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Civil Society in Belarus 2000–2015 Collection of Texts okladka nowaK.indd 1 09.07.2015 20:38 Civil society in Belarus 2000–2015 Collection of texts East European Democratic Centre Warsaw 2015 Authors: Alena Artsiomenka, Viachaslau Babrovich, Vadzim Bylina, Tatsiana Chulitskaya, Iryna Clark, Aliaksei Lastouski, Anastasiya Matchanka, Mikhas Pliska, Ihar Rasolka, Uladzimir Rouda, Tatsiana Shchurko, Vitali Silitski, Vadzim Smok, Natallia Vasilevich Original texts edited by: Valer Bulhakau and Aliaksei Lastouski In English edited by: Agnieszka Komorowska Translation: Siarhei Kamlach Proof-reading: John Mark Harrison Cover design: Jacek Gałązka Cover pictures: Siarhei Hudzilin; hudzilin.com Computer design and layout: Wydawnictwo TYRSA Sp. z o.o., ul. Kościeliska 7, 03-614 Warszawa This publication represents only the views of authors. It was prepared by the joint efforts of the Minsk magazine ARCHE (arche.by) and the Warsaw East European Democratic Centre (www.eedc.org.pl/). Publisher: East European Democratic Centre, www.eedc.org.pl ISBN 978-83-916658-9-3 The publication of the collection of texts was possible thanks to the support of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency and the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Warsaw. Copyright of this publication is held by © East European Democratic Centre Warsaw 2015 Contents From Editors . .. 7 ALIAKSEI LASTOUSKI Solidarity test: reaction of Belarusian civil society to events in Ukraine in 2013–2014 . 9 VADZIM SMOK How Cultural NGOs Struggle for the Right to Be Belarusian . 27 VADZIM BYLINA Football fans as an example of a community beyond the government’s control in the conditions of the authoritarian regime . 47 IHAR RASOLKA Politicisation of civil society in an apolitical society: paternalism, deconsolidation and action strategies of social agents . 61 VITALI SILITSKI Civic sector in Belarus: its daily life and organisational processes . 67 NATALLIA VASILEVICH Unequal by default: Church and state in Belarus in the period of consolidated authoritarianism . 97 TATSIANA CHULITSKAYA Social organisations in Belarus: between the state and society . 129 TATSIANA SHCHURKO Gender sector and civil society in post-Soviet Belarus . 147 IRYNA CLARK Mediation of “civil society” in the Belarusian press 2000–2010: between “heteroglossia” and “monologism” . 161 ANASTASIYA MATCHANKA Substitution of Civil Society in Belarus: Government-Organised Non-Governmental Organisations . 189 5 ALENA ARTSIOMENKA (De)-consolidation of civil society in Belarus: decreased potential for solidarity action, de-politicisation, disagreements about values . 203 MIKHAS PLISKA Local self-government: fifth wheel in the wagon of central power . 211 VIACHASLAU BabROVICH Civic education in Belarus: concepts, standards and lack of demand from the society . 221 ULADZIMIR ROUDA Assessment of the state of civil society in Belarus in Freedom House and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) reports in 1999–2013 . 235 ALIAKSEI LASTOUSKI List of reading on Belarusian civil society research (2000–2014) . 247 From Editors The publication is a collection of texts dedicated to the development of civil society during the last 15 years that in a critical-minded way sum up the efforts of Belarusian non- governmental organisations. It deals with various dimensions of civil activity, including cultural activity, gender issues, political solidarity, local self-government, civil education, relationships among religious groups, youth subcultures, environmentalist movement, and the process of (de)consolidation and (de)politicisation of civic sector. The publication also sheds light on different understandings of civil society in Belarusian mass-media and the practice of substitution of civil society for state-run non-governmental organizations. Daily life of civic sector is described, as well as the peculiarities of the provision of social services by NGOs. We hope that the publication will be used as an argument in discussions about the significance of civil society for the post-Communist transformation. The publication opens with an analytical article by a sociologist and publication’s co- editor Aliaksei Lastouski “Solidarity test: reaction of Belarusian civil society to events in Ukraine in 2013–2014”. A researcher from the Institute for Political Studies “Political Sphere” Vadzim Smok presents his article “How Cultural NGOs Struggle for the Right to Be Belarusian”. A researcher from the same institute Vadzim Bylina writes about “Football fans as an example of a community beyond the government’s control in the conditions of the authoritarian regime”. A sociologist Ihar Rasolka reflects on “Politicisation of civil society in an apolitical society: paternalism, deconsolidation and action strategies of social agents”. The publication also features a study by a renowned political scientist Vitali Silitski (1972–2011) “Civic sector in Belarus: its daily life and organisational processes ”. The publication contains another big study by Natallia Vasilevich titled “Church and state in Belarus in the period of consolidated authoritarianism”. A researcher from Manchester University Iryna Clark writes about “Mediation of the term ‘civil society’ in the Belarusian press (1991–2010)”. A political scientist from European Humanities University Tatsiana Chulitskaya presents her study “Social organisations in Belarus: between the state and society”. Tatsiana Shchurko writes about “Gender sector and civil society in post-Soviet Belarus”. 