ABSTRACT Title of Document: CAPITAL

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

ABSTRACT Title of Document: CAPITAL ABSTRACT Title of Document: CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT: MANDATE ERA AMMAN AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HASHEMITE STATE, 1921-1946. Harrison Brent Guthorn, Doctor of Philosophy, 2015 Directed By: Associate Professor Peter Wien, History This dissertation explores the modern history of Amman during the British Mandate and how the city’s development was closely tied to the evolution of the Hashemite state. This study explores the significant cultural and political hybridization of the local population in Amman because of the state’s centralization project. Few historians of the Middle East have examined in depth the formation of capital cities in nascent nation-states and even fewer have studied the city of Amman. The development of Amman must be understood in its regional context because it acts as a mirror for the development of the Jordanian state as a whole. This dissertation posits that Amman developed as a hybridized amalgam of Ottoman, Arab, and British characteristics. The Transjordanian state could not have existed if it had not borrowed countless Ottoman institutions and practices. The Anglo-Hashemite state used the Legislative Council of Transjordan to incorporate formerly autonomous elites into the machinery of the Jordanian state, transforming Amman into a Hashemite Versailles. By the end of the Mandate, Amman’s gilded cage both constrained and supported the elites within. The cage of Amman simultaneously limited elite influence and power, while protecting and reifying their muted authority as Transjordanian officials. Furthermore, Amman’s urban fabric was a reflection of its diverse heritage and cultural practices. The development of Amman as a “dual city,” divided between prosperous Westernized “West Amman” and the impoverished traditional “East Amman,” originated in the Mandate period. Finally, Amman’s central square, Feisal Square, became the figurative embodiment of the heart of Amman and the heart of the state. CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT: MANDATE ERA AMMAN AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HASHEMITE STATE, 1921-1946. By Harrison Brent Guthorn Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2015 Advisory Committee: Professor Peter Wien, Chair Professor Madeline Zilfi Professor Bernard Cooperman Professor Valerie Anishchenkova Professor Elizabeth Thompson © Copyright by Harrison Brent Guthorn 2015 Acknowledgments This project was funded by the Fulbright IIE Fellowship, the University of Maryland Department of History, the University of Maryland Graduate School, and the Cosmos Club of Washington, D.C. I am immensely thankful and indebted to these institutions for supporting my work. This dissertation would not have been possible without the help of the archivists and librarians at the British National Archives, the Jordanian National Library, the Jordanian Parliamentary Library, and the Imperial War Museum. I would particularly like to thank Ms. Debbie Usher at the Middle East Center Archive at St Antony’s College, Oxford for her hours of tireless support and assistance. While in Amman, Dr. Rami Daher offered me countless hours of his time and expertize in the exploration of Amman’s urban heritage and culture. His insight and advice were most helpful in the completion of this dissertation. My friends and colleagues in Jordan including Riad al-Khouri, Jose Ciro Martinez, Jose Dario Martinez, Matt DeMaio, and Eda Pepi tolerated my constant musings and curiosity about the city of Amman. I am also immensely thankful for the entire Adarbeh family, in particular my friends Ziad and Ayman, for taking me into their lives and making me feel at home in Amman. I am also indebted to Ziad Fahmy at Cornell who first introduced me to Middle East History as my adviser, and has continued to help me for many years as my friend. At Maryland, Madeline Zilfi, Bernard Cooperman, Marsha Rozenblit, Julie Greene, Antoine Borrut, Ahmed Karamustafa, Valerie Anishchenkova, and Anne Rush all helped me to develop as a historian and a teacher. Peter Wien, my adviser, constantly pushed me to improve my topic and believed in it even before I did. His years of guidance have made me the scholar I am today for which I am forever grateful. My friends in Maryland who tolerated my dissertation-induced delirium and supported me for these six long years. None of this would have been possible without you. Finally, and most importantly, to my family whose unwavering support and love made this possible. Thank you for always making me keep things in perspective and look on the brighter side. Meghan, my patient and saintly wife, this is for you. ii “Capital Development: Mandate Era Amman and the Construction of the Hashemite State, 1921-1946” Dissertation Table of Contents: 1. Introduction 1 Part I: Building Amman’s infrastructure 2. For the Sake of Security: Infrastructural and Institutional Development of Amman 45 3. Extraordinary