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Umm Ar-Rasas Site Management Plan

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Umm Ar-Rasas Site Management Plan UMM AR-RASAS SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN Contributors Department of Antiquities of Jordan Hanadi al-Taher, Basem Mahamid, Husam Hjazeen, Jehad Haroun, Ahmed Lash, Asma Shhaltoug, Hamada Al-Mor Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities Hussein Khirfan Khalaf Al-Mor UNESCO Office/ Amman Gaetano Palumbo, Angela Atzori 1 2 3 Table of Contents SECTION I – SITE DESCRIPTION AND DOCUMENTATION 8 CHAPTER 1 – THE SITE 8 1.1. Location and boundaries 8 1.1.1. Site plans 8 1.2. Site description 9 1.2.1 Historical background 9 1.2.2 Archaeological features 10 1.2.3 Landscape 21 1.3. Umm ar-Rasas: a World Heritage Site 23 1.3.1. Statement of Outstanding Universal Value 23 1.3.2. Criteria for Inscription 26 1.3.3. State of Conservation Reports and Monitoring Missions 26 1.4. Tourism facilities 33 1.4.1. Infrastructures and facilities 33 1.4.2. Services 33 1.4.3. Security 34 CHAPTER 2 – HISTORY OF INTERVENTIONS 35 2.1. Archaeological Excavations and Surveys 35 2.2. Conservation projects 38 2.3 Site development and community engagement 41 2.4. Site Management Planning 42 SECTION II – SITE ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS 46 CHAPTER 3 – STATE OF CONSERVATION 46 3.1. State of conservation of the archaeological structures and mosaics 46 3.1.1 St. Stephen complex 46 3.1.2 Castrum 47 3.1.3 Stylite tower 47 3.1.4 Other structures 50 3.2. Risk assessment 52 3.2.1. Natural threats 52 3.2.2. Man-made threats 53 CHAPTER 4 – THE MANAGEMENT CONTEXT 55 4.1. Legal status and protection 55 4.1.1 Legal framework 55 4.1.2. Core and buffer zones 62 4.1.3. Areas outside the buffer zone 62 4 4.2. Competent authorities 63 4.2.1. The Department of Antiquities and the Umm ar-Rasas Management Unit 63 4.2.2. The Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities 65 4.3. Key stakeholders 65 4.4. Financial resources 67 4.5. Visitors’ numbers, profile and impact 67 4.5.1. Tourists' flows 67 4.5.2. Tourist and visitor profiles 69 4.5.3. Tourism impact and management 69 CHAPTER 5 – SITE SIGNIFICANCE AND VALUES 70 5.1. Cultural significance 70 5.1.1. Historical value 70 5.1.2. Religious value 71 5.1.3. Archaeological value 72 5.1.4. Artistic and aesthetic values 73 5.1.5. Architectural value 73 5.1.6. Natural and landscape values 74 5.1.7. Scientific value 74 5.1.8. Social values 75 5.2. Other site values and assets 75 5.2.1. Tourism and economic development 75 5.2.2. Education 75 5.2.3. Outstanding Universal Value 76 CHAPTER 6 – SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS, RISKS AND KEY ISSUES 77 6.1. Legal and institutional framework 77 6.2. Conservation and documentation 78 6.3. Maintenance and monitoring 78 6.4. Interpretation and presentation 79 6.5. Research and excavations 79 6.6. Tourism, facilities, services and infrastructures 80 6.7. Public awareness and education 81 6.8. Community participation and economic development opportunities 81 6.9. Investments and funding 81 TABLES – Threats and Risks in UMM AR-RASAS 83 SECTION III – SITE MANAGEMENT PLANNING 87 CHAPTER 7 – VISION, AIMS, POLICIES AND ACTIONS 87 7.1. Vision 87 5 7.2. Aims, policies and actions 88 7.2.1. Legal and institutional framework (LEG) 88 7.2.2. Appropriate use (USE) 91 7.2.3. Conservation and documentation (CON) 91 7.2.4. Research and Excavations (REX) 94 7.2.5.Maintenance and monitoring (MNT) 96 7.2.6. Interpretation and presentation (INT) 97 7.2.7. Tourism, facilities, services and infrastructures (TFS) 98 7.2.8. Public awareness and education (EDU) 101 7.2.9. Community participation and economic development opportunities (COP) 102 7.2.10. Investments, marketing and funding (FND) 103 CHAPTER 8 – PLAN IMPLEMENTATION 105 8.1. Plan approval and implementation mechanism 105 8.1.1. Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities 105 8.1.2. Department of Antiquities 106 8.2. Action Program 108 8.3. Plan monitoring and periodic review 108 8.4. Implementation Action Plan 110 BIBLIOGRAPHY 116 Um ar-Rasas World Heritage Property 125 (Core Zone and Buffer Zone Boundaries) 6 7 SECTION I – SITE DESCRIPTION AND DOCUMENTATION CHAPTER 1 – THE SITE 1.1. Location and boundaries Umm ar-Rasas is located at coordinates 31.4995 North, 35.9198 East (center of castrum), 60km. south of Amman, 30km southeast of Madaba, north of Wadi al-Mujib, roughly halfway between the King’s Highway and the Desert Road. It is possible to reach the site directly from Madaba from the road passing the village of Nitl, continuing to Wadi ath-Thamad, passing the sites of az-Za‘faran and Rumayl. Alternate