Index

AC/DC, 153 Ley de Obediencia Debida, 182, 185 Africa, decolonization movements, 15, 52, Ley del Punto Final, 182, 185 140 “Liberating Revolution” Dictatorship, Agosti, Orlando, 117, 129 61–62 Agostinho Neto, António, 146 Ministry of Social Welfare, 70–2, 74, Aleixo, Pedro, 40 76–7 Alessandri, Arturo, 164 National Labor Federation (CGT), 64, Alfonsín, Raúl, 123, 134, 153, 181–2 72, 76 Algeria, 46, 116 “Process of National Reorganization” Allende, Salvador, 7, 10, 13, 15, 17, 83–93, Dictatorship (Proceso), 57–8, 112 100, 103, 113, 157–9, 164 rodrigazo, 76 Alliance for Progress, 16–17, 26 Social Pact, 73–4, 76 Alves, Márcio Moreira, 38–9 Trials of the Juntas, 181–3 Amazon, 50–1 Viborazo, 64 Angola, 46, 140, 146 Argentine police and intelligence services Araguaia, 47 Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Aramburu, Pedro, 61–2, 64–5, 68, 75 (AAA), 73, 77, 118 Arbenz, Jacobo, 14 Buenos Aires Provincial Police, 119, 121 Arellano, Sergio, 93 Campo de Mayo detention hospital, 119 La Perla detention center, 133 “” Dictatorship, Naval Mechanics School (ESMA), 63–5, 68, 114 120–1, 126, 133 caras pintadas, 182 , 78 Cordobazo, 63–5, 114 Patota, 118, 120 de-Peronization, 61–2, 66 Argentine political parties and movements Infamous Decade, 59 Communist Party, 112 Institute for Promotion of Trade (IAPI), Justicialist Party, 60, 63, 75, 182–3 60 COPYRIGHTEDPermanent MATERIAL Assembly for Human Rights, Junta, 112, 123, 127, 129, 131 123 labor unions, 58–9, 62–3, 65, 70 Peronist Feminine Party, 61

Dictatorship in South America, First Edition. Jerry Dávila. © 2013 Jerry Dávila. Published 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 202 Index

Argentine political parties and movements labor movement, 148–9 (cont’d) National Council of Bishops (CNBB), Peronist Youth, 66, 72 37 Radical Civic Union (UCR), 59, 62, 134, National Development Bank (BNDE), 181 49 Service for Peace and Justice, 123 National Student Union (UNE), 37, 41, Argentine revolutionary movements 95 Liberating Armed Forces (FAL), 66 steel industry, 22–3 , 64–6, 68, 72, 74–5, 79, 113, tenente revolts, 21–2, 53 115, 117–18, 120, 165 Brazilian police and intelligence services Peronist Armed Forces (FAP), 66 Air Force Intelligence Service (CISA), Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR), 56, 44 66, 68, 115 Army Intelligence Service (CIE), 44, 47 Revolutionary Army of the People Center for Naval Intelligence (ERP), 55–8, 66, 68, 78, 80, 115, 118, (CENIMAR), 44 120, 133 Department of Intelligence Operations– Arinos, Afonso, 26 Center for Internal Defense Arns, Cardinal Evaristo, 37, 142–4 Operations (DOI–CODI), 44, 142, Astiz, Alfredo, 133 144, 146, 149 Austrian School economics, 99 Department of Political and Social Aylwin, Patricio, 175 Police (DOPS), 44, 46, 51, 146, 149 National Intelligence Service (SNI), 29, Bachelet, Alberto, 98 44, 148 Bachelet, Michelle, 98, 176, 181 Operation Bandeirantes (OBAN), 44–5 Barros, Adhemar de, 45 Brazilian political parties and movements Beagle Channel Confl ict, 130–1, 133 Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), 22, Belgrano, 132 40, 143, 149 Bignone, Reynaldo, 134, 179 Brazilian Democratic Union Party Boff, Leonardo, 150 (MDB), 35, 147, 152 , 16, 99, 116, 130, 137 Brazilian Workers Party (PTB), 149 Born, Juan and Jorge, 68, 76, 79, 165 Communist Party of (PC do B), Brazil 47 Abertura, 138, 146–8 Democratic Workers Party (PDT), 46, April Package, 148 149 armed forces, 20–3 Marxist Workers’ Political Operation base reforms, 27, 41, 95 (POLOP), 45–46 black population, 51, 154, 183 National Democratic Union Party Bolsa Familia, 183–4 (UDN), 26 Constitution of 1988, 154, 177 National Renovation Party (ARENA), indigenous population, 51, 154, 183 35, 148, 152 Institutional Act 1, 31 Worker’s Party (PT), 149–50 Institutional Act 2, 34 Brazilian revolutionary movements Institutional Act 3, 35 Movement for Revolutionary Action Institutional Act 4, 35 (MAR), 42–3 Institutional Act 5, 39–41, 63, 138, 145, National Command for Liberation 148–9 (COLINA), 45–6 Index 203

