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Index AC/DC, 153 Ley de Obediencia Debida, 182, 185 Africa, decolonization movements, 15, 52, Ley del Punto Final, 182, 185 140 “Liberating Revolution” Dictatorship, Agosti, Orlando, 117, 129 61–62 Agostinho Neto, António, 146 Ministry of Social Welfare, 70–2, 74, Aleixo, Pedro, 40 76–7 Alessandri, Arturo, 164 National Labor Federation (CGT), 64, Alfonsín, Raúl, 123, 134, 153, 181–2 72, 76 Algeria, 46, 116 “Process of National Reorganization” Allende, Salvador, 7, 10, 13, 15, 17, 83–93, Dictatorship (Proceso), 57–8, 112 100, 103, 113, 157–9, 164 rodrigazo, 76 Alliance for Progress, 16–17, 26 Social Pact, 73–4, 76 Alves, Márcio Moreira, 38–9 Trials of the Juntas, 181–3 Amazon, 50–1 Viborazo, 64 Angola, 46, 140, 146 Argentine police and intelligence services Araguaia, 47 Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Aramburu, Pedro, 61–2, 64–5, 68, 75 (AAA), 73, 77, 118 Arbenz, Jacobo, 14 Buenos Aires Provincial Police, 119, 121 Arellano, Sergio, 93 Campo de Mayo detention hospital, 119 Argentina La Perla detention center, 133 “Argentine Revolution” Dictatorship, Naval Mechanics School (ESMA), 63–5, 68, 114 120–1, 126, 133 caras pintadas, 182 Operation Independence, 78 Cordobazo, 63–5, 114 Patota, 118, 120 de-Peronization, 61–2, 66 Argentine political parties and movements Infamous Decade, 59 Communist Party, 112 Institute for Promotion of Trade (IAPI), Justicialist Party, 60, 63, 75, 182–3 60 COPYRIGHTEDPermanent MATERIAL Assembly for Human Rights, Junta, 112, 123, 127, 129, 131 123 labor unions, 58–9, 62–3, 65, 70 Peronist Feminine Party, 61 Dictatorship in South America, First Edition. Jerry Dávila. © 2013 Jerry Dávila. Published 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 202 Index Argentine political parties and movements labor movement, 148–9 (cont’d) National Council of Bishops (CNBB), Peronist Youth, 66, 72 37 Radical Civic Union (UCR), 59, 62, 134, National Development Bank (BNDE), 181 49 Service for Peace and Justice, 123 National Student Union (UNE), 37, 41, Argentine revolutionary movements 95 Liberating Armed Forces (FAL), 66 steel industry, 22–3 Montoneros, 64–6, 68, 72, 74–5, 79, 113, tenente revolts, 21–2, 53 115, 117–18, 120, 165 Brazilian police and intelligence services Peronist Armed Forces (FAP), 66 Air Force Intelligence Service (CISA), Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR), 56, 44 66, 68, 115 Army Intelligence Service (CIE), 44, 47 Revolutionary Army of the People Center for Naval Intelligence (ERP), 55–8, 66, 68, 78, 80, 115, 118, (CENIMAR), 44 120, 133 Department of Intelligence Operations– Arinos, Afonso, 26 Center for Internal Defense Arns, Cardinal Evaristo, 37, 142–4 Operations (DOI–CODI), 44, 142, Astiz, Alfredo, 133 144, 146, 149 Austrian School economics, 99 Department of Political and Social Aylwin, Patricio, 175 Police (DOPS), 44, 46, 51, 146, 149 National Intelligence Service (SNI), 29, Bachelet, Alberto, 98 44, 148 Bachelet, Michelle, 98, 176, 181 Operation Bandeirantes (OBAN), 44–5 Barros, Adhemar de, 45 Brazilian political parties and movements Beagle Channel Confl ict, 130–1, 133 Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), 22, Belgrano, 132 40, 143, 149 Bignone, Reynaldo, 134, 179 Brazilian Democratic Union Party Boff, Leonardo, 150 (MDB), 35, 