and signaling by generating phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) dylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P] in mem- derivatives phosphorylated at the third position of the inositol ring.1,2 branes of early endosomes and penetrates bilayers. Here, we detail principles of mem- Of the four known products of PI 3-kinases, PtdIns 3-phosphate brane anchoring and show that the FYVE do- [PtdIns(3)P] is the most abundant and is constitutively produced in the main insertion into PtdIns(3)P-enriched cytosolic leaflet of membranes of early endosomes. In contrast to the membranes and membrane-mimetics is sub- multiply phosphorylated PtdIns’s, PtdIns(3)P does not undergo hydrolysis stantially increased in acidic conditions. The into the secondary messengers, but rather functions as a signaling mole- EEA1 FYVE domain binds to POPC/POPE/ cule itself and is specifically recognized by FYVE domains.3–5 The FYVE PtdIns(3)P vesicles with a Kd of 49 nM at finger is a small 70 residue module discovered in 1997 and named after the pH 6.0, however associates 24 fold weaker four proteins, Fab1, YOTB, Vac1, and EEA1 (reviewed in Refs. 6 and 7). The at pH 8.0. The decrease in the affinity is pri- FYVE domain fold consists of two double-stranded antiparallel b-sheets marily due to much faster dissociation of the and a carboxy-terminal a-helix and is stabilized by two zinc binding clus- protein from the bilayers in basic media. ters. The three highly conserved regions, the N-terminal WxxD sequence, Lowering the pH enhances the interaction of the Hrs, RUFY1, Vps27p and WDFY1 FYVE the basic ‘signature’ motif [R(R/K)HHCRXCG], and the C-terminal RVC domains with PtdIns(3)P-containing mem- region form the PtdIns(3)P binding site and distinguish the FYVE sub- branes in vitro and in vivo, indicating that family from other structurally related RING fingers. The majority of pH-dependency is a general function of the FYVE finger-containing proteins are involved in endo- and exocytosis, FYVE finger family. The PtdIns(3)P binding intracellular signaling and cytoskeletal tethering and their targeting to and membrane insertion of the FYVE domain PtdIns(3)P-enriched membranes is mediated by the FYVE domains. is modulated by the two adjacent His residues Human EEA1 (early endosome antigen 1), Hrs (hepatocyte growth of the R(R/K)HHCRXCG signature motif. factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate), RUFY1 (RUN and FYVE Mutation of either His residue abolishes the domains-containing 1), WDFY1 (WD repeat and FYVE domain contain- pH-sensitivity. Both protonation of the His ing 1), and yeast Vps27p are key downstream effectors of PI 3-kinases. residues and nonspecific electrostatic contacts stabilize the FYVE domain in the lipid-bound form, promoting its penetration and increas- Grant sponsors: National Institutes of Health, Indiana University, the American Heart Association, the ing the membrane residence time. American Cancer Society. Ju He and Mohsin Vora contributed equally to this work. Proteins 2009; 76:852–860. *Correspondence to: Tatiana G. Kutateladze, Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045-0511. E-mail: tatiana.kutateladze@ VC 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ucdenver.edu or Robert V. Stahelin, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617. E-mail: [email protected] Key words: FYVE; membrane; phosphoinosi- Received 20 November 2008; Revised 22 January 2009; Accepted 23 January 2009 tide; pH dependence; mechanism. Published online 2 February 2009 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/prot.22392 852 PROTEINS VC 2009 WILEY-LISS, INC. Membrane Insertion of FYVE is Modulated by pH EEA1 functions as a docking/tethering protein and is fied by FPLC. The purity of the proteins was verified by required for homo- and heterotypic fusion of endo- SDS-PAGE and 1H NMR. Protein concentrations were somes.8,9 Owing to their robust association with early determined using the BCA method (Pierce). endosomes, EEA1 and WDFY1/FENS1 (Ref. 10) are com- monly used as markers of these organelles. Hrs11,12 is Monolayer measurements involved in signal transduction and, as its yeast homo- logue Vps27p,13 in endocytic protein trafficking. RUFY1 Insertion of the wild type and mutant EEA1 FYVE is a human homologue