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Reconsidering Operation Condor: Cross-Border Military Cooperation and the Defeat of the Transnational Left in Chile and Argentina During the 1970S

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Reconsidering Operation Condor: Cross-Border Military Cooperation and the Defeat of the Transnational Left in Chile and Argentina During the 1970S Bowdoin College Bowdoin Digital Commons Honors Projects Student Scholarship and Creative Work 2014 Reconsidering Operation Condor: Cross-border Military Cooperation and the Defeat of the Transnational Left in Chile and Argentina during the 1970s Georgia C. Whitaker Bowdoin College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/honorsprojects Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, Latin American History Commons, Latin American Languages and Societies Commons, Military History Commons, Oral History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Whitaker, Georgia C., "Reconsidering Operation Condor: Cross-border Military Cooperation and the Defeat of the Transnational Left in Chile and Argentina during the 1970s" (2014). Honors Projects. 10. https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/honorsprojects/10 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship and Creative Work at Bowdoin Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of Bowdoin Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reconsidering Operation Condor: Cross-border Military Cooperation and the Defeat of the Transnational Left in Chile and Argentina during the 1970s An Honors Paper for the Department of History By Georgia Claire Whitaker Bowdoin College, 2014 ©2014 Georgia Claire Whitaker Table of Contents List of Tables and Illustrations…………………………………………………….. iii List of Abbreviations................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………….. vi Introduction……………………………………………………………………….... 1 Chapter One: From Safe Haven to Surveillance State……………………………... 27 Appendix 1.1: Nationalities of Foreign Prisoners Arrested by the Chilean Dictatorship on September 11, 1973…………………………………......71 Appendix 1.2: Foreigners Detained in Chile, September-December 1973....72 Chapter Two: Rebuilding Across Borders……………………………………….....102 Chapter Three: A War Without Borders…………………………………………....156 Epilogue and Conclusions…………………………………..................................... 222 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….. 245 ii List of Tables and Illustrations Tables Table 1.1: Nationalities of Foreigners Arrested by the Chilean Dictatorship on September 11, 1973……………………………………..…………………...71 Table 1.2: Foreigners Detained in Chile, September-December 1973……………...72 Illustrations Figure 2.1: “We Will Overcome!” ……………………………………………….....103 Figure 2.2: “They have the strength, they can dominate us, but they cannot stop the function of society with crime or force.”...…………………………….132 Figure 2.3: Salvador Allende, Martyr Victim of the Reaction and Imperialism…....133 Figure 2.4: To One Year of the Pinochetazo………………………………………..134 Figure 2.5: Pinocho…………………………………………………………....…….135 Figure 2.6: Stop the Fascist Escalation in Latin America! ………………………….136 Figure 3.1: Symposium in Solidarity with Chilean Exiles and their “Right to Return” …………………………………………………………….....196 Figure 3.2: Solidarity with the People Under Dictatorship in South America…….. 197 Figure 3.3: Unity and Struggle for Democracy in Chile…………………………… 198 Figure 3.4: The Right to Live in My Country…………………………………….... 199 Figure 3.5: International Youth Encuentro in Support of Chile…………………… 200 Figure 3.6: Freedom for Luis Corvalán and the Other Political Prisoners in Chile... 201 Figure 3.7: Drawing of a Fist Raised in the Style of the Muralista Brigades……… 202 Figure 3.8: A French University Campaign in Solidarity with the Chilean Cause… 203 Figure 3.9: Meeting of Italian and Chilean Children………………………………. 204 Figure 3.10: Solidarity Concert in Norway in Support of Chile…………………… 205 Figure 3.11: Night of Solidarity: Théâtre Rutebeuf Presents an Act of Solidarity with Chile and the Chilean Musical Group Quilapayún………………………...206 Figure 3.12: Drawing of a Chilean Concentration Camp………………………….. 207 Figure 3.13: Iraqi Communist Party Campaign in Solidarity with the Chilean “Right to Return” ……………………………………………………………....208 Figure 3.14: Fight Against the Military Dictatorship and Support the Chilean Resistance Movement…………………………………………………………..209 Figure 3.15: Panamanian Committee in Solidarity with Chile…………………….. 210 Figure 3.16: Activity in Solidarity with Chile at the Centre Georges Pompidou….. 211 Figure 3.17: International Isolation of the Chilean Junta: Repression Provoked by the Junta Militar……………………………………………………………..212 Figure 3.18: Chile will Prevail: Drawing of People Holding Hands with the Chilean Flag………………………………………………………………….....213 Figure 3.19: Untitled……………………………………………………………….. 214 Figure 3.20: Un Petit Avatar……………………………………………………….. 