CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X
WORK, LIFE & LEISURE
3.1 INTRODUCTION In the nineteenth century the cities in India offered a series of contrasting images and experiences - wealth and poverty, splendour and dirt, opportunities and disappointments. Urbanisation has a long history. It took over 200 year to develop the modern city worldwide. Towns and cities first appeared along river valleys. Cities were often the centres of political power, administrative network , trade and industry, religious institutions, and intellectual activity , and supported various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests. Cities vary greatly in size and complexity. The process of urbanisation is traced out largely in the city of London, the largest city in the world during the nineteenth century and that in the city of Bombay, one of the most important modern cities in the sub-continent. By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London. The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant populations. Bombay was the premier city of India. Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control which was transferred to British in 1661. Gradually it became an important administrative centre in westrn India and then by the end of the 19th century, a major Industrial centre.
Knowledge Based Questions: Q.1 Earliest industrial city/cities of Britain which attracted a large number of migrants in the late 19th century (i) Manchester (ii) Leeds (iii) Liverpool (iv) Durby (A) (i) and (iii) (B) (i) and (ii) (C) (i) and (iv) (D) (iii) and (iv)
Q.2 Who wrote about the massive destruction in the process of under ground rail way in his famous work ‘Dombey’ and Son ? (A) Charles Dickens (B) T.E. Turner (C) Kal Parsanna Sing (D) G.G. Agarkar
Q.3 Which of the following was not a presidency city in Colonial India ? (A) Delhi (B) Chennai (Madras) (C) Mumbai (Bombay) (D) Bengal (Kolkata)
Q.4 When was Bombay’s (Mumbai’s) first Municipal Commissioner appointed ? (A) in 1860 (B) in 1865 (C) in 1862 (D) in 1864
Q.5 Which of the following city is known as a city of dream ? (A) Madras (Chennai) (B) Bombay (Mumbai) (C) Kolkata (D) Delhi
PAGE- 61 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X Q.6 In 17th century Bombay (now Mumbai) was a group of (A) Two Islands (B) Seven Islands (C) Three Islands (D) Four Islands
Q.7 Raja Harish Chandra was made by (A) Dalip Kumar (B) Dada Saheb Phalke (C) Manoj Kumar (D) R.K.Dutt
Q.8 Which of the following town/ city did not develope along river valley ? (A) Ur (B) Nippur (C) Mohan Jodaro (D) Tajikistan
Q.9 Which of the following is not a metropolis city of India? (A) Delhi (B) Allahabad (C) Chennai (D) Mumbai
Q.10 By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in (A) Ireland (B) India (C) London (D) Manchester
Q.11 The control of Bombay (Mumbai) passed into British hand in (A) 1885 (B) 1757 (C) 1661 (D) 1600
Q.12 Marine Drive is in (A) Guwahati (B) Varanasi (C) Bombay (D) Pangi
IMPORTANT TERMS Urbanisation. Development of a city or a town. Individualism. A theory that promotes the welfare of a person rather than the society. Chawls. Chawls were multi-storeyed structures built in the native parts of Bombay and were owned by private landlords who rented them to the migrant workers.
Reclamation. Reclaiming of marshy or submerged areas for settlements. Akharas. Traditional wrestling schools in India. Metropolis. A large densely populated city of a country or state often the capital of a region Philanthropist. A person who works for social upliftment and charity donating time and money for the purpose.
Asphyxiation. Suffocation due to lack of oxygen supply Depressed classes. A term often used to denote those who were seen within the caste order as ‘lower castes’ and ‘untouchables’
Presidency cities. Bombay, Bengal and Madras presidencies during the colonial period Tenements. Cheap usually unsafe one-room accommodation for migrant workers Temperance movement. A social reform movement led by middle-class people. It emerged in Britain and America from the 19 th century onwards
PAGE- 62 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X DATELINE 1784 : The earliest reclamation project in Bombay began by joining the seven islands of Bombay into one landmass. 1819 : Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo -Maratha war. 1847 and 1853 : The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 were passed 1852 : Louis Napoleon III (the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) undertook the work of rebuilding of Paris. 1854 : First textile mill was set up in Bombay. 10January 1863 : The first section of the Underground railway in the world opened between Paddington and Farrington Street in London. 1864 : The Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right of the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba. 1880 : Durgacharan Ray wrote a novel Debganer Martye Aagaman (The Gods Visit Earth) November 1887 : A riot by London’s poor came to be known as the Bloody Sunday took place. 1918 : A Rent Act was passed to keep rents reasonable. 1925 : Bombay became India’s first film capital .
3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CITY God visit earth : In 1880, Durgacharan Ray wrote a novel 'Debganer Martye Aagaman (the gods visit Forth), in which Brahma, took a train to Calcutta with some other gods. Varuna, the rain god, conducted them around the capital of British India; the gods were wonderstruck by the big, modern city, the train itself, the large ships, factories, bridges, monuments and wide range of commodities. The gods were so impressed by the marvels of the teeming metropolis that they decided to build a museum and a high court in heaven. Calcutta in the nineteenth century was well known for trade and commerce, education and jobs. But the gods were disturbed by at its cheats and thieves, poverty, poor quality of housing. Brahma himself got tricked he was greatly confused by the shopkeepers who cursed one another of being Swindlers. The gods were also perturbed at the confusion of caste, religious and gender identities in the city. Many others in nineteenth century India were both amazed and confused by what they saw in the cities. The city has wealth and poverty, splendour and dirt, opportunities and disappointments. Three historical processes have modern cities. The rise of industrial capitalism. The establishment of colonial rule Development of democratic ideals.