147, 152 Bolivia, 16, 99, 116, 130, 137 Brazilian Workers Party (PTB), 149 Born, Juan and Jorge, 68, 76, 79, 165 Communist Party of Brazil (PC do B), Brazil 47 Abertura, 138, 146–8 Democratic Workers Party (PDT), 46, April Package, 148 149 armed forces, 20–3 Marxist Workers’ Political Operation base reforms, 27, 41, 95 (POLOP), 45–46 black population, 51, 154, 183 National Democratic Union Party Bolsa Familia, 183–4 (UDN), 26 Constitution of 1988, 154, 177 National Renovation Party (ARENA), indigenous population, 51, 154, 183 35, 148, 152 Institutional Act 1, 31 Worker’s Party (PT), 149–50 Institutional Act 2, 34 Brazilian revolutionary movements Institutional Act 3, 35 Movement for Revolutionary Action Institutional Act 4, 35 (MAR), 42–3 Institutional Act 5, 39–41, 63, 138, 145, National Command for Liberation 148–9 (COLINA), 45–6 Index 203 National Liberation Alliance (ALN), 43 Chile National Revolutionary Movement 1978 referendum, 160–1, 163, 169 (MNR), 42 1980 plebiscite, 163, 169 Popular Action (AP), 41 1988 plebiscite, 162, 171, 173 Popular Revolutionary Vanguard Chacarillas Address, 159, 161 (VPR), 42, 44–6 Constitution of 1980, 156, 164, 168–9, Revolutionary Armed Vanguard (VAR– 171, 175, 177, 180–1 Palmares), 42, 45–6 Democratic Manifesto, 172 Brazil: Never Again, 4 Junta, 83, 91, 97, 156–62, 175 Brito, Maria do Carmo, 45 Las Condes, 101, 106–7 Brizola, 29, 42, 149 Ministry of the Family, 86 Büchi, Hernán, 170, 175 National Accord for Transition to Full Bulhões, Octavio, 32 Democracy, 173 Bush, George W., 108 National Copper Corporation (CODELCO), 103 Câmara, Dom Helder, 37, 143 National Health Service, 102 Cámpora, Héctor, 66, 68, 70, 72, 115 National Stadium, 93–6 Campos, Francisco, 157 Tanquetazo, 90 Campos, Roberto, 32 Valdivia Proclamation, 171 Campos-Bulhões Plan, 32, 48, 52, 63, 127 Chilean free-market reforms, 83 Camps, Ramón, 119, 121, 181 Central Bank, 109 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 12, 183 Chicago Boys, 99–110, 169–71 Carter, Jimmy, 18, 130 Institutional Health Providers Castelo Branco, Humberto, 25, 31–5, 40, (ISAPREs), 102, 106 43, 138, 146–7 Pension Fund Administrators (AFPs), Castro, Fidel 15–16, 79, 88–9 101 Castro, Sérgio de, 70 school vouchers and privatizations, 102, Catholic Church, 151, 179 106 Conference of Latin American Bishops, Chilean police and intelligence services 37 Caravan of Death, 94 in Argentina, 61, 113, 121–3 Dawson Island Prison Camp, 94–5 in Brazil, 37, 142–5, 149 Directorate of National Intelligence in Chile, 86, 166–8, 172 (DINA), 98, 158–9, 161, 165, 168, liberation theology, 37, 121, 149 176 Pastoral Commission for Peace and National Intelligence Service (SNI), 159 Justice (Brazil), 143 Vila Grimaldi Prison Camp, 98 Catholic (Pontifi cate) University of Chile, Chilean political parties and movements 99, 165 Arpilleristas, 166–8 Cato Institute, 109 Christian Democratic Party (PDC), 10, Cavallo, Domingo, 129 84, 160, 166, 173, 175–6 Central America, 14, 37, 79, 116, 130–2, Communist Party (PCC), 84, 91, 165, 134 172–5 Cerda, Luis Escobar, 170 Concertación, 174–5, 180–1 Chicago Boys, see Chilean free-market Conservative Party, 84 reforms Democratic Alliance (AD), 172–4 Chicago School economics, 99–100, 109 Democracy and Progress, 175 204 Index Chilean political parties and movements dependency theory, 