National Liberation Alliance (ALN), 43 National Revolutionary Movement 1978 referendum, 160–1, 163, 169 (MNR), 42 1980 plebiscite, 163, 169 Popular Action (AP), 41 1988 plebiscite, 162, 171, 173 Popular Revolutionary Vanguard Chacarillas Address, 159, 161 (VPR), 42, 44–6 Constitution of 1980, 156, 164, 168–9, Revolutionary Armed Vanguard (VAR– 171, 175, 177, 180–1 Palmares), 42, 45–6 Democratic Manifesto, 172 Brazil: Never Again, 4 Junta, 83, 91, 97, 156–62, 175 Brito, Maria do Carmo, 45 Las Condes, 101, 106–7 Brizola, 29, 42, 149 Ministry of the Family, 86 Büchi, Hernán, 170, 175 National Accord for Transition to Full Bulhões, Octavio, 32 Democracy, 173 Bush, George W., 108 National Copper Corporation (CODELCO), 103 Câmara, Dom Helder, 37, 143 National Health Service, 102 Cámpora, Héctor, 66, 68, 70, 72, 115 National Stadium, 93–6 Campos, Francisco, 157 Tanquetazo, 90 Campos, Roberto, 32 Valdivia Proclamation, 171 Campos-Bulhões Plan, 32, 48, 52, 63, 127 Chilean free-market reforms, 83 Camps, Ramón, 119, 121, 181 Central Bank, 109 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 12, 183 , 99–110, 169–71 Carter, Jimmy, 18, 130 Institutional Health Providers Castelo Branco, Humberto, 25, 31–5, 40, (ISAPREs), 102, 106 43, 138, 146–7 Pension Fund Administrators (AFPs), Castro, Fidel 15–16, 79, 88–9 101 Castro, Sérgio de, 70 school vouchers and privatizations, 102, Catholic Church, 151, 179 106 Conference of Latin American Bishops, Chilean police and intelligence services 37 , 94 in Argentina, 61, 113, 121–3 Dawson Island Prison Camp, 94–5 in Brazil, 37, 142–5, 149 Directorate of National Intelligence in Chile, 86, 166–8, 172 (DINA), 98, 158–9, 161, 165, 168, liberation theology, 37, 121, 149 176 Pastoral Commission for Peace and National Intelligence Service (SNI), 159 Justice (Brazil), 143 Vila Grimaldi Prison Camp, 98 Catholic (Pontifi cate) University of Chile, Chilean political parties and movements 99, 165 Arpilleristas, 166–8 Cato Institute, 109 Christian Democratic Party (PDC), 10, Cavallo, Domingo, 129 84, 160, 166, 173, 175–6 Central America, 14, 37, 79, 116, 130–2, Communist Party (PCC), 84, 91, 165, 134 172–5 Cerda, Luis Escobar, 170 Concertación, 174–5, 180–1 Chicago Boys, see Chilean free-market Conservative Party, 84 reforms Democratic Alliance (AD), 172–4 Chicago School economics, 99–100, 109 Democracy and Progress, 175 204 Index