PAGE- 63 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X Characteristics of the city Towns and cities first appeared along river valley, such as Ur, Nippur and Mohenjodaro, Cities were often the centers of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions, and intellectual activity, and supported various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests. Cities vary greatly in size and complexity. They can be densely settled modern day metropolis, which combine political and economic functions and support large populations. Or they can be smaller urban centers with limited functions.
Industrialisation and the rise of the modern city in England Industrialisation changed the form of urbanisation. The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted large number of migrants to the textile mills migrants were from rural areas. London in 1950, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London. Population was 675000 and its population multiplied fourfold in 70 years. London, ' says the historian Gareth Stedman Jones, 'was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a growing number of semi skilled and sweated outworkers, of soldiers and servants, of casual labourers, street sellers and beggars. Mojor indudtries that came up in London were : 1. Dockyard 2. Clothing and footwear. 3. Wood and furniture. 4. Metals and engineering 5. Printing and Stationery 6. Precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metal. 7. During the First World War London began manufacturing motorcars and electrical goods and the number of large factories increased.
Marginal groups As London grew, crime flourished. 20000 criminals were living in London in the 1870s. The police were worried about law and order, philanthropists were anxious about public morality, and industrialists wanted a hard working and orderly labour force. So the population of criminals was counted, their activities were watched, and their ways of life were investigated. In the mid nineteenth century, Henry Mayhew wrote several volumes compiled long list of those who made a living from crime. Many were poor people who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal, and clothes drying on hedges. Others were more skilled at their trade, expert at their jobs. They were the cheats and tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves.To discipline the population; authorities imposed high penalties and offered work to those who were considered the 'deserving poor'.
PAGE- 64 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X Women in London Factories employed large numbers of women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. With technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs, and were forced to work within households. A large number of women used their homes to increase family income be taking in lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing or matchbox making. In the later twentieth century. Women got employment in wartime industries and offices, they withdrew from domestic service.
Housing Owner did not house the mirant workers. Individual landowners put up cheap, and usually unsafe, tenements for the new arrivals. Poverty was more concentrated and starkly visible in the city. Charles Booth, a Liverpool ship owner, conducted the first social survey of low skilled London workers. He found that as many as 1 million Londoners were very poor and were expected to live only up to an average age of 29. London 'needed the rebuilding of at least 400,000 rooms to house its poorest citizens'. A larger number of people began to recognize the need for housing for the poor. Reasons for this increasing concern are 1. The vast masses of one-room houses occupied by the poor were seen as a serious threat to public health: they were overcrowded, badly ventilated, and lacked sanitation. 2. There were worries about fire hazards created by poor housing. 3. There was a widespread fear of social disorder, especially after the Russian revolution in 1917.
Cleaning London A variety of steps were taken to clean up London 1. Attempts were made to decongest localities. 2. Green the open spaces 3. Reduce pollution. 4. Clean landscape in the city. 5. Large blocks of apartments were built. 6. Rent control were introduced. The Congestion in the city led to a yearning for clean country air. Many wealthy residents were able to afford a holiday home in the countryside. Architect and planner Ebenezer Howard developed the principle of the garden city, a pleasant space full of plants and trees, where people would both live and work. Following Howard's ideas Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden city of New Earswick. It had common garden spaces, and beautiful views. Between the two-world wars (1919-39) the responsibility for housing was accepted by the British states, and a million houses were built by local authorities. PAGE- 65 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X Transport in the city The London underground railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city. The very first section of the Underground in the world opened on 10 January 1863 between Paddington and Farrington Street in London. On that day 10,000 passengers were carried, with trains running every ten minutes. By 1880 train services carried 40 million passengers a year. At first people were afraid to travel underground. Many felt that the 'iron monsters' added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city. To make approximately two miles of railway, 900 houses had to be destroyed. Yet the underground eventually became a huge success. New York, Tokyo and Chicago could not do without their well-functioning transit systems. As a result the population in the city became more dispersed. Better planned suburbs and a good railway network enabled large numbers to live outside central London and travel to work.
Illustration 1 Which three historical processes have shaped modern cities in decisive ways? Solution Three historical processes which have shaped modern cities in decisive ways are : (i) the rise of industrial capitalism (ii) the establishment of colonial rule over the large parts of the world (iii) the development of democratic ideals.
Illustration 2 When could ancient cities develop? Solution Ancient cities could develop only when an increase in food supplies made it possible to support a wide range of non-food producers.
Illustration 3 Of what were cities the centres and which groups they supported? Solution Cities were often the centres of political power administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activity. They supported various social groups such as artisans merchants and priests.
Illustration 4 Write down any two characteristics of cities. Solution (i) Cities can vary greatly in size and complexity. (ii) They can be densely settled modern day metropolises or smaller urban centres with limited functions.
PAGE- 66 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X Illustration 5 What did the London authorities do to discipline the population in the city? Solution To discipline the population in the city the London authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who were considered the deserving poor.