of Rabip4, an effector of Rab4 domains into a phospholipid monolayer was investigated GTPase that regulates recycling of endocytosed by measuring the change in surface pressure (p) of invar- cargo.14,15 Recognition of PtdIns(3)P by the FYVE iable surface area during gradual addition of the proteins. domains results in efficient translocation of these nor- The experiments were performed using a 1 mL circular Tef- mally cytoplasmic proteins to endosomal, lysosomal, or lon trough and wire probe connected to a Kibron Micro- 20 vacuolar membranes. We have recently found that the Trough X (Kibron, Helsinki) as described previously. A interaction of the EEA1 FYVE domain with PtdIns(3)P is monolayer containing various combinations of phospholi- modulated by a histidine switch and is increased by low- pids was spread onto the subphase composed of either ering pH.16 Additional membrane anchoring is provided 10 mM KH2PO4/160 mM KCl (pH 6.0), 10 mM HEPES/ by the insertion of a hydrophobic loop of the FYVE do- 160 mM KCl (pH 7.4), or 10 mM HEPES/160 mM KCl main into bilayers and by nonspecific electrostatic inter- (pH 8.0) until the desired initial surface pressure (p0)was actions with negatively charged membrane surfaces.17–19 reached. After stabilization of the signal (5min),15lgof However, it remains unclear if pH-sensitivity is a com- protein was injected into the subphase through a hole in mon function of the FYVE domain family and whether the wall of the trough. The surface pressure change (Dp) the pH fluctuations and nonspecific interactions have an was monitored for 45 min. The (Dp)valuereachedamaxi- effect on the docking, insertion and membrane affinity of mum after 30 min in all experiments. this module. Here, we detail principles of the membrane targeting by the FYVE domain, show that the extent of The in vivo localization of EGFP-fusion EEA1 the membrane penetration is increased in acidic media, FYVE domain in yeast cells and demonstrate that the pH-dependency is a general The EGFP-EEA1-FYVE domain yeast expression plas- mechanism of FYVE domain regulation. mid was generated as described.3 The plasmid was trans- formed into a wild type yeast strain (SEY6210: MATa, his3-D200, ura3-52, trp1-D901, lys2-801, suc2-D9, leu2- MATERIALS AND METHODS 3112). For microscopy, yeast strains were grown in selec- Expression and purification of proteins tive media overnight and the following morning a fresh culture was inoculated and grown at 268C until an The wild type FYVE domains of EEA1, Hrs, RUFY1, OD600 of 0.5. The cells were visualized by fluorescence Vps27p and WDFY1, and H1371A, H1372A and microscopy as described,21 using a Nikon Eclipse E800 H1371A/H1372A mutants of EEA1 FYVE domain were microscope fitted with a cooled, high-resolution charge- expressed in E. Coli BL21 cells. Two liters of LB or coupled device camera (Hammamatsu Photogenics). 15 NH4Cl-supplemented minimal media containing 100 Images were acquired using Phase 3 Imaging software lg/mL ampicillin were inoculated with an overnight cul- (Phase 3 Imaging Systems). ture of BL21 cells harboring each construct and grown at 8 37 C until absorbance at 600 nm reached 0.6. After induc- SPR measurements tion with 0.2 mM of isopropyl-1-thio-b-D-galactopyrano- side and incubation at 258C for 16 h, cells were harvested All surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements for 10 min at 6000g, and the resulting pellet was resus- were performed at 258C as described previously.20 Equi- pended in 10 mL of 20 mM Tris pH 8.0 buffer, containing librium SPR measurements were carried out at the flow 160 mM NaCl, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and 1.0% Tri- rate of 2 lL/min. After injecting 85 lL of the FYVE do- ton X-100. The solution was then sonicated for 8 min main, the protein-lipid association and dissociation were using a 30 s sonication on ice followed by 30 s incubation monitored for 1020 and 500 s, respectively. The sensor- on ice. The homogenate was centrifuged at 50,000g,and grams were obtained using five or more different concen- the supernatant was filtered into a 50 mL tube. The unla- trations of the protein (within a 10-fold range of Kd) for beled and uniformly 15N-labeled GST-fusion proteins were each condition tested.
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