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An Analysis of the Discourse of Water Scarcity and Hydropolitical Dynamics in the Case of Jordan

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An Analysis of the Discourse of Water Scarcity and Hydropolitical Dynamics in the Case of Jordan An analysis of the discourse of water scarcity and hydropolitical dynamics in the case of Jordan HUSSAM HUSSEIN PhD 2016 An analysis of the discourse of water scarcity and hydropolitical dynamics in the case of Jordan HUSSAM HUSSEIN A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of East Anglia (UEA) School of International Development June 2016 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This is just an incomplete list of key people that played an important role in supporting me during my PhD and making this important achievement become true. Although I formally enrolled at the University of East Anglia in autumn 2012, the PhD process can actually be traced back a few years prior to that, when I participated in the training on “transboundary water management for the MENA region” organised by the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) in Amman and Stockholm. In particular, I would like to thank Ana Elisa Cascão for encouraging me during the training programme to seriously consider studying for a PhD and for recommending the School of International Development (DEV) as a good option to consider. Having decided to embark in the PhD, I cannot begin to thank enough the two people who have been of inspiration and encouragement throughout the last four years, namely my two supervisors Mark Zeitoun and Adriana Sinclair, as well as the other supervisors that stepped in during the maternity leaves of Adriana: Yvan Guichaoua and Simon Curtis. They have all provided patient, measured and most importantly, challenging intellectual guidance throughout the long and sometimes frustrating PhD journey, from its genesis right the way through to its maturity and completion. It has been a long road travelled and for sure I would not have made it over without their unwavering advice and firm support at the crucial waypoints on the journey. A special thanks also goes to my two examiners, Vasudha Chhotray and Jeremy Allouche, who took the time to read my thesis and provide me with very useful and constructive comments on how to disseminate the findings of this research. I would also like to thank three previous lecturers of mine. Firstly, late Ambassador Mainardo Benardelli de Leitenburg, who found the time to teach me and introduce me to development studies during my master degree in Gorizia explaining me the importance of water and natural resources in the Middle East and in international relations. He was the first one to teach me about hydropolitics, inspiring me and pushing me to embark in hydropolitics research for my master dissertation. Secondly, late Professor Enrico Fasana, who introduced me to the history of the Oriental and African countries, spending a lot of time teaching me the history of the Middle East, of my origins, and of the role of religions and cultures. He gave me the passion for research and the particular approach of intellectual and inter-personal curiosity for people’s origins, personal past, and previous experiences as a key to understanding people’s cultures, mentality, and societies. Third, Roberto Mazza, who taught me Middle Eastern history at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and served as external supervisor for my master iii thesis. He has been very useful since I met him at SOAS in 2006, and his contributions and help have been precious in supporting me with my academic choices and professional career. I am also most grateful to a number of societies, institutions, and trusts for providing me with grants and studentships during my studies and for participating in conferences, which greatly eased the financial burden of returning to full time study. These institutions include: the Council for British Research in the Levant (CBRL), the Sir Richard Stapley Educational Trust, the Royal Geographical Society - The Dudley Stamp Memorial Trust, the Roger and Sarah Bancroft Clark Charitable Trust, the Giovanni Lorenzin Association, the Autonomous Province of Trento, the UEA School of International Development, the UEA Travel Grant Awards, the UEA Graduate Students Association, the UEA Postgraduate Students Union, and the UEA Engagement Awards. There are a great number of people in Jordan whom I would like to thank and owe acknowledgement to for their help and contribution during my fieldwork. First, my gratitude goes to the Centre for Strategic Studies (CSS) of the University of Jordan, who kindly hosted me and provided much practical support throughout my stay in Amman; in particular to Dr. Sara Ababneh and to the Director of the centre, Dr. Musa Shtewi. My same gratitude also goes to the Water, Energy, and Environment Center (WEEC) of the University of Jordan, and in particular to Dr. Abbas Al Omari, for the support provided me