Try yourself : 1. Identify the following (a) Gareth Stedman Jones (b) Henry Mayhew (c) Andrew Mearns (d) Charles Booth (e) Raymond Unwin & Barry Parker
2. When did the first underground railway start and how many passengers did it carry on that day
3.3 SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE CITY In the eighteenth century, the family had been a unit of production and consumption and political decision-making. Families were completely transformed in the industrial city. Ties between members of household loosened, institution of marriage broke women of the upper and middle classes in Britain, faced isolation, their lives were made easier by domestic maids who cooked cleaned and cared for young children on low wages. Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives, social reforms felt that the family as an institution had broken down.
Men, Women and family in the city The city encouraged individualism among both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values Women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public spaces, women were forced to withdraw into their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the dometic sphere was seen as the proper place for women. Most political movements such as Chartism mobilised large numbers of men.Chartism is a movement demanding vote for all adult males Only gradually did women come to participate in political movements for suffrage that demanded the right to vote for women or for married women's rights to property By the twentieth century women were employed in large numbers to meet war demands. The family now consisted of much smaller units. The new industrial city provided opportunities for mass work, it also raised the problem of mass leisure on Sunday and other common holidays.
Leisure and consumption For wealthy Britishers, there had long been an annual 'London season'. Culture events, such as the opera, the theatre and classical music performances were organized working classes met in pubs to have a drink, exchange news and sometimes also to organize for political action. New type entertainment for the common people came into being libraries; art galleries and museums were established in to provide people with a sense of history and pride in the achievements of the British. At first, visitors to the British museum in London numbered just about 15000 every year, but when entry was made free their number jumped. British industrial workers were increasingly encouraged to spend their holidays by the sea, so as to derive the benefits of the sun and winds. PAGE- 67 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X Politics in the City In the severe winter of 1886, when outdoor work came to a standstill, the London poor exploded in a riot, shopkeepers closed down their establishments, fearing the 10000 strong crowds that were marching from Deptford to London. The marchers had to be dispersed by the police. A similar riot occurred in the late 1887; it was brutally suppressed by the police in what came to be known as the Bloody Sunday of November 1887. In 1889 thousands of London's dockworkers went on strike the 12 day strike was called to gain recognition for the dockworkers union. Large masses of people were be drawn into political causes in large city population was a threat and an opportunity. State authorities tried to reduce the possibility of rebellion and enhance urban development.
Illustration 6 What was done to persuade people to leave London and live in garden suburbs? Solution The London underground railway was built to persuade people to leave London and live in garden suburbs. It carried large masses of people to and from the city.
Illustration 7 Why were women forced to withdraw into their homes? Solution Women were forced to withdraw into their homes because they had lost their industrial jobs and conservative people rallied against their presence in public spaces.
Illustration 8 What were the ‘Chartism’ and the ‘10-hour’ movements? Solution (i) The Chartism Movement. demanded the vote for all adult males. (ii) The 10 hour Movement. demanded limited hours of work in factories.
Illustration 9 By what had the urban family been transformed by the twentieth century? Solution By the twentieth century urban family had been transformed partly by the experience of the valuable wartime work done by women who were employed in large numbers to meet war demands.
Illustration 10 When and why did pleasure gardens come? Solution Pleasure gardens came in the nineteenth century to provide facilities for sports, entertainment and refreshments for the well - to - do.
Try your self : 3. Why were libraries and museuns established? 4. What is chartism? 5. Why did London poor riot? PAGE- 68 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X 3.4 THE CITY IN COLONIAL INDIA The pace of urbanisation in India was slow under colonial rule. In the early twentieth century, 11% of Indians were living in cities. Mostly in the three Presidency cities, of Bombay, Bengal and Madras, they had major ports, warehouses, home and offices, army camps, education institutions, museums and libraries. Bombay was the premier city of India. The first cotton textile mill in Bombay was established in 1854. By 1921, there were 85 cotton mills with about 146000 workers. Large number of people flowed in from the nearby district of Ratnagiri to work in the Bombay mills. Women formed 23% of the mill workforce. By the late 1930s, women's jobs were increasingly taken over by machines or by men. Bombay dominated the maritime trade of India. It was also at the junction head of two major railways. The railways encouraged an even higher scale of migration into the city.
Housing and Neighborhoods Bombay was a crowed city. Every Londoner in the 1840s enjoyed an average space of 155 square yards; Bombay had a mere 9.5 Square yards. By 1872, when London had an average of 8 persons per house, the density in Bombay was as high as 20. From its earliest days, Bombay did not grow according to any plan, and houses, especially in the fort area, were interspersed with gardens. The Bombay Fort area was divided between a native town, where most of the Indians lived, and a European or 'white' section. A European suburb and an industrial Zone began to develop to the north of the Fort settlement area, with a similar suburb and cantonment in the south. With the rapid and unplanned expansion of the city, the crisis of housing and water supply became acute. The arrival of the textile mills only increased the pressure on Bombay's housing. The richer Parsi, Muslim and upper caste traders and industrialists of Bombay lived in sprawling, spacious bungalows. But 70 % of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay. Chawls were multi-stroreyed structures built in the 'native' parts of the town. These houses were largely owned by private landlords, such as merchants, bankers, and building contractors, looking for quick ways of earning money. Each chawl was divided into small one-room tenements, which has no private toilets. Many families could reside at a time in a tenement. High rents forced workers to share homes, either with relatives or caste fellows who were streaming into the city. People has to keep the windows of their rooms closed even in humid weather due to the close proximity of filthy gutters, privies, buffalo stables etc. Water was scarce, and people often quarreled every morning for a turn at the tap, observers found that houses were kept quite clean. The homes being small, street and neighborhoods were used for cooking, washing and sleeping. Liquor shop and akharas came up in any empty spot. Streets were also used for different type of leisure activities.