Finance: City Infrastructure in the Midst of Imperial Funds, Private Capital, and Local Actors 118 Part II: The Creation of a Hashemite Versailles: Elites Coercion and Amman 4. A Point of Order: A Battle for Autonomy in the First Legislative Council of Transjordan 162 5. Elite Manipulation in the Legislative Council: The Creation of a Hashemite Versailles 203 Part III: Building the Heart of Amman 6. Public Celebration and Government Control: The Development of Amman’s Urban Fabric 253 7. Conclusion 311 Appendices 317 Bibliography 339 iii List of acronyms and abbreviations BNA British National Archives BR British Resident CDAC Colonial Development Advisory Committee CDF Colonial Development Fund CMS Christian Missionary Society CO Colonial Office CUP Committee of Union and Progress EC Executive Council ECNC Executive Committee for the National Congress ENJC Executive Committee for the Jordanian Conference FA Financial Adviser FO Foreign Office GAM Greater Amman Municipality HBM His British Majesty HC High Commissioner for Palestine and Transjordan HMG His Majesty’s Government ICC Imperial Communications Committee IPC Iraq Petroleum Company IWM Imperial War Museum JA Judicial Adviser JARA Jabal Amman Residence Association JNL Jordanian National Library JPL Jordanian Parliamentary Library LC Legislative Council LOC Library of Congress LP Palestine Pound MECA Middle East Center Archives, St Antony’s College, Oxford MESC Middle East Supply Center OETA Occupied Enemy Territory Administration OG Official Gazette of Transjordan/Jordan SoS Secretary of State for the Colonies iv A Note on Transliteration Arabic names found in the British records have been left in their original spelling in order to be faithful to the archival material. Places and proper names that are commonly used in the English language have been spelled according to standard journalistic norms (e.g. Amman, not ‘Amman). Similarly, Arabic author’s names have been spelled according to the Romanized way in which the author spells his or her name. All Arabic names, newspaper, and book titles have been transliterated according to standard IJMES practice but I have chosen not to use full diacritics (e.g. Filastin, not Filastīn, or ‘Abd al-Rahman Munif, not ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Munīf). Technical words have all been italicized (dunum or musha‘). v 1: Introduction - Figure 1-1 image of the main entrance of Darat al-Funun on Nadeem Al Mallah St next to a public staircase (author’s image) Hidden behind a high stonewall and through an innocuous metal gate in the Jabal al-Weibdeh neighborhood of Amman is one of Amman’s premier art spaces, Darat al- Funun (House of Art). This art gallery is a compound of three homes built in the early 1920s. The Khalid Shoman Foundation renovated the main building (also known as the Humud House) and turned it into a gallery space in 1993. However, before these buildings became exhibition halls, they had a former life. The main building of Darat al- Funun (Darat I), was the home of Arab Legion Commander Colonel Frederick G. Peake from 1921 until he retired and left Transjordan in 1939. Peake, one of the two most powerful British administrators (along with British Resident Henry Cox) shaped the development of Transjordan’s armed forces from within these halls. When John Bagot 1 Guthorn Glubb Pasha replaced Peake in Amman, the house became a residence for British officers and an army officer’s club until the Arabization of the army in 1956.1 The rest of the Darat al-Funun compound (Darat II and Darat III) also has strong connections to Amman’s Mandate era past. Ismail Haqqi Abdo built both homes in the 1920s. Abdo served as the Ottoman Governor of Acre before moving to Amman in the 1920s, where he acted as an adviser to Peake through the mid-1930s. Darat II, named “the Blue House” for its Circassian wooden porch, served as Abdo’s residence during the Mandate. Darat III’s most famous residents were the Great Arab Revolt poet Sheikh Fouad al-Khateeb and Prime Minister Suleiman Nablusi (who held the office in the 1950s).2 Below these three buildings, at the bottom of the sloped compound, lie the ruins of a Byzantine Church with an impressive vista of Amman’s citadel. As you descend the steps that flank the Darat al-Funun complex into the central corridor of downtown Amman, al-balad, you are simultaneously experiencing Amman’s past and present. This collection of buildings span Amman’s entire history connecting the ancient city of Philadelphia to the small village of Mandate era Amman, all the way to the modern metropolis of Amman with its population of well over two million people. This physical embodiment of Amman’s storied past underscores its complex and at times hidden lineage. Unlike the more traditional cities of the Levant, such as Damascus and Jerusalem, in Amman you have to search for its urban heritage. This hidden and obscured legacy motivated anthropologist Seteney Shami to proclaim famously, “Amman is not a 1 Mohammad al-Asad and Bill Lyons, eds., Old Houses of Jordan: Amman 1920-1950 (Amman: Turab, 1997), 84.