11–12, 24, 37, 83, (cont’d) 183 Ecumenical Committee for Peace developmentalism, 9–10, 20, 24–6, 139, (COPACHI), 167–8 141 Families of the Detained and Dominican Republic, 15, 32, 83 Disappeared, 166–7, 172 Domon, Alice, 121, 123, 133 Fatherland and Freedom, 87 Duquet, Leonine, 121, 123, 133 Independent Democratic Union (UDI), Duvalier, Baby Doc, 83 174 Duvalier, Papa Doc, 83 Liberal Party, 84 National Renewal, 174 Eastern Europe, 85, 140, 180 Popular Democratic Movement (MDP), Economic Commission for Latin America 172 (ECLA), 11, 17, 83 Popular Unity (UP), 84–5, 87, 90–1, Eisenhower, Dwight, 26 164–5 El Salvador, 130, 144 Popular Unity Action Movement Esquivel, Adolfo Pérez, 123 (MAPU), 85, 91 Evita, see Perón, Eva Revolutionary Leftist Movement (MIR), Ezeiza Massacre, 72–3, 75 85, 81 Socialist Party, 84, 168, 172, 176 Falklands and South Georgia Islands, 116, Vicariate of Solidarity, 168 126, 130–5, 151, 176 Chilean revolutionary movements Fernández de Kirchner, Cristina, 183 Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front Fernández, Sergio, 161–2, 164 (FPMR), 165 Figueiredo, João Baptista, 44, 134, 148–50 Revolutionary Leftist Movement (MIR), Firmenich, Mário, 77 164–5, 173 Fleury, Sérgio, 44 China, 140 foco theory (foquismo), 16, 47, 78 Church, Frank, 18, 97 Ford, Gerald, 17 Cold War, 13, 22 Ford Motor Co., 15, 44, 121 Containment Doctrine, 13, 16 France, 116 Contras (Nicaragua), 130 Franco, Francisco, 61, 157–8 Contreras, Carlos Cáceres, 170 Frei Montalva, Eduardo, 85, 160, 163, 166, Contreras, Manuel, 98, 159, 161, 176 173 Costa Gavras, 17 Frei-Tagle, Eduardo, 83, 176, 181 Costa Méndez, Nicanor, 134–5 Freire, Paulo, 37, 150 Costa e Silva, Artur da, 30, 35–6, 39–41, Frenz, Helmut, 167 48 Fresno, Francisco, 173 Cuba, 15–16, 27, 29, 64, 67, 79, 89, 103, Freyre, Gilberto, 28 134, 140, 146, 165 Friedman, Milton, 99–101, 108, 170 Czechoslovakia, 85 Frondizi, Arturo, 62 Frota, Sylvio, 146–7 D’Ávila, Ednardo, 146 Furtado, Celso, 12, 27, 31 Debray, Régis, 16 debt crisis, 128, 134, 138–9, 150–4, Galtieri, Leopoldo, 129–34 169–70, 180 Geisel, Ernesto, 18, 44, 137–41, 145–8, 177 Delfi m Neto, Antonio, 48–9, 139, 150–1 Gelbard, José, 73 Index 205 General Electric Co., 22 Johnson, Lyndon, 29 General Motors Co. 15, 44 Juan Carlos II, 158 Germany (East), 165 Germany (West), 140 Kamayana, Suely Yumiko, 45, 47 Gordon, Lincoln, 28 Kirchner, Néstor, 183, 185 Goulart, João, 6, 27–31, 41, 95 Kissinger, Henry, 17–18, 86, 97, 125–6, Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, 120, 141 122 Kubitschek, Juscelino, 24–7, 31, 62 Great Britain, 116, 131–4 Gremialistas, 99, 157, 159–62, 177 Lagos, Ricardo, 164, 176, 181 Grenada, 15 Lamarca, Carlo, 42, 44–5 Guatemala 3, 14, 16, 130 land reform, 12, 27, 31, 37, 84–5, 91, 116, Guerreiro, Ramiro Saraiva, 134 166 Guevara, Che, 16, 40, 45, 55, 62, 67, 78–9, Lanusse, Alejandro, 65–6, 68 103–4 Lavín, Joaquín, 105–10, 181 Guido, José Maria, 62 Leigh, Gustavo, 90–1, 161, 165, 174 Guyana, 140 Leme, Alexandre Vannuchhi, 142–3 Guzmán, Jaime, 157–9, 162–3, 165, 175 Letelier, Orlando, 95, 98, 158–61, 169 Levingston, Roberto, 65 Haig, Alexander, 133 liberation