PAGE- 69 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X Eg. Magicians, monkey players or acrobats used to regularly perform. The Nandi bull used to come. Kadaklakshmi used to beat themselves on their naked bodies in order to fill their stomachs . Chawls were also the place for the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations. The jobber in the mills was the local neighborhood leader. He settled disputes, organized food supplies, or arranged informal credit. People of the ' depressed classes' found it difficult to find housing. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in shelters made of corrugated sheets, leaves or bamboo poles. The city of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898; it focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city center. By 1918, trust schemes had deprived 64000 people of their homes, but only 14000 were rehoused. In 1918 a Rent Act was passed to keep rents reasonable, but it had the opposite effect of producing a severe housing crisis, since landlords withdrew houses from the market. In Bombay there was scarcity of land. One of the ways the city of Bombay has developed is through massive reclamation projects.
Land Reclamation in Bombay The seven islands of Bombay were joined into one landmass in 1784. The Bombay governor William Hornby approved the building of the great sea wall, which prevented the flooding of the low-lying areas of Bombay. The needs of additional commercial space in the mid nineteenth century led to the formulation of several plans, both by government and private companies. Private companies became more interested in taking financial risks. In 1864, the Back Bay Reclamation company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar hill to the end of Calaba. Reclamation meant the leveling of the hills around Bombay. As the population continued to increase rapidly in the early twentieth century, every bit of the available area was built over and new areas were reclaimed from the sea. The Bombay Port Trust built a dry dock between 1914 ands 1918 and used the excavated earth to create the 22-acre. Ballard estate. Subsequently, the famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed.
Bombay as the City of Dreams: The World of Cinema and Culture Despite its massive overcrowding and difficult living conditions, Bombay appears to many as a 'mayapuri' - a city of dreams. Many Bombay films deal with the arrival of new migrants in the city and their encounters with the real pressure of daily life. Some popular songs from the Bombay film industry speak of the contradictory aspects of the city. Eg CID (1956) and Guest house (1959)
PAGE- 70 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X When did the Bombay Film industry make its First Appearance? Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar shot a scene of a wrestling match in Bombay's hanging gardens and it became India's First movies in 1896. Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja Harishchandra (1913). By 1925, Bombay had become India's films capital Money invested in about 50 Indian films in 1947 was Rs 756 million. By 1987, the film industry employed 520000 people. Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants from Lahore, Calcutta, and Madras. Those who came from Lahore, then in Punjab, were especially important for the development of the Hindi Film industry. Many famous writers, like Ismat Chughtai and Saadat Hasan Manto, were associated with Hindi Cinema.
Illustration 11 What facilities were there in Presidency cities in colonial India? Solution Presidency cities were multi - functional cities. They had major ports, ware houses, houses and offices, army camps as well as educational institutions, museums, and libraries.
Illustration 12 Why did district authorities in Bombay send people back to their places of origin by 1901? Solution The flood of migrants on Bombay had created panic and alarm in official circles. Worried by the influx of population during the plague epidemic of 1898 district authorities sent about 30,000 people back to their places of origin by 1901.
Illustration 13 Where did people of the depressed classes live in Bombay? Solution People of the depressed classes were mostly kept out of chawls. They often lived in shelters made of corrugated sheets, leaves or bamboo poles.
Illustration 14 Who approved the building of great sea wall in Bombay and why? Solution The Bombay governor William Hornby approved the building of the great sea wall to prevent the flooding of the low-lying areas of Bombay.
Illustration 15 What was Marine Drive? Solution Marine Drive was a familiar landmark of Bombay. It was built on land reclaimed from the sea in the twentieth century.
Try your self : 6. Briefly explain the film city of Bombay. 7. How was land reclaimed in Bombay? 8. Why was town planing done in Bombay? PAGE- 71 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X 3.5 CITIES AND THE CHALLENGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT City development occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment. Natural features were transformed in response to the growing demand for space for Factories, housing and other intuitions. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive noise became a feature of urban life. The widespread use of coal in home and industries raised serious problems. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, people joked that the skies were grey and all vegetation was black! Shopkeepers, homeowners and other complained about the black fog that descended on their Towns, causing bad tempers, smoke- related illnesses, and dirty clothes. When people first joined campaigns for cleaner air, it was not at all easy, since factory owners and stream engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that would improve their machines. By the 1840s, Derby, Leeds and Manchester had laws to control smoke in the city. The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853, as they were called, did not always work to clear the air. Calcutta too had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter. Since the city was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate thick black smog. High levels of pollution were a consequence of the huge population that depended on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life. Main polluters were the industries and establishments that used steam engines run on coal. Colonial authorities wanted to clear the place of miasmas, or harmful vapours. The high content of ash in India coal was a problem. In 1863, Calcutta became the first Indian city to get Smoke Nuisance legislation. In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygungs began to burn rice husk instead of coal, finally the inspectors of Bengal smoke nuisance commission finally managed to control industrial smoke.