Recommended publications
  • The British Resident in Transjordan and the Financial Administration in the Emirate Transjordan 1921-1928
    Journal of Politics and Law; Vol. 5, No. 4; 2012 ISSN 1913-9047 E-ISSN 1913-9055 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The British Resident in Transjordan and the Financial Administration in the Emirate Transjordan 1921-1928 Riyadh Mofleh Klaifat1 1 Department of Basic Sciences, AL-Huson University College, Al Balqa’ Applied University, Irbid, Jordan Correspondence: Riyadh Mofleh Klaifat, Department of Basic Sciences, AL-Huson University College, Al Balqa’ Applied University, P.O. Box 50, Al-Huson 21510, Irbid, Jordan. Tel: 96-277-724-7370. E-mail: [email protected] Received: July 1, 2012 Accepted: July 9, 2012 Online Published: November 29, 2012 doi:10.5539/jpl.v5n4p159 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v5n4p159 Abstract Transjordan as a part of Belad Esham was subject to the Ottoman authority dominated the area from 1516 G up to the Call of Sherif Mecca (Al Hussain Bin Ali) for the revolution on the Ottoman Authority in 1916 after being promised false promises many times, such as the promise given to Sherif Hussain for replacing the Turkish rule by the Arab rule, during that period Britain was making conspiracies with the big Greedy powers in the area through bilateral negotiation with France ended by signing a new treaty called Sykes-Picot Treaty where the Arab map was divided between the two Countries. Where Arabs found themselves after the 1st world war after the defeat of Turkish state in 1918 G became under the rule of a news colonial powers, under what called the mandatory system which was established by the colonial powers to achieve their economic and social ambitions.
    [Show full text]
  • ORIGINS of the PALESTINE MANDATE by Adam Garfinkle
    NOVEMBER 2014 ORIGINS OF THE PALESTINE MANDATE By Adam Garfinkle Adam Garfinkle, Editor of The American Interest Magazine, served as the principal speechwriter to Secretary of State Colin Powell. He has also been editor of The National Interest and has taught at Johns Hopkins University’s School for Advanced International Studies (SAIS), the University of Pennsylvania, Haverford College and other institutions of higher learning. An alumnus of FPRI, he currently serves on FPRI’s Board of Advisors. This essay is based on a lecture he delivered to FPRI’s Butcher History Institute on “Teaching about Israel and Palestine,” October 25-26, 2014. A link to the the videofiles of each lecture can be found here: http://www.fpri.org/events/2014/10/teaching-about- israel-and-palestine Like everything else historical, the Palestine Mandate has a history with a chronological beginning, a middle, and, in this case, an end. From a strictly legal point of view, that beginning was September 29, 1923, and the end was midnight, May 14, 1948, putting the middle expanse at just short of 25 years. But also like everything else historical, it is no simple matter to determine either how far back in the historical tapestry to go in search of origins, or how far to lean history into its consequences up to and speculatively beyond the present time. These decisions depend ultimately on the purposes of an historical inquiry and, whatever historical investigators may say, all such inquiries do have purposes, whether recognized, admitted, and articulated or not. A.J.P. Taylor’s famous insistence that historical analysis has no purpose other than enlightened storytelling, rendering the entire enterprise much closer to literature than to social science, is interesting precisely because it is such an outlier perspective among professional historians.
