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JORDAN – AZRAQ BASIN CASE STUDY No.12 Groundwater Governance in the Arab World Majd Al-Naber

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JORDAN – AZRAQ BASIN CASE STUDY No.12 Groundwater Governance in the Arab World Majd Al-Naber JORDAN – AZRAQ BASIN CASE STUDY No.12 Groundwater governance in the Arab World Majd Al-Naber December 2016 This is an IWMI project publication – “Groundwater governance in the Arab World – Taking Stock and addressing the challenges” This publication was made possible through support provided by the Middle East Bureau, U.S. Agency for International Development, under the terms of Award AID-263-IO-13- 00005. DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IWMI, the U.S. Agency for International Development or the United States government. Cover photo credit: Majd Al Naber. 2 Table of contents Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 9 1 Jordan overview ...................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Country overview.................................................................................................................. 11 1.2 Overview of global challenges .............................................................................................. 12 1.2.1 Refugees influx .................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.2 Food production .................................................................................................................. 12 1.2.3 Energy ................................................................................................................................. 12 1.3 Surface and groundwater resources in Jordan ..................................................................... 12 2 The Azraq Basin ....................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Geographical location ........................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Basin physical properties ...................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Hydrology of the Azraq Basin ............................................................................................... 19 2.4 Recharge and safe yield ........................................................................................................ 20 2.5 Azraq basin communities ..................................................................................................... 21 2.6 The Azraq Oasis: between past and present ........................................................................ 22 2.7 The Azraq salt Industry ......................................................................................................... 23 3 Azraq and its water .................................................................................................................. 24 3.1 The water situation: quantity and quality ............................................................................ 24 3.2 Agriculture in Azraq .............................................................................................................. 25 3.3 Agricultural well types and characterization ........................................................................ 29 3.4 Springs in Azraq, location, and discharge ............................................................................. 33 3.5 Dams and wadis .................................................................................................................... 33 4 Agriculture in the Azraq basin .................................................................................................. 35 4.1 Land ownership and access .................................................................................................. 35 4.1.1 Taswiye ................................................................................................................................ 35 4.1.2 Tafwid .................................................................................................................................. 35 36 ............................................................................................. )اهداء اﻻراضي( Land dedication 4.1.3 4.1.4 Land access in Azraq ........................................................................................................... 36 4.1.5 Relationships between Azraq communities ....................................................................... 37 4.1.6 Legal vs illegal land .............................................................................................................. 38 4.1.7 Land prices .......................................................................................................................... 40 4.2 Implementation of water policy in Jordan ........................................................................... 41 4.2.1 Law 18 from 1988 and its amendments ............................................................................. 42 4.2.2 The Water Bylaw of 2002 .................................................................................................... 43 4.2.3 Amendments to the 2002 Water Bylaw ............................................................................. 45 4.2.4 Groundwater policy implementation in Azraq ................................................................... 47 4.2.4.1 Regulations and users' strategies .............................................................................. 47 4.2.4.2 Control measures by the government ...................................................................... 49 3 4.2.5 Effectiveness of policy options............................................................................................ 52 4.2.6 Recent measures ................................................................................................................. 54 4.3 Cropping patterns in the Azraq basin ................................................................................... 54 4.3.1 Olive trees ........................................................................................................................... 57 4.3.2 Alfalfa .................................................................................................................................. 57 4.3.3 Grapes ................................................................................................................................. 58 4.4 Farm typology in Azraq ......................................................................................................... 59 4.4.1 Farm typology established in this study ............................................................................. 59 4.4.2 Detailed farm typologies in Azraq ....................................................................................... 61 4.4.2.1 Small olive farm ......................................................................................................... 61 4.4.2.2 Large olive farm ......................................................................................................... 63 4.4.2.3 Small professional alfalfa farms ................................................................................ 64 4.4.2.4 Professional olive farms ............................................................................................ 66 4.4.2.5 Professional olive tree farm with alfalfa ................................................................... 67 4.4.2.6 Professional olive tree with grape farms .................................................................. 69 4.5 Farming systems in Mafraq .................................................................................................. 72 4.6 Farming dynamics and constraints ....................................................................................... 77 4.6.1 Labor ................................................................................................................................... 77 4.6.2 Land ..................................................................................................................................... 78 4.6.3 Well costs ............................................................................................................................ 78 4.6.4 Crop selection ..................................................................................................................... 79 4.6.5 Irrigation techniques ........................................................................................................... 81 4.6.6 Water and other production costs ...................................................................................... 81 4.6.7 User participation and the Highland Water Forum ............................................................ 83 4.6.8 Prior characterization of farming practices in Azraq .......................................................... 84 4.6.9 Changes in Azraq since 2010 ............................................................................................... 88 5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 90 6 References .............................................................................................................................. 92 7 Annexes .................................................................................................................................
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