PAGE- 72 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example 1 Name the area which was reclaimed by Back Bay Reclamation Company. Solution The Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right in 1864 to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hills to Colaba. Example 2 Name two early industrial cities of Britain Solution Leeds and Manchester. Example 3 Name India's first movie. Solution India's first movie was shot in 1896, when Marishchandra Sakhararn Bhatwadekar shot a scene of a wrestling match in Bombay's Hanging Garden. Example 4 Which Indian city was the first to get Smoke Nuisance Legislation? Solution Calcutta was the first to get Smoke Nuisance Legislation in 1863. Example 5 What was the contribution of Ebenezer Howard in the beautification of the cities ? Solution Architect and Planner Ebenezer Howard developed the principle of the Garden City a pleasant space full of plants and tree, where people would both live and work. He believed this would produce better quality citizens. Example 6 What is individualism ? Solution It is a theory which promotes the liberty, rights or independent action of the individual rather than of the community. Example 7 What are Chawls ? Solution Chawls are multi-storyed structures, which had been built from at least the 1860s in the ‘native’ parts of Bombay. These bouses were largely owned by private landlords such as merchants, bankers and building contractors looking for quick ways of earning money from the anxious migrants. Each chawl was divided into smaller one room tenements which had no private toilets. Example 8 Name two calamities that affected Bombay in the late 19th century. Solution The Famine of Kutch (1888-89) and the Plague of 1898 affected Bombay in the late 19th century. Example 9 What are slums ? Solution Slums are the squatter settlements characterised by population over-growth, crowding and congestion. Example 10 Who was Durgacharn Ray ? Write the name of one of his literary works. Solution Durgacharan Ray was a novelist of the 19th century. He wrote a novel Debgamer Martye Aagaman (The Gods visit India ). Example 11 What do you mean by economic migration ? Solution Movement associated with availability or economic opportunities for some people in places different from their respective places of stay. Example 12 What was the main purpose for the enactment of the Compulsory Elementary Education Act of 1870 in Britain? Solution The Compulsory Elementary Education Act of 1870 was passed to keep the children out of industrial work. Example 13 Who were the philanthropists? Solution Philanthropists were people who worked for social upliftment and charity, donating time and money for the purpose. Example 14 Who said the following words '19th century London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers? Solution 19th century historian, Gareth Stedman Jones said that London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers.
PAGE- 73 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X
[NCERT QUESTIONS]
Q.1 Give two reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the eighteenth century. Ans. 1. The city of London acted as a powerful magnet for migrant population. The city offered all kinds of jobs for people of different status and class. There were jobs for clerks, shopkeepers, skilled artisans, labour class and soldiers also. 2. Apart from the London dockyard, five major types of industries employed large population. They were clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, printing and stationery and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches, and started manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods.
Q.2 What were the change in the kind of work available to women in London between the nineteenth and the twentieth century ? Explain the factors which led to this change. Ans. 1. Large numbers of women got employed in the factories in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. With technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs and began working within households. A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers or through activities like tailoring, washing or match - box making. 2. The First World War brought a change in the kind of their work. They withdrew from domestic services to get employment in wartime industries and offices.
Q.3 How does the existence of a large urban population affect each of the following ?Illustrate with historical examples. (a) A private landlord (b) A Police Superintendent -incharge of law and order (c) A leader of a political party Ans. (a) A private landlord. When people migrated to the city in large number in search of jobs, the private landlords took full advantage of the situation. They charged heavy rents exploiting the situation. Thus they were profited due to the existence of a large urban population. (b) A Police Superintendent in charge of law and order. When London flourished crime also grew rapidly. The police were bothered about law and order. To get rid of it, criminal’s activities were watched, and their ways of life were examined. In order to control the crime. The authorities imposed high penalties for crime Offered work to those who were considered the ‘deserving poor’. (c) A leader of a political party. The poor workers in London demanded relief from the terrible conditions of poverty but the marchers were brutally suppressed by the police in 1887. This episode came to be known as the Bloody Sunday of November 1887. Eventually large masses of people could be drawn into political causes in the city. Again two years later, thousands of London’s dockworkers went on strike and marched through the city. This proved that a political leader is active only at the time of their need and is dormant rest of the time. The demands of poor and needy fell on the deaf ears of the political leaders. Rather they made all possible efforts to suppress the protests. PAGE- 74 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X
Q.4 Why well -off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the nineteenth century ? Or Why were mass hosing schemes planned for workers in London after the Russian Revolution in 1917 ? Explain Ans. Order cities like London changed dramatically when people started pouring in after the Industrial Revolution. Factory or workshop owners did not house these migrant workers. Instead, individual land -owners put up cheap tenements for the workers. These tenements were very unsafe. As the condition of the houses was pitiful and gradually the need for housing for the poor was felt. Even the well -off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the nineteenth century because One - room houses of the poor were a serious threat to public health as they were overcrowded, badly ventilated, and lacked sanitation. There were worries about fire hazards created by poor housing. There was a widespread fear of social disorder, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. Thus the Workers’ mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious. A variety of steps were taken to clean up London and attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city.