    [Show full text]
  • Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land : the Case of Azraq Basin
    Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land: The case of Azraq Basin, Jordan of Azraq in Arid Land: The case Agriculture Groundwater-Based Majd Al Naber Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land: The case of Azraq Basin, Jordan Majd Al Naber Propositions: 1. Indirect regulatory measures are more efficient than direct measures in controlling the use of groundwater resources. (this thesis) 2. Decreasing the accessibility to production factors constrains, but does not fully control, groundwater-based agriculture expansion. (this thesis) 3. Remote sensing technology should be used in daily practice to monitor environmental changes. 4. Irreversible changes are more common than reversible ones in cases of over exploitation of natural resources. 5. A doctorate title is not the achievement of one's life, but a stepping-stone to one's future. 6. Positivity is required to deal with the long Ph.D. journey. Propositions belonging to the thesis, entitled Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land: The Case of Azraq Basin, Jordan Majd Al Naber Wageningen, 10 April 2018 Groundwater-Based Agriculture in Arid Land: The Case of Azraq Basin, Jordan Majd Al Naber Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr J. Wallinga Professor of Soil and Landscape Wageningen University & Research Co-promotor Dr F. Molle Senior Researcher, G-Eau Research Unit Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France Dr Ir J. J. Stoorvogel Associate Professor, Soil Geography and Landscape Wageningen University & Research Other members Prof. Dr Ir P.J.G.J. Hellegers, Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr Olivier Petit, Université d'Artois, France Prof. Dr Ir P. van der Zaag, IHE Delft University Dr Ir J.
    [Show full text]
  • Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies
    Arabic and its Alternatives Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies Editorial Board Phillip Ackerman-Lieberman (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA) Bernard Heyberger (EHESS, Paris, France) VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cjms Arabic and its Alternatives Religious Minorities and Their Languages in the Emerging Nation States of the Middle East (1920–1950) Edited by Heleen Murre-van den Berg Karène Sanchez Summerer Tijmen C. Baarda LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Assyrian School of Mosul, 1920s–1930s; courtesy Dr. Robin Beth Shamuel, Iraq. This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Murre-van den Berg, H. L. (Hendrika Lena), 1964– illustrator. | Sanchez-Summerer, Karene, editor. | Baarda, Tijmen C., editor. Title: Arabic and its alternatives : religious minorities and their languages in the emerging nation states of the Middle East (1920–1950) / edited by Heleen Murre-van den Berg, Karène Sanchez, Tijmen C. Baarda. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2020. | Series: Christians and Jews in Muslim societies, 2212–5523 ; vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921 Eugene L
    Cambridge University Press 0521892236 - Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921 Eugene L. Rogan Index More information Index «Abbad tribe 7, 85, 86, 87, 88, 111, 112, «Ajarma tribe 86 170, 181 «Ajlun district see Jabal «Ajlun AbduÈlhamid II (Ottoman sultan, r. Al-Balqa» see Balqa», the 1876±1909) 14, 54, 61, 63, 65, 70±1, Al-Karak see Karak 143, 154, 156, 157, 174 Alexander, Michael Solomon (Anglican «Abdullah bin Husayn, Amir (Hashemite bishop of Jerusalem) 127 ruler of Transjordan, r. 1921±1951) 1, Allenby, General Edmund (Commander of 252, 253±5 the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in Abu Jabir family 89, 110±11, 112, 115, WWI) 20, 232, 234, 239 116±18, 126, 148, 168 Transjordan campaigns 234±8 Abu Jabir house 116±18 Amman (Circassian village) 28, 52, 63, 66, Ibrahim Abu Jabir 89 67, 73, 74±5, 76, 81, 85, 94, 160, Salih Abu Jabir 89, 118, 125, 126 162±3, 176, 241, 242, 253 see also Yaduda, al- cholera in 166 Abu Tayya, «Awda (shaykh of Huwaytat district militias 226, 227 tribe) 218, 228, 229 World War I 226, 227, 235±6, 237, 239, see also Huwaytat tribe 240 Actis, Don Auguste de (Latin missionary) Higher National Committee 243 124±5 Salt government 249, 250 Administrative Councils 48, 182, 194, 196 «Anaza Confederation 35, 45 see also Vilayet Law (1864) Ruwala tribe see Ruwala tribe administrators 55±60 Wuld «Ali tribe 49, 180, 213 building projects 59±60 «Anbar secondary school, Damascus 156, corrupt 57±9 173 advance purchase contracts 104 Anderson, Lisa 17 «Adwan tribe 7, 28, 45, 49, 51, 80, 85±6, «Anjara
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Mañafah and Ad-Diwƒn Among Al-Shboul Tribe