Chilean political parties and movements dependency theory, 11–12, 24, 37, 83, (cont’d) 183 Ecumenical Committee for Peace developmentalism, 9–10, 20, 24–6, 139, (COPACHI), 167–8 141 Families of the Detained and Dominican Republic, 15, 32, 83 Disappeared, 166–7, 172 Domon, Alice, 121, 123, 133 Fatherland and Freedom, 87 Duquet, Leonine, 121, 123, 133 Independent Democratic Union (UDI), Duvalier, Baby Doc, 83 174 Duvalier, Papa Doc, 83 Liberal Party, 84 National Renewal, 174 Eastern Europe, 85, 140, 180 Popular Democratic Movement (MDP), Economic Commission for Latin America 172 (ECLA), 11, 17, 83 (UP), 84–5, 87, 90–1, Eisenhower, Dwight, 26 164–5 El Salvador, 130, 144 Popular Unity Action Movement Esquivel, Adolfo Pérez, 123 (MAPU), 85, 91 Evita, see Perón, Eva Revolutionary Leftist Movement (MIR), Ezeiza Massacre, 72–3, 75 85, 81 Socialist Party, 84, 168, 172, 176 Falklands and South Georgia Islands, 116, Vicariate of Solidarity, 168 126, 130–5, 151, 176 Chilean revolutionary movements Fernández de Kirchner, Cristina, 183 Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front Fernández, Sergio, 161–2, 164 (FPMR), 165 Figueiredo, João Baptista, 44, 134, 148–50 Revolutionary Leftist Movement (MIR), Firmenich, Mário, 77 164–5, 173 Fleury, Sérgio, 44 China, 140 theory (foquismo), 16, 47, 78 Church, Frank, 18, 97 Ford, Gerald, 17 , 13, 22 Ford Motor Co., 15, 44, 121 Containment Doctrine, 13, 16 France, 116 Contras (Nicaragua), 130 Franco, Francisco, 61, 157–8 Contreras, Carlos Cáceres, 170 Frei Montalva, Eduardo, 85, 160, 163, 166, Contreras, Manuel, 98, 159, 161, 176 173 Costa Gavras, 17 Frei-Tagle, Eduardo, 83, 176, 181 Costa Méndez, Nicanor, 134–5 Freire, Paulo, 37, 150 Costa e Silva, Artur da, 30, 35–6, 39–41, Frenz, Helmut, 167 48 Fresno, Francisco, 173 , 15–16, 27, 29, 64, 67, 79, 89, 103, Freyre, Gilberto, 28 134, 140, 146, 165 Friedman, Milton, 99–101, 108, 170 Czechoslovakia, 85 Frondizi, Arturo, 62 Frota, Sylvio, 146–7 D’Ávila, Ednardo, 146 Furtado, Celso, 12, 27, 31 Debray, Régis, 16 debt crisis, 128, 134, 138–9, 150–4, Galtieri, Leopoldo, 129–34 169–70, 180 Geisel, Ernesto, 18, 44, 137–41, 145–8, 177 Delfi m Neto, Antonio, 48–9, 139, 150–1 Gelbard, José, 73 Index 205

General Electric Co., 22 Johnson, Lyndon, 29 General Motors Co. 15, 44 Juan Carlos II, 158 Germany (East), 165 Germany (West), 140 Kamayana, Suely Yumiko, 45, 47 Gordon, Lincoln, 28 Kirchner, Néstor, 183, 185 Goulart, João, 6, 27–31, 41, 95 Kissinger, Henry, 17–18, 86, 97, 125–6, Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, 120, 141 122 Kubitschek, Juscelino, 24–7, 31, 62 Great Britain, 116, 131–4 Gremialistas, 99, 157, 159–62, 177 Lagos, Ricardo, 164, 176, 181 Grenada, 15 Lamarca, Carlo, 42, 44–5 Guatemala 3, 14, 16, 130 land reform, 12, 27, 31, 37, 84–5, 91, 116, Guerreiro, Ramiro Saraiva, 134 166 Guevara, Che, 16, 40, 45, 55, 62, 67, 78–9, Lanusse, Alejandro, 65–6, 68 103–4 Lavín, Joaquín, 105–10, 181 Guido, José Maria, 62 Leigh, Gustavo, 90–1, 161, 165, 174 Guyana, 140 Leme, Alexandre Vannuchhi, 142–3 Guzmán, Jaime, 157–9, 162–3, 165, 175 Letelier, Orlando, 95, 98, 158–61, 169 Levingston, Roberto, 65 Haig, Alexander, 133 liberation theology, see Catholic Church, Haiti, 83 37 Harper, Ben, 167 literacy, 15, 17, 21, 24, 27, 37, 41, 49 Hayek, Friedrich von, 99–101 Lybia, 140 Herzog, Vladimir, 143–6 human rights, 18, 122–4, 130, 145, 149–50, Macedo Soares, Edmundo, 22–3 154, 158, 168, 172, 183 Maluf, Paulo, 152–3 Humeres, Héctor, 161 Malvinas, see Falklands and South Georgia Islands Illia, Arturo, 62 Marighella, Carlos, 43–44 Import Substitution Industrialization Marinho, Roberto, 50 (ISI), 11 Martinez de Hoz, 117, 126–9 indexation, 48, 127 Marxism, 11–15, 67, 115, 140, 146, 163 infl ation, 26, 32–3, 53, 100, 108, 126–30, Massera, Emilio, 117, 125, 181 132, 152–4, 182 Matthei, Fernando, 162, 169, 174 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 26–7, Mazzilli, Ranieri, 29–31 33 Médici, Emilio Garrastazu, 17, 48–51, International Telephone and Telegraph 138–9 (ITT), 15, 97 Mendoza, Cesar, 91, 161–2 Iran-Contra Affair, xiii, 18 Menem, Carlos, 63, 182 Iranian Revolution, 139 Menéndez, Mario, 133 Iraq, 140 Merino, José, 90–1, 161–2 Israel, 52, 139–40 Mexico, 135, 140, 150–1, 165, 169 Italy, 157 Middle East, 140 Mitrione, Dan, 17 Jara, Victor, 96 modernization theory 11 Jarpa, Sergio Onofre, 172 Moffi t, Ronni, 99, 158 206 Index