Q.5 Why were a number of Bombay films about the lives of migrants ? Ans. Most of the people in the Bombay film industry were themselves migrants who came from cities like Lahore , Calcutta, Madras and contributed to the national character of the industry . To give real depiction of Bombay, films were made on the real lives of migrants and their encounter with the real pressures of daily life. It contributed in a big way to produce an image of the city as a blend of dream and reality, of slums and star bungalows.
Q.6 What led to the major expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid-nineteenth century ? Ans. 1. Bombay become the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819, after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo - Maratha war. The city quickly expanded. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay. 2. The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge in migration. The first cotton textile mill in Bombay was established in 1854. By 1921, there were 85 cotton mills employing about 146,000 workers. 3. Bombay dominated the maritime trade of India till well into the 20th century. It was also at the junction head of the migration into the city
PAGE- 75 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X
[SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS] Q.1 Give two reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the 18th century. Ans. (a) The population of London expanded because London was a powerful magnet for migrant population. (b) Five major types of industries employed a large number of people clothing, wood and furnitures, metals and engineering, printing and stationary, precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metals. (c) During the First World War, London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods and a number of large factories increased.
Q.2 What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the 19th and the 20th century ? Explain the factors which led to this change. Ans. (a) Factories employed large number of women in the late 18th and early 19th century because women workers were paid low than the male workers. (b) With technological developments women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to work within household. (c) A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing or match box making . However, there was a change in the 20th century, as women got employment in war time industries and offices, they withdrew from domestic service.
Q.3 Give an explanation : Why well of Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the 19th century? Ans. Well off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor because (a) Vast mass of one room house occupied by the poor were seen as a threat to public health. They were over crowded, badly ventilated and lacked sanitation. (b) There were worries about fire hazards created by poor housing. (c) There was fear of social disorder, especially after the Russian Revolution of 1917 .It was felt that it could lead to rebellions by the poor slum dwellers.
Q.4 Mention two schemes that were undertaken to ease out the housing problem in Bombay. Ans. (a) Bombay Improvement Trust was established which focussed on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre and rehousing the poor. (b) Rent Act was passed to keep rents reasonable. (c) Reclamation projects were started for the reclamation of more land from the sea.
PAGE- 76 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X Q.5 What are the factors responsible for migration ? State any three. Ans. Factors responsible for migration are the pull and the push factors. (a) Low agricultural income hence rural people look for greener pastures. (b) Most of the Indian villages do not have better and higher education and medical care hence they shift to urban areas. (c) People look for better standards of living (d) Industrialisation is greater in the urban sector with improved means of communication and transportation. (e) Seasonal and disguised unemployment in the rural sector.
Q.6 What steps were taken to clean up London ? Ans. (i) Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape in the cities. (ii) Large blocks of apartments were built. (iii) Rent control was introduced to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage. (iv) Single family cottages were built.
Q.7 What was the impact of city life on women ? Ans. (i) Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives, particularly among the lower social classes. However , many social reformers felt that the family as an institution. (ii) Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain, faced increasingly higher levels of isolation, although their lives were made easier by domestic helpers who cooked cleaned and cared for young children on low wages. (iii) The city life was dominated by men and women were forced to withdraw into their homes. (iv) Most of the conservatives were against the presence of women in the public space.
Q.8 Describe some major characteristics of an ancient town Ans. (i) The towns and the cities that first appeared along river valleys like Ur and Mohenjodaro were larger in scale then other human settlements. (ii) These cities were the centres of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activities. (iii) These cities supported various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests. (iv) These cities varied greatly in size and complexity . Some were metropolises and others smaller urban centres.
Q.9 Explain the various land reclamation project launched which helped the expansion of Bombay Ans. (i) A project was launched in 1784 to join the seven islands of Bombay into one landmass. The governor of Bombay William Hornby approved the building of the great sea wall to prevent the flooding of the low lying areas of Bombay.
PAGE- 77 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X (ii) In 1864, the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba. Most of the hills were levelled by the company to construct buildings. (iii) By the 1870s, although most of the private companies closed down due to the mounting cost, the city had expanded to about 22 square miles. (iv) The Bombay Port Trust also launched a reclamation project to build a dry dock between 1914 and 1918. The Trust used the excavated earth to create the 22-acre Ballard Estate. Subsequently, the famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed.
Q.10 What was the Temperance Movement? What was its main aim? Ans. It was largely a middle-class-led social reform movement which emerged in Britain and America from the 19th century onwards. This movement identified alcoholism as the cause of the ruin of families and society, and aimed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic drinks, particularly amongst the working classes.
Q.11 Explain how the underground railways were able to solve transport problems as well as housing crisis in London in the 19th century. Ans. Underground railways were able to solve transport problems as well as housing crisis. (a) The underground railways carried a large number of people to and from London and solved the transport problem. (b) The people could live in suburbs only when there were some means of travelling to the city for work. The 'underground' partly solved the housing crisis and carried large masses of people to and from London. (c) The population in the city became more dispersed.