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 14 [Special Issue - July 2012] Al-Madafa and Ad-Diwan among Al-Shboul Tribe: A Case Study in Ash-Shajarah Village of Jordan Ayman M. AlShboul Department of Anthropology Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology Yarmouk University Irbid-Jordan Nayef M. H. Shboul Department of Drama Faculty of Fine Arts Yarmouk University Irbid-Jordan Ahmad Y. Abu Dalou Department of Anthropology Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology Yarmouk University Irbid-Jordan Mohammad Alrousan Department of Anthropology Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology Yarmouk University Irbid-Jordan Madalla A. Alibeli Department of Sociology Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences United Arab Emirates University Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the change in the structure and role of the Al-Shboul tribe that coincides with the change in its institution and its socioeconomic and political roles. The madafa and Diwan as traditional form of guest house emphasizes on the social, economic and political role and function of the Sheikh and mukhtar as traditional leaders, providing them with a place where they exert their power and influence over the members of the „ashira (tribe). Key words: Guest house (Al- Madafa and Ad- Diwan), Al-shboul, Ash-Shajarah, Jordan, Institution, Function, Symbolical Changing, Place and Space. Introduction In this article, I will focus on the madafa and Ad- Diwan as guest house and their associations by focusing on them as part of the cultural heritage and their function and as a forum, where the members of the „ashira may strengthen their mutual relationships and ties.
    [Show full text]
  • The Forgotten Fronts the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Forgotten Fronts Forgotten The
    Ed 1 Nov 2016 1 Nov Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The Forgotten Fronts The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Forgotten Fronts Creative Media Design ADR005472 Edition 1 November 2016 THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | i The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The British Army Campaign Guide to the Forgotten Fronts of the First World War 1st Edition November 2016 Acknowledgement The publisher wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in providing text, images, multimedia links and sketch maps for this volume: Defence Geographic Centre, Imperial War Museum, Army Historical Branch, Air Historical Branch, Army Records Society,National Portrait Gallery, Tank Museum, National Army Museum, Royal Green Jackets Museum,Shepard Trust, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Defence, Royal Artillery Historical Trust, National Archive, Canadian War Museum, National Archives of Canada, The Times, RAF Museum, Wikimedia Commons, USAF, US Library of Congress. The Cover Images Front Cover: (1) Wounded soldier of the 10th Battalion, Black Watch being carried out of a communication trench on the ‘Birdcage’ Line near Salonika, February 1916 © IWM; (2) The advance through Palestine and the Battle of Megiddo: A sergeant directs orders whilst standing on one of the wooden saddles of the Camel Transport Corps © IWM (3) Soldiers of the Royal Army Service Corps outside a Field Ambulance Station. © IWM Inside Front Cover: Helles Memorial, Gallipoli © Barbara Taylor Back Cover: ‘Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red’ at the Tower of London © Julia Gavin ii | THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | iii ISBN: 978-1-874346-46-3 First published in November 2016 by Creative Media Designs, Army Headquarters, Andover.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sociolinguistic Study in Am, Northern Jordan
    A Sociolinguistic Study in am, Northern Jordan Noora Abu Ain A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Language and Linguistics University of Essex June 2016 2 To my beloved Ibrahim for his love, patience and continuous support 3 Abstract T features in S J T (U) T J : zubde „ ‟ dʒubne „ ‟. On the other hand, the central and southern Jordanian dialects have [i] in similar environments; thus, zibde and dʒibne T (L) T the dark varian t [l] I , : x „ ‟ g „ ‟, other dialects realise it as [l], and thus: x l and g l. These variables are studied in relation to three social factors (age, gender and amount of contact) and three linguistic factors (position in syllable, preceding and following environments). The sample consists of 60 speakers (30 males and 30 females) from three age groups (young, middle and old). The data were collected through sociolinguistic interviews, and analysed within the framework of the Variationist Paradigm using Rbrul statistical package. The results show considerable variation and change in progress in the use of both variables, constrained by linguistic and social factors. , T lowed by a back vowel. For both variables, the young female speakers were found to lead the change towards the non-local variants [i] and [l]. The interpretations of the findings focus on changes that the local community have experienced 4 as a result of urbanisation and increased access to the target features through contact with outside communities. Keywords: Jordan, , variable (U), variable (L), Rbrul, variation and change 5 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Asimi) Qawasim Confederation Migrates to the Coast of the Arab Gulf from the Persian Littoral