Moore, Jeremy, 134 Prats, Carlos, 90, 98 Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, 122–3, Prebisch, Raúl, 11–14, 60 133 PRO-ALCOOL, 139

National Commission on Disappeared Quadros, Jânio, 26–7 Persons (CONADEP), Argentina, 119, 121 Rauff, Walter, 94 Neves, Tancredo, 152 Rega, José López, 69–77 Nicaragua, 83, 130 Reagan, Ronald, 18, 130, 134, 173 Nixon, Richard, 17–18, 85–8 Rettig Commission Report, 4, 96, 176 Noriega, Manuel, 83 Riocentro Bombing, 147 Nunca Más (Argentina), 4, 119, 121 Rock in Rio, 153 Nunca Más en Chile, 96 Rodrigo, Celestino, 76 Romero, Óscar, 144 O’Donnell, Guillermo, 6–8 Rousseff, Dilma, 45 oil, 12, 52 oil embargo of 1973, 18, 52, 73 , 76, 138, Salazar, Antonio, 157 141, 150 Sallustro, Oberdan, 55–8, 66 Petrobrás, 12, 139 Sandinistas, 130 petrodollars, 139, 151 Santucho, Mario, 68, 78 second oil shock of 1979, 109, 150, Sarney, José, 152–4 169 Schneider, René, 86, 90–1 Onganía, Juan Carlos, 63, 65 Scorpions, The, 153 , 82, 98–9, 116 Scott, James, 7–8 Osinde, Jorge, 72 Serra, José, 95 Osawa, Mário, 44, 46–7 Silva, Golbery do Couto e, 20, 29, 44 Panama, 15, 72, 74, 83 Silva, Luiz Inácio (Lula) da, 46, 148–9, , 61, 83, 99, 137 183–4 Pedro II, 21 Silva, Raúl, 167, 173 Perón, Eva (Evita), 59–62, 64, 66, 68, Silveira, Antonio Azeredo da, 140–1 72 Sobel, Henry, 143–4 Perón, Maria Estela (Isabelita), 68, 72, Somoza, Antastácio, 83 74–7, 80, 112 South Africa, 140 Perón, Juan, 6, 10, 12, 14, 58–66, 68–75, Souto, Edson Luis de Lima, 36 77, 80, 114, 125 Soviet Union, 15, 115, 140, 165, 180 Peru, 125–6, 137 Stroessner, Alfredo, 83 Piñera, José, 101, 108 structuralism, 11–12, 37 Piñera, Sebastián, 181 Spain, 61, 72, 82, 157–8 Pinochet, Augusto, 17, 82–3, 90, 93–103, Syria, 52 113–14, 130, 132, 137, 156–62, 167–76, 180 television, 86, 125, 152, 174 populism, 9–10, 24, 84, 138 Globo (Brazil), 50 Portugal, 140, 157 Thatcher, Margaret, 82, 132 Positivism, 21, 53 Timmerman, Jacobo, 119 Potestad marital, 166 Toha, José, 95 Index 207

Trujillo, Rafael, 83 University of Chicago, 99 Tucumán, 78, 114, 117, 133 , 17, 42, 99 (Uruguay) 17 USAID, 17

United States, 13–19, 22–3, 85, 93, 150, Vargas, Getúlio, 10, 14, 21–2, 24 170, 179 Vatican, 130 aid to Brazilian Coup, 28 Velloso, João Reis, 139 Central America Interventions, 131–2, Videla, Jorge, 4, 78, 80, 115, 117, 122–30, 135 181 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 17, Vietnam, 18, 116 87, 98, 167 Villar, Alberto, 74 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Viola, Roberto, 129–130 17, 158, 161 Volkswagen of Brazil, 23 infl uence of Chilean free-market Volta Redonda, 23 reforms, 108–9 “Invisible Blockade” of Chile, 87–8 Walters, Vernon, 28 School of the Americas, 74 World Cup, 1970, 46, 49, 138 support for Argentine Junta, 113, 116, World Cup, 1978, 117, 120, 124–6, 131 127, 132 Wright, James, 144 support for Pinochet, 97–8 United Nations Yom Kippur War, 52 General Assembly, 158, 160 Yrigoyen, Hipólito, 59 Commission on Human Rights, 158 Resolution 3379 (Zionism), 139–41 Zaire, 16, 140