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    AMERICAS OVERVIEW he failed coup in politically polarized Venezuela was the most dramatic Tsign of problems that were increasingly apparent across Latin America and the Caribbean: the fragility of electoral democracy and the weakness of the rule of law. Even though, with the glaring exception of Cuba, the formal trappings of dem- ocracy were in place throughout the region, voters seemed to be losing confidence in the ability of elected governments to cope effectively with the challenges of the day. With poverty and inequality on the rise, widespread popular disenchantment with the region’s shallow democracies raised serious concern. Argentina was another extreme case, with three presidents shuffling through the office during a single ten-day period in December 2001, a crisis provoked by the country’s near-total economic collapse. Haiti, whose government’s democratic cre- dentials were already subject to question, saw increasing political turmoil. Street protests and rioting erupted in both countries, as well as in Venezuela, Paraguay, and Bolivia. The violence and brutality of the police response to such incidents brought deserved attention to the deeply ingrained failings of the region’s criminal justice systems. Unable to bring prosperity to the electorate, some political leaders seemed all too capable of securing financial benefits for themselves. In certain cases, as a com- mentator observed with regard to Argentina, government officials treated public money as “the spoils of war.” For all the talk of anti-corruption efforts, little con- crete progress was made in stemming the practice. And it was official corruption that—perhaps more than any other single factor—eroded public trust in govern- ment.
  • Torture Or Genocide: Claiming the Truth on the Desaparecidos in Chile and Argentina

    Torture Or Genocide: Claiming the Truth on the Desaparecidos in Chile and Argentina

    Master’s Degree Programme – Second Cycle (D.M. 270/2004 ) in Comparative International Relations Final Thesis Torture or Genocide: claiming the truth on the desaparecidos in Chile and Argentina Supervisor Ch. Prof. Sara De Vido Co- Supervisor Ch. Prof. Francesca Coin Graduand Teresa Tommasino Matriculation Number 833655 Academic Year 2014 / 2015 INDEX ABSTRACT 4 INTRODUCTION 6 CHAPTER 1: Historical Background 11 1.1 The origins of Operation Condor 11 1.2 Operation Condor 17 1.3 Operation Condor and the military coup in Chile 20 1.4 The Chilean economic “miracle” 27 1.5 Military coup in Argentina 31 1.6 International Documents on the problem of enforced disappearances 36 CHAPTER 2: Torture as a strategy of political terror 44 2.1 The definition and prohibition of torture in International Law 44 a) International instruments 44 b) Regional instruments 56 2.2 The Shock Doctrine as a metaphor for torture 61 2.3 Torture in the detention centers 66 a) Kidnapping the enemy 66 b) The horror and torture wells 72 2.4 Prosecuting the torturers: Chile and Argentina after the coups 85 a) Prosecuting Pinochet 85 b) Fighting for the truth: Argentina cries out for “Nunca Más” 98 CHAPTER 3: The Genocidal characteristic of Chilean and Argentinian disappearances 108 3.1 Definition of Genocide and its constitutive elements 108 2 3.2 Analysis of the constitutive and omitted groups in the Convention 122 3.3 The Genocidal characteristic of political terror in Chile and Argentina 132 3.4 Claiming justice 142 3.5 Mothers of Plaza de Mayo: claiming the identity