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Verrat in Den Eigenen Reihen? Romanische Literaturen und Kulturen RLK 11 Katharina E. Schefner Verrat in den eigenen Reihen? Hernán Valdés’ literarische Produktion als Kritik an der chilenischen Linken im Kalten Krieg 11 Romanische Literaturen und Kulturen Romanische Literaturen und Kulturen hrsg. von Dina De Rentiis, Kai Nonnenmacher und Enrique Rodrigues-Moura Band 11 2020 Verrat in den eigenen Reihen? Hernán Valdés’ literarische Produktion als Kritik an der chilenischen Linken im Kalten Krieg Katharina E. Schefner 2020 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut- schen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Informationen sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de/ abrufbar. Diese Arbeit hat der Fakultät Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften der Otto-Fried- rich-Universität Bamberg unter dem Titel »Verrat in den eigenen Reihen? Hernán Valdés’ literarische Produktion als eine (unmögliche) diferenzierte Kritik an der chileni- schen Linken im Kalten Krieg« als Dissertation vorgelegen. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Enrique Rodrigues-Moura Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Kai Nonnenmacher Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 07.11.2018 Diese Forschungsarbeit entstand innerhalb des von Prof. Dr. Enrique Rodrigues- Moura geleiteten Projekts »Schmerz und Empathie nach den Iberoromanischen Diktaturen: Narrationen, Filme und andere Kunstformen« an der Professur für Romanische Literatur/Hispanistik der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg. Dieses Werk ist als freie Onlineversion über das Forschungs- informationssystem (FIS; https://fis.uni-bamberg.de) der Universität Bamberg erreichbar. Das Werk – ausgenommen Cover und Zitate – steht unter der CC-Lizenz CC-BY. Lizenzvertrag: Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Herstellung und Druck: Digital Print Group, Nürnberg Umschlaggestaltung: University of Bamberg Press Umschlagbild: Typoskript von A partir del fn von Hernán Valdés (ca. 1980). Universitätsarchiv Bamberg. © Maria Svidryk (Foto) © University of Bamberg Press, Bamberg 2020 https://www.uni-bamberg.de/ubp/ ISSN: 1867-5042 ISBN: 978-3-86309-706-6 (Druckausgabe) eISBN: 978-3-86309-707-3 (Online-Ausgabe) URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:473-irb-470216 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-47021 Inhalt 1. Hernán Valdés und der Kalte Krieg in Chile ................................. 7 2. Forschungsstand ............................................................................ 25 2.1. Erinnerungsdiskurs in Chile ................................................ 25 2.2. Erinnerung in der Literatur .................................................. 49 2.3. Autobiografisches und autofiktionales Schreiben .............. 61 2.4. Kanonisierung chilenischer Literatur .................................. 65 3. Chilenische Literatur und Kultur während der Diktatur – ein Ausschnitt ...................................................................................... 75 4. Tejas Verdes ..................................................................................... 85 4.1. Der chilenische testimonio .................................................... 85 4.2. Forschungsstand und Rezeptionsgeschichte ...................... 94 4.3. Vom Tagebuch zum »kollektiven Text« ............................ 108 4.3.1. Literarisierter Lageralltag als Zeugnis der Diktatur ...... 108 4.3.2. Die spanischsprachigen Ausgaben ................................ 111 4.3.2.1. Sprache und Sprachlosigkeit .................................... 113 4.3.2.2. Folter und Verstummen ........................................... 121 4.3.3. Die Paratexte ................................................................... 131 4.3.3.1. Die erste (1974) und die zweite (1978) Ausgabe in Spanien ...................................................................... 131 4.3.3.2. Die dritte Ausgabe (1996) – erstmalige Veröffentlichung durch einen chilenischen Verlag ......................................................................... 135 4.3.3.3. Die vierte Ausgabe (2012) – eine digitale Ausgabe in Chile ...................................................................... 145 4.3.3.4. Die fünfte Ausgabe (2017) in Chile .......................... 147 4.3.4. Die Paratexte der deutschen Ausgaben – die Politisierung des Textes .................................................. 152 4.3.4.1. Die erste Ausgabe von 1976 – Annäherung an die Position des MIR ...................................................... 153 4.3.4.2. Die zweite Ausgabe von 1987 – Historisierung und Politisierung im Rahmen der neuen Chilepolitik der Bundesregierung ........................... 167 4.3.4.3. Politik – chilenische Exilanten und die deutsche Chile-Solidarität ........................................................ 