routes are from the King’s Highway turning east at Dhiban (Nomination file, pages 1-2) or the the Desert Highway, turning west 29 kilometers south of the Queen Alia International Airport exit. The nearby village of Umm ar-Rasas is within the governorate (muhafadha) of Amman, sub- governorate (liwa’) of al-Jiza. The district (qada') of Umm ar-Rasas contains 20 villages and residential communities with a population of approximately 20,000. The population belongs to the Bani Sakhr tribe, mostly from the Hqaish, Salaytah, and Ka'abneh families. There is also a presence of population from the Bir Sabi' tribe.1 1.1.1. Site plans Site plans derive from survey work conducted by the Swiss mission in the early ‘90s. Further surveys were conducted by Halcrow Group Limited in 2005 as part of the EU MEDA programme for the presentation and preservation of the site. The fence line which encompasses the core and buffer zone of the site was surveyed by DoA in October 2015. Top plans and elevations of excavated buildings were prepared by the General View 1 The qada’ of Umm ar-Rasas is composed by 4 municipalities: 1. Umm er-Rasas, which includes 7 other villages: Abu Hulaylifah, Akhu Suhayna, Musaytiba, Rujm Fuhayd, Rujm ‘Uqab, Salya, Thurayyah, all inhabited by the Hqaish tribe. In Abu Hulaylifah there is also a presence of the Ka'abnah tribe. 2. Rama, which includes 3 other villages: Al- Lahun, Damkhi, and Mushayrfah, all inhabited by the Salaytah tribe. In Damkhi there is also the Hqaish tribe. 3. Rumayl (inhabited by the Hqaish and ̒Awaysheh tribes) and ‘Ulayyan (inhabited by the Hqaish and Ka'abnah tribes). 4. Tur al-Hashash, which includes also the village of An-Nadwah. Both are inhabited by the Ka’abnah tribe. 8 archaeological missions and DoA. CAD drawings only exist for the Halcrow survey data and for the latest plan prepared in October 2015 by DoA. 1.2. Site description 1.2.1 Historical background2 The name Umm ar-Rasas is related to the Arabic root Rass, Rassas, indicating the action of putting something on top of something else in perfect alignment. Thus is a term which indicates a well-built wall, and it is a good indication of the antiquity of the locality. This interpretation has replaced a previous one that translated the Arabic word rasas (lead), interpreting this as related to the presence of lead sarcophagi seen somewhere on site (but no presence of these has been confirmed in excavations). The site of Umm ar-Rasas is identified with the Mefa’a or Kastron Mefa’a, a toponym known from the Roman-Byzantine and Arabic sources and from the Bible. According to Ibn Mandhour, the name Mefa’a derived from the word mayfaa or mayfa‘, meaning the towered place or mountain (Ibn Mandhour: Lisan al-Arab). Mosaic Greek inscriptions discovered in the Church of Saint Stephen excavated on the northern edge of the ruins, and the inscriptions discovered in the church of the Lions have confirmed, four times, the ancient name of Umm ar-Rasas as Kastron Mefa’a, a settlement mentioned in the Bible (Joshua 13:18; 21: 37, and Jeremiah 48:21) and in the Roman-Byzantine sources. The Notitia Dignitatum, an official document of the Roman Empire, and the 4th Century AD Onomasticon of Eusebius of Cesarea, both state that auxiliary cavalry troops of the Roman army were stationed in the camp of Mefaa on the edge of the desert under the command of the Dux Arabiae. The locality of Mefaa is recorded by the Arab historian el-Bakry as a village of the Belqa' of Syria. The name Kastron Mefaa suggested the military nature of the settlement in the Roman, Byzantine and Islamic periods, and possibly earlier, in the Nabatean period. The artistic sophistication of the mosaic pavements of the uncovered churches, however, stand against that military function, at least in the Byzantine and Umayyad periods. The archaeological evidences indicated that the first occupation in the site was in the Iron Age II, a basalt column base, a scarab and a group of pottery sherds were found in St. Stephen complex (Benedettucci 1994). 2 Information for this paragraph derives from the World Heritage Nomination file (2003) and Mahamid 2008. 9 The castrum existed already in the third century A.D. as indicated by a Latin inscription found in the eastern courtyard of the church of St. Stephen. Thamudic and Nabataean inscriptions were also found, reused in the eastern wall of the same church. The remains and monuments of the Byzantine period are visible evidence on the importance of Mefaa. The mosaics of the many churches found at the site provide evidence of the existence of an organized Christian community in the diocese of Madaba, at the end of the 8th Century.
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