7 Civil society in Belarus 2000–2015. Collection of texts A civic activist Anastasiya Matchanka shares her observations in the article: “Substitution of Civil Society in Belarus: Government-Organised Non-Governmental Organisations”. An analyst from the Belarusian Institute for Strategic Studies Alena Artsiomenkа makes her contribution to exploration of the central topic of the issue with her article “(De)-consolidation of civic society in Belarus: decreased potential for solidarity action, de-politicisation, disagreements about values ”. An expert from Lev Sapieha Foundation for Democratic Reforms, Mikhas Pliska in his article “Local self-government: fifth wheel in the wagon of central power” criticises the absence of reforms at the local administration level. Viachaslau Babrovich critically assesses the effort directed at civil education of citizens in his article “Civic education in Belarus: concepts, standards and lack of demand from the society”. And finally, Uladzimir Rouda classifies data from international organizations on civil activity in the country in his article “Assessment of the state of civil society in Belarus in Freedom House and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) reports in 1999–2013”. The publication closes with a “List of reading on Belarusian civil society research (2000–2014)” prepared by Aliaksei Lastouski. ALIAKSEI LASTOUSKI Solidarity test: reaction of Belarusian civil society to events in Ukraine in 2013–2014 Civil society in post-Communist countries is often viewed as the main actor for democratic changes; this view is usually combined with a lack of trust in institutional policy potential. Conservation of political life in Belarus, combined with the lack of any significant moves towards democratisation in the last twenty years, puts even more hope on civil society as one of the surviving environments of positive activities. We hope that this collection of articles that sum up the achievements of Belarusian non-governmental organisations in the last 15 years, will be used as an argument in discussions about the significance of civil society for the post-Communist transformation. In addition to asking ourselves what has been done, we would like to pose another question: “Is it possible to do anything?” We do not want to repeat old mantras about the Soviet mentality, lack of social capital, political barriers and a multi-level dependence of Belarus on Russia in order to prove the limitations for the development of civil society in Belarus. Our interest lies in the internal condition of civil society. Does it have a potential for united and consolidation action? Unlike other texts, this one will search for answers to this question via analysing recent political events rather than long-term trends. Hidden capabilities are best revealed in the moment of crises; a situation that demands rapid reaction becomes a litmus test for the presence of certain qualities allowing the quick re-formatting of actions. Naturally, one of the necessary characteristics for joint collective action is solidarity. One should note that a wide research of Belarusian civil society took place in 2014, the main goal of which was to measure the potential of solidarity, and ability to act jointly in the name of common interests and objectives.1 Conclusions in that research were quite pessimistic. Belarusian civil society is divided across several lines, has different strategies 1 Tsentr evropeiskoi transformatsii, Belorusskii institut strategigicheskikh issledovanii. Issledovanie potentsiala solidarnosti v belarusskom organizovannom grazhdanskom obshchestve. // Study on potential of solidarity in the organised Belarusian civil society. 2014. URL: http://cet.eurobelarus.info/ files/userfiles/5/CET/2014_Solidarity_NGOs_Belarus.pdf. 9 Civil society in Belarus 2000–2015. Collection of texts and cannot agree on basic values; therefore, one cannot hope for solidarity or plan to mobilise the existing potential of civic activists. The approach taken by us is different. We analyse the solidarity potential not via
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