Tas~, Ermenistan Faktörühün Her Iki Dönemde De A

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Tas~, Ermenistan Faktörühün Her Iki Dönemde De A AMER~KA, SVRES ANTLA~MASI VE "ERMEN~STAN" S~N~RLAR~~ FAH~R ARMAO~LU I. Dünya Sava~~'n~~ sona erdiren bar~~~ anda~malarm~~ haz~ rlamak üzere 1919 Ocak ay~nda toplant~lar~na ba~layan Paris Bar~~~ Konferans~ 'nda Birle~ik Amerika'n~n Osmanl~~ Devleti'yle ilgili faaliyetlerini, Svres Öncesi ve &vres Sonras~~ diye ikiye ay~rmak gerekmektedir. Ba~ka bir deyi~le, birincisi 1919 y~- hn~~ kapsamakta, ikincisi de 1920 y~l~ na ait bulunmaktad~ r. Bu iki dönemde Amerika'n~n Türkiye' ile ilgili faaliyetlerinin ortak nok- tas~ , Ermenistan faktörühün her iki dönemde de a~~rl~kl~~ bir unsur te~kil etmesidir. Yaln~z bu ortak faktörün niteli~i, 1919 ve 1920 y~ llar~ nda, yine bir- birinden bir farkl~l~ k göstermektedir. 1919 y~ l~nda söz konusu olan, özellikle ve "soyut" olarak bir politik amaç veya bir politika faaliyeti oldu~u halde, 1920'de, Amerika için söz konusu olan ise, bir antla~maya dayal~~ "somut bir faaliyet", veya bir icra 'dil-. Bu icra ise, Svres Antla~masfn~n 89'uncu maddesi uyar~nca, "Ermenistan"a Türkiye'den kopar~ l~ p verilen topraklar~n, yani "Türkiye-Ermenistan" s~n~r~n~n çizilmesi yetkisinin veya görevinin, Amerika Cumhurba~kan~'na, yani Woodrow Wilson'a verilmi~~ olmas~d~ r. Bu incelememizde, Svres öncesi dönem, yani 1919 y~ l~~ üzerinde fazla durmayaca~~z. Bilindi~i gibi, bu dönemin Türkiye-Amerika münasebederi, daha do~rusu Amerika ile Milli Mücadele aras~ ndaki münasebetler bak~- m~ndan en önemli olay~ , "Ermenistan sorunu" hakk~ nda rapor haz~rlamalda görevlendirilen General Harbord Misyonu'nun, 20 Eylül 1920 Sivas'ta Atatürk ile yapt~~~~ ve 3-4 saat süren görü~melerdir. Harbord Misyonu konusu yeteri kadar incelendi~i için, biz bu konu üze- rinde fazla durmayaca~a2. 1 Gerek Amerikan belgelerinde, gerek Paris Ba~-~~~ Konferans~~ ile ilgili belgelerde, Osmanl~~ Devleti, daima "Türkiye" ad~~ ile zikredildiginden ve hatta 1920 y~ hnda, sonradan Svres Antla~mas~~ ad~m alacak antla~man~n ad~~ daima "Türkiye ile ban~" (Peace with Turkey, Peace Settlement with Turkey) diye zikredildiginden, biz bu incelememizde, Osmanl~~ Devleti yerine, Türkiye deyirnini kulland~ k. 2 Bu konuda bak.: Dr. Fethi Tevetoglu, Milli Mücadelede Mustafa Kemal Pa~a-General Harbord Görü~mesi, TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜ, Y~l VII, Say~~ 76, ~ubat 1969, s. 257-267; Y~l VII, Say~~ 77, 134 FAHIR ARMAOCLU Yaln~z ~u kadar~ n~~ belirtelim ki, Amerika'n~ n "Ermenistan" konusu üze- rine e~ilmesi, Ba~kan Wilson'~ n "Milliyetler" ilkesi dolay~ s~ yla ve Amerikan kamuoyunun a~~r bask~s~~ alt~ nda ortaya ç~ kt~~~~ gibi, yine çe~itli yard~ m kuru- lu~lar~~ ve Ermeni davas~ n~~ destekleyen kurulu~~ ve politikac~lar~ n tahriki ile, konunun, 1919 Haziram'ndan itibaren Paris Bar~~~ Konferans~ 'n~ n günde- mine girmesiyle bir dinamizm kazanm~~t~ r. Ermeni davas~ n~~ destekleyen baz~~ kurulu~lar~ n ve ayn~~ zamanda Amerika'n~ n resmi yard~ m kurulu~lar~ n~ n, Rusya Ermenistan~~ ile Türkiye s~- mrlar~ nda 700-800 bin Ermeni mültecinin birikti~ini iddia etmesi, bunlar~ n açl~ kla kar~~~ kar~~ya kald~ klar~ n~~ ve bunlara yard~ m yap~ lmas~~ gerekti~ini bil- dirmeleri ve ayr~ ca, ~ ngiltere'nin de, ~üphesiz "Ermenistan yükünü", "Amerika hamah"n~ n s~ rt~ na yüldemek amac~~ ile, Ermenistan'daki kuvvetle- rini 1919 A~ustosu'ndan itibaren çekece~ini bildirmesi, bir yandan Ermeni mültecilerine yard~ m sorununu, di~er yandan da kurulacak "Ba~~ ms~ z Ermenistan'~ n kendisini d~~ar~ya (yani Türklere kar~~ ) kar~~~ korumas~~ soru- nunu ön pl'ana ç~ karm~~~ ve özellikle bu ikinci nokta da, ba~ tan beri Ermenilere kanat germeye hevesli ve kararl~~ olan Ba~kan Wilson'~~ Ermenistan üzerinde bir