Q.12 Describe the various forms of entertainment that came up in the 19th century to provide leisure activities to people. Ans. Various forms of entertainments that came up in the 19th century were as follows. (a) There was long London Season for wealthy Britishers. It was an annual affair. Several cultural events such as opera the theatre and classical musical performance were organized for a group of 300-400 families in the late 18th century. (b) Working classes met in pubs to have a drink, exchange views and organize political action. (c) Libraries, museums and art galleries were established in the 19th century for the common people. It was done to provide a sense of history and pride in the achievements of the British. (d) Music halls were popular among the lower classes. By the 20th century cinema became a great source of enjoyment for the people. (e) Industrial workers were encouraged to spend their vacations near seaside, to derive the benefits from sun and winds.
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[OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS]
SECTION - A Fill in the blanks : Q.1 First textile mill was set up in Bombay in ______. Q.2 ______undertook the work of rebuilding of Paris. Q.3 Suffocation due to lack of oxygen is ______. Q.4 London underground Raulway were called ______. Q.5 ______was the governor of Bombay when land reclamation started. Q.6 Dadasaheb Phalke made. the movie ______. Q.7 According to the survey made by Charles Booth expected life of poor worker in London in 1877 was ______.
SECTION - B Q.1 Who wrote about the massive destruction in the process of under ground railway in his famous work ‘Dombey’ and Son ? (A) Charles Dickens (B) T.E. Turner (C) Kal Parsanna Singh (D) G .G . Agarkar Q.2 Industries developed in England during World War I : (A) Wood and furniture (B) Clothing and footwear (C) Motor cars & electric goods (D) Printing and stationery Q.3 Like European elites who lived in sprawling spacious bungalows in Bombay (Mumbai) (A) Richer Parsi (B) Richer Muslims (C) Richer upper caste traders (D) All the above Q.4 Contrasting images and experiences which Kolkatta offered in the 19th century (A) Wealth and poverty (B) Splendour and dirt (C) Opportunities and disappointment (D) All the above Q.5 Debganer Martye Aagaman was written by (A) Durga Charan Ray (B) Henry Mathew (C) Andrew Mearns (D) Raman Rawlandson Q.6 Which of the following writer was/were associated with Hindi Cinema? (A) Ismat chugtai (B) Saadat Hussan Manto (C) Gulgar (D) (A) and (B) Q.7 Name the novel written by Durgacharan Ray about the city of Calcutta (A) Durgesh Nandini (B) Nirmala (C) Godaan (D) Debganer Martye Agaman PAGE- 79 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X
Q.8 What was the population of London in 1750? (A) 375,000 (B) 475,000 (C) 575,000 (D) 675,000
Q.9 Who built tenements for the migrant workers? (A) The government (B) The factory owners (C) The industrialists (D) Individual landowners
Q.10 Between the two World Wars (1919-1939), who accepted the responsibility of housing of the poor class in England? (A) The Industrialists (B) The British State (C) The Private landowners (D) The Social Groups
Q.11 Which one of the following factors solved the problem of housing of the poor? (A) The Paris underground railway (B) Moscow underground railway (C) The Local buses (D) The London underground railway
Q.12 What was the Chartist Movement? (A) It was the movement to get equal pay for equal work. (B) It was the movement against the rise of prices. (C) It was the movement to fix reasonable hour for work. (D) It was the movement to get the right to vote for every adult.
Q.13 Which one of the following is correct about the Annual London Season? (A) It was meant for wealthy Britishers only. (B) Organised for an elite group of 300-400 families. (C) Several cultural events were organised (D) All the above
SECTION - C Comprehension Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: The enormous expanse of Bombay city ; its great and palatial private and governmental mansions; broad streets which accommodate up to six carriage abreast ... the struggle to enter the merchants lanes; the frequent troublesome noise of passenger and goods trains whistles and wheels; the wearisome bargaining in every market, by customers who wander from place to place making enquiries with silver and notes in their pockets to buy a variety of commodities; the throngs of thousand of boats visible in the harbour ... the more or less rushed pace of official and private employees going to work checking their watches...
Q.1 Why was Bombay considered the prime city of India ?
Q.2 Give an example how reilways encourage high - scale migration of people in Bombay ?
PAGE- 80 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X
Comprehension
Study the given picture carefully and answer the question that follow: Q.3 What does the picture depict
Q.4 Explain the picture .
SECTION - D Match column I with column II Column I Column II (A) Arcient town (P) Andrew Mearns (B) European historian (Q) over crowded apartment (C) Butter cry of outcast london (R) 1870 (D) Compulsory Elementary Eduction Act (S) Bombay Governor (E) Charles Booth (T) Tolly gurge (F) Tenements (U) Famous writer (G.) Raymond Unwin (V) Nippur (H) William Horn by (W) Liverpool ship owner (I.) Ismat Chughtai (X) Designed New Earswick (J) Burn rice husk (Y) Gareth Stedman Jones
PAGE- 81 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X ANSWERS
Knowledge based Questions: Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 B Q.5 B Q.6 B Q.7 B Q.8 D Q.9 B Q.10 C Q.11 C Q.12 C
Try yourself : 1. (a) Gareth Stedman Jones : said londan was a city of clerks & shopkeepers of small masters & skilled artisians of are growing number of semi skilled and sweated workers, of soldiers and servants of casual labourers, street sellers and ‘beggars’.
(b) Henry Mayhew : Henry Mayhew complied long lists of those who made a living from crime . Many of whom he listed as criminals’ were in fact poor people who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops , lumps of coal and clothes drying on hedges, there were others who were more skilled at their trade and experts at their jobs. They were the cheats, tricksters, pick pockets and petty thives.
(c) Andrew Mearns : Andrew Mearns a clergy man who wrote the “Bitter cy of outcast London” in the 1880’s, showed why crime was more profitable than labouring in small under paid factories.
(d) Charles Booth : a liverpool ship owner conducted the first social survey of low skilled London workers . He found that as many as million Londoners were very poor & were expected to live only up to an average age of 29.
(e) Raymond Unwin : Raymond Unwin & Barry Parker designed the graden city of New Earswick. There were common garden spaces and beautiful views
2. The very first section of the underground in the world opened on 10th janary 1863 between Paddington & Farrington street in London .On that day 10,000 passengers were carried with trains running very 10 minutes.
3. Many new types of large scale entertainment for the common people came into being liberaries , art galaries & museums were estabished in the 19 th century to provide people with a sense of history & pride in the achievement of British.
4. Chartism is a movement demanding the vote for all adult males.
5. In the severe winter of 1886 outdoor work came to a standstill. The London poor exploded in a riot , shopkeepers closed down their is establishment , fearing the 10,000 strong crowd that was marching from Deptfort to London. The marches had to be dispersed by the police. A smaler riot occured in late 1887 ; this time , it was brutually suppressed by the police in what came to be known as the Bloody. Sunday of November of 1887. PAGE- 82 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X 6. Despite its massive over crowding & difficult living conditions Bombay appears to many as a ‘mayapuri a city of dreams . Many Bombay films deal with the arrival in the city of new migrants and their encounters with real pressure of daily life. Some popular songs from the Bombay film industry speak of the contradictory aspects of the city. Examples : CID(1956), Guest House (1959).
7. Private companies became more intrested in taking financial risks. In 1864 Back Bay Reclamation company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba . Reclamation often meant the levelling of the hills around Bombay.
8. The need for additional commercial space in the mid 19th century led to the formulation of several plans both by government & private companies Bombay Port Trust which built a dry dock between 1914 & 1918 used the excavated earth to create the 22 acre Ballard Estate . Subsequenty the famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed.
SECTION - A 1. 1854. 2. Louis Napoleom III 3. asphyxiation. 4. iron monsters. 5. Williom Hornby 6. Raja Harish Chandra. 7. 29 years.
SECTION - B Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.3 D Q.4 D Q.5 A Q.6 D Q.7 D Q.8 D Q.9 D Q.10 B Q.11 D Q.12 D Q.13 D
SECTION - C 1. (a) Bombay was the major outlet for cotton textile from Gujarat. (b) The city functioned as a port through whcih large quantities of raw materials such as cotton and opium would pass. (c) It also became an important administrative centre in western India (d) It became a major industrial centre. 2. The railways encouraged and even higher scale migration in to the city e.g., famine in the dry regions of Kutch drove large numbers of people into Bombay in 1888-89. 3. It depicts the Chawls of Bombay 4. Chawls were multi - storeyed structures which had been built from at least the 1860s in the native parts of the town. Each chawl was divided into small one -room tenements which had no private toilets.
SECTION - D 1. (A)- V; (B)- Y; (C)- P; (D) - R; (E) - W; (F) - Q; (G.) - X; (H) - S; (I.)- U; (J)- T
PAGE- 83 Neha Vishwakarma CH-3: WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE SOCIAL SCIENCE/HISTORY/CLASS-X
[SELF APPRAISAL]
Q.1 Who designed the garden city of New Earswick (A) Ebenezer Howard (B) Barry Parker (C) Raymon Unwin and Barry Parker (D) Napoleon III and Ebenezer Howard
Q.2 A Chawl is ...... (A) a large, densely populated city of a country or state (B) a traditional wrestling school in India (C) a one - room apartment (D) a multi - storeyed structure.
Q.3 Why was the Rent Act passed ? (A) To keep a check on tenants (B) To keep rents reasonable (C) To lower down the rents (D) None of the above
Q.4 When crime flourished in London, philanthropists became anxious about ..... (A) public morality (B) labour force (C) law and order (D) public literacy
Q.5 The ‘deserving poor’ were offered ...... by the authorities. (A) food (B) employment (C) homes (D) education
Q.6 In the 20th century why did women with draw from domestic service (A) They got work in offices (B) They got work in schools (C) They started writing novels (D) They got employment in wartime industries
Q.7 The London Underground Railways were called as ...... (A) iron monsters (B) iron rods (C) employment givers (D) none of the above
Q.8 Why did London’s dockworkers go on a strike? (A) To get hike in their salaries (B) To get recognition for the dockworker’s union (C) To get more facilities (D) To get more leaves
Q.9 More than ...... % of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay. (A) 80 (B) 70 (C) 60 (D) 50
Q.10 Who was the governor of Bombay when Land Reclamation started there ? (A) Earswick (B) Berry Parker (C) William Hornby (D) Ebenezer
Q.11 What steps were taken to clean up London? Q.12 Why did the authorties decide to decongest London? Q.13 Briefhy explain some of the riots that broke out in London. Q.14 How did people in Bombay spend their lesisure time ? Q.15 Write a short note on reclamation of lard in Bombay.
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