    Timeline / Before 1800 to After 1930 / POLITICAL CONTEXT Date Country Theme 1700 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Political Context In the early 1700s, the (Al-Qasimi) Qawasim confederation migrates to the coast of the Arab Gulf from the Persian littoral. Here, they establish their main base in Julfar (later Ras al-Khaimah), soon extending their sway all along the lower Gulf, across areas of the east coast and towns on the Persian littoral. 1765 - 1800 Saudi Arabia Political Context In 1765 Imam Muhammad bin Saud establishes the First Saudi State in Arabia, starting with the Najd region, and making its capital the city of Dir‘iyya. 1782 - 1813 Tunisia Political Context During the reign of Hammuda Pasha Bey, known as the “Founder” of modern Tunisia, the Regency of Tunis enjoys a thriving economy and an overall sense of security. 1790 - 1800 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Political Context Between around 1790 and the early 1800s, threatened by increasing British inroads into traditional Gulf economies and politics, and supported by the Persians and Omanis, the Qawasim attack British vessels to defend their economic empire in the Lower Gulf. 1797 Austria Political Context Austria and France conclude the Treaty of Campo Formio on 17 October. Austria then cedes to Belgium and Lombardy. To compensate, it gains the eastern part of the Venetian Republic up to the Adige, including Venice, Istria and Dalmatia. 1800 - 1803 Saudi Arabia Political Context Most parts of Arabia become part of the new Saudi State. In 1803, The two holy cities of Mecca (Makkah) and Medina (Madinah), along with the rest of the Hijaz region, join the Saudi State.
    [Show full text]
  • University of London Oman and the West
    University of London Oman and the West: State Formation in Oman since 1920 A thesis submitted to the London School of Economics and Political Science in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Francis Carey Owtram 1999 UMI Number: U126805 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U126805 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 bLOSiL ZZLL d ABSTRACT This thesis analyses the external and internal influences on the process of state formation in Oman since 1920 and places this process in comparative perspective with the other states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. It considers the extent to which the concepts of informal empire and collaboration are useful in analysing the relationship between Oman, Britain and the United States. The theoretical framework is the historical materialist paradigm of International Relations. State formation in Oman since 1920 is examined in a historical narrative structured by three themes: (1) the international context of Western involvement, (2) the development of Western strategic interests in Oman and (3) their economic, social and political impact on Oman.
    [Show full text]
  • The Istiqlalis in Transjordan, 1920-1926 by Ghazi
    A Divided Camp: The Istiqlalis in Transjordan, 1920-1926 by Ghazi Jarrar Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia April 2016 © Copyright by Ghazi Jarrar, 2016 Table of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................v Chapter One: Introduction.................................................................................................................1 Background.....................................................................................................................................3 Historiography...........................................................................................................................11 Project Parameters and Outline..........................................................................................26 A Note on Sources.....................................................................................................................29 Chapter Two: The Militant Istiqlalis...........................................................................................31 Background..................................................................................................................................32 The Militant Istiqlalis: Part
    [Show full text]
  • Country Coding Units
    INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) .
    [Show full text]