173 4.4. Resümee: Tejas Verdes als kollektiver Text ......................... 188 5. A partir del fin ................................................................................ 191 5.1. Erzählperspektive nach Wolf Schmid ................................ 199 5.2. Zwischen Fiktion und Autobiografie: A partir del fin als Autofiktion ........................................................................... 205 5.3. Sprachliche Markierung von Schichtzugehörigkeit .......... 211 5.4. »Reunión de los intelectuales« – Anspruch und Wirken der Intellektuellen während der Regierung Allendes........ 217 5.5. »La gata« – soziale Beziehungen in der Diktatur .............. 247 5.6. »Interpelación al Presidente« – Kritik an Salvador Allende und der UP ............................................................. 270 5.7. Beschreibung des Alltäglichen............................................ 294 5.7.1. Das Lateinamerikabild des Protagonisten und die Stadt-Land-Dichotomie ................................................... 295 5.7.2. Alltag vor und nach dem Putsch .................................... 306 5.8. Stimme aus dem Exil und trotzdem kein Exilroman ........ 312 5.9. Fragmentierung der Erinnerung ........................................ 318 5.10. Extraliterarische Aspekte ..................................................... 329 5.10.1. Entstehungs- und Rezeptionsgeschichte bis in die 1980er Jahre ..................................................................... 330 5.10.2. Rezeptionsgeschichte in Deutschland (1984) ................ 336 5.10.3. Exkurs: Ansilania oder Die Geschichte darunter (1986) ... 346 5.10.4. Veröffentlichungs- und Rezeptionsgeschichte in Chile (2003, 2013) ........................................................... 348 5.11. Resümee: A partir del fin als Randerscheinung des chilenischen kulturellen Gedächtnisses ............................ 366 6. Schlussbetrachtung und Ausblick .............................................. 373 7. Abkürzungsverzeichnis ............................................................... 381 8. Danksagung ................................................................................. 383 9. Literaturverzeichnis ..................................................................... 385 9.1. Primärliteratur: Texte von Hernán Valdés ........................ 385 9.2. Sekundärliteratur ................................................................ 387 9.3. Quellen ................................................................................ 429 9.3.1. Forschungsinstitut Brenner-Archiv ............................... 429 9.3.2. Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago de Chile .......................... 429 9.3.3. Mainzer Verlagsarchiv, Gutenberg-Institut für Weltliteratur und schriftorientierte Medien, Abteilung Buchwissenschaft der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz ........................................ 431 9.3.4. Persönliches Archiv von Hernán Valdés und Ulrike Michael-Valdés in Kassel ................................................ 432 9.4. Interviews ............................................................................ 435 10. Personen- und Sachregister ........................................................ 436 11. Anhang: Kritischer Apparat von A partir del fin von Hernán Valdés von 1981 und 2003 ........................................................... 438 Hernán Valdés und der Kalte Krieg 1. Hernán Valdés und der Kalte Krieg in Chile Die lateinamerikanische Literatur ist oft auch eine politisch ambitionierte Literatur,1 viele Schriftstellerinnen und Schriftsteller sehen sich als »en- gagierte« Autorinnen und Autoren. Dies zeigt sich nicht nur dadurch, dass einige – insbesondere in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts – zu Botschaftern verschiedener Auslandsvertretungen berufen wurden (wie z. B. Pablo Neruda, Octavio Paz, Jorge Edwards, Miguel Ángel Astu- rias, Carlos Fuentes, Armando Uribe) und viele Mitglied in Parteien wa- ren oder sind,2 sondern auch darin, dass ihre Literatur als »engagiert« beschrieben wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit geht es vorwiegend um das Politische in den Veröffentlichungen des chilenischen Autors Hernán Valdés (*1931), der zwar nie Parteimitglied war, sich jedoch politisch für ein sozialistisches Chile engagierte und dies in seinen literarischen und nicht-literarischen Texten über den chilenischen Sozialismus, den Mili- tärputsch (11. September 1973) und die Diktatur (1973–1990) verarbei- tete. Bei der Rezeption seiner beiden wichtigsten Veröffentlichungen spielte die systemische und ideologische Dichotomie des Kalten Krieges eine bedeutende Rolle – für oder gegen den Kommunismus, für oder ge- gen den US-amerikanischen Kapitalismus –, und Hernán Valdés setzte sich mit seinem Engagement zwischen alle Stühle, denn er sympathi-
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