215 Figure 3.21: Operation Return……………………………………………………... 216 Figure 3.22: The Constant Threat………………………………………………….. 217 iii List of Abbreviations AAA Alianza Anticomunista Argentina—Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance CEDOC Centro de Documentación—Archival Center CNT Convención Nacional de Trabajadores—National Workers Confederation COMACHI Comité Argentino-Chileno—Argentine-Chilean Commission; Coordinación de Movimiento de Ayuda a Chile—Coordination of Movement to Help Chile CONADEP Comisión Nacional de Desaparición de Personas—National Commission on the Disappeared DGI Dirección General de Informaciones—General Directorate of Information DINA Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional—National Intelligence Directorate ELN Ejército de Liberación Nacional—National Liberation Army ESMA Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada—Navy Mechanics School FFAA Fuerzas Armadas—Armed Forces FOIA Freedom of Information Act FRECILINA Frente Cívico de Liberación Nacional—Civic Front of National Liberation JJCC Juventud Comunista—Communist Youth JP Juventud Peronista—Peronist Youth GUS Grupo Universitario Socialista—University Socialist Group MAPU Movimiento de Acción Popular Unitario—Popular Unitary Action Movement MIR Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria—Revolutionary Left Movement MLN-T Movimiento de Liberación Nacional-Tupamaros—National Liberation Movement- Tupamaros MMDH Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos—Museum of Memory and Human Rights iv MSSA Museo de la Solidaridad Salvador Allende—Salvador Allende Museum of Solidarity NACLA North American Congress on Latin America PCCh Partido Comunista de Chile—Chilean Communist Party PDC Partido Demócrata Cristiano—Christian Democrat Party PN Partido Nacional—National Party PRT-ERP Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores-Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo— Workers’ Revolutionary Party-People’s Revolutionary Army PS Partido Socialista—Socialist Party ROE Resistencia Obrero-Estudiantil—Worker-Student Resistance SID Servicio de Información y Defensa—Information and Defense Service SIDE Secretaria de Informaciones del Estado—Ministry of State Information SIPBA Servicio de Informaciones de la Policía de la Provincia de Buenos Aires— Police Information Services of Buenos Aires Province UCRI Unión Cívica Radical Intransigente—Intransigent Radical Civic Union UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees UP Unidad Popular—Popular Unity v Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Allen Wells, for his incredible energy, dedication, attention to detail, and support. Professor Wells’ insightful comments, ideas, and constant awareness of the larger “so what?” have been invaluable to this project and my studies over the past four years. Thank you for being a model of how to teach, and how to be taught. I could not have asked for a better advisor. Secondly, I thank Professor Bill Taylor, Professor Page Herrlinger, and Professor David Gordon for their constructive criticism and guidance in formulating, writing, and revising this thesis. I was especially lucky to benefit from Professor Taylor’s wealth of knowledge of Latin American history. Thanks to all four for their willingness to read lengthy drafts! I would also like to extend a special thanks to the Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos (Museum of Memory and Human Rights), in particular to my mentors Soledad Díaz and María Luisa Ortiz. The museum’s vast wealth of untapped archival resources have been the foundation and constant inspiration for this project, and have given me a unique window into this period. In addition to exhibiting Chile’s recent history, this institution also marks an instrumental step towards national healing through acknowledgment of past atrocities. It stands as testament to the reverberating relevance of this history in the present and reminds us that we do not process history through silence, but through conversation and respectful recognition. For their valuable guidance, insight, and archives, I owe the Museo and its individuals mil gracias and send muchos saludos. vi I would like to thank the Museo de la Solidaridad Salvador Allende (Salvador Allende Museum of Solidarity) for access to its in-house and digital collections of the over 2,500 pieces of artwork donated to the Allende regime. Chilean historian Iván Jakšić, an exile of the dictatorship himself, was also kind enough to meet with me in Santiago in January 2014. His story has helped put a face on the exile experience, and has reminded me of this period’s enduring personal and national pertinence. I thank him for his willingness to share this very personal history. I would also like to thank the Bowdoin College History Department and Paul H. Nyhus fellowship for funding the initial archival investigations for this
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