throughout my fieldwork and for helping me seeing the water issue also from a natural sciences, engineering, and hydropological perspective. My gratitute also goes to Anders Jägerskog from SIWI - Swedish Embassy, for the regular lunches at our favourite place in Abdoun to catch up on water issues in Jordan. Another vote of thanks goes to all my friends in Washington D.C. that supported my decision of starting a PhD: Asuka, Patrick, Daniela, Francesco, Teymour, Tarek, Anthony Dean (AD), Musa, Sanjiva, David Chalker, JB Collier, Christian, Jean-Phi, Tony Borges, Fabrice, Hayane, Arvind, Thibault, Dariga, Raian, Alessio, Yannis, Sally, Swetlana, and Robert. To my friends in Italy for their continuous support: Valentina Atanasio, Arianna Feller and Giovannardi, Marco Rossi, Brando Benifei, Barbara Zamboni, Paolo Caroli, Giacomo Capuzzo, Renato Calliari, and Alessandro Curcu. Also, all those friends who hosted me and shared nice moments travelling around the world: Andrea Angeli, Laura Contini, Claudio e Riccardo, Henrik Madsen, Ylenia Corsi, Alberto Oliva, Mathieu Ichou, Vanessa Buttignon, and Rodolfo Labadie. Among the colleagues and friends at UEA, a special thanks goes to Barbara Orth, Mona Daoud, Fariba Alamgir, Jom Yothasamut, Sonja Marzi, David Mendoza, iv Will Monteith, Caroline Midmore, Michel Bolaboto, Max Slaughter, and Umberto Binetti. Also, the other two of the trois from the College of Europe need to be thanked: Mark Grassi and David Weis. I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to several “water scholars” for the discussions and for learning from each other during our meetings: Nina Hissen, Ahmet Conker, Mattia Grandi, Francesca Greco, Naho Mirumachi, Michael Mason, Muna Dajani, Anders Jägerskog, Michael Talhami, Amal Bourhrous, Filippo Menga, Rebecca Farnum, Susan Conlon, and Stephanie Hawkins. I am grateful to everyone, especially those who willingly gave up their time to read chapters or bits of my thesis providing me with useful constructive comments, including: Stewart Williams, Ines Ferreira, Heather Elaydi, Carol White, Fethiye Ceylan, Fariba Alamgir, and Steph Hawkins. For my time spent in Norwich, a thanks goes also to all those who provided me with a chance of get distracted from hydropolitics and attracted me into activities and discussions about the world out of the PhDs bubble: my housemates Cristina, Daniel, Paulina, Simon, Lilli, Amy, and Flash; Anthony Baynham; David, Jeremy, Ruadhán, and Liam and the UEA Music Society choir as a whole; Hayley and the UEA International Office; the Peer Assisted Learning (PAL) project; Emily Pineda Sampson, Mohaned Alhasan, and all the other Sportactivators and the Ziggurat challenge competition; Alexander Bustos, Karim Hadaya, and all the societies I was involved in; the National Union of Students Black and International Students Campaigns, and the UEA Students Union, in particular Josh Bowker, Liam McCafferty, Chris Jarvis, Yinbo Yu, Jo Swo, Elliot Folan, Julian Canlas, and Tony Moore. A special thanks goes to all the friends and people met during my fieldwork in Jordan; they would be too many to mention all, but this includes those met in Amman, in the Bedouin villages, farmers, and expats. Also, grazie to Alessandra and Sara for the spontaneous trip to Oman, and to Fausto, Arianna, and Alberto for the nice time in Jabal Amman. To all the new friends met in the trips to Japan, Korea, Oman, Uruguay, Argentina, the US, and Sweden. A special thanks to all my cousins who drove me around and look after me while in Amman, to all my aunts and uncles, and my grandmother for her love and delicious dishes she prepared for me while in fieldwork. Last but not least, I reserve my final words of gratitude for the people who mean most to me and have provided continues love and support as I followed my ambition these past few years, namely my father Zuhdi, my mother Wisam, my brother Hisham and his wife Michela, and Ammu Marco. To them I dedicate this thesis. v ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the construction of the discourse of water scarcity in Jordan. First, it identifies the actors constructing the discourse, their interests, and the elements comprising the discourse. Second, it examines the effects of the deployment of the discourse of water scarcity on policy-options, analysing the solutions opened and closed by the discourse in the national water strategy. Third, it explores the effects of the deployment of the discourse on transboundary water governance, as well as what other factors shape Jordanian-Syrian, Jordanian-Israeli, and Jordanian-Saudi hydropolitical relations. The study is important and makes an original empirical contribution because while the issue of water scarcity in Jordan has been widely researched, it has been done mainly from an engineering perspective, the discourse of water scarcity has been taken for granted, and studies on an in depth discursive analysis of the issue of water scarcity in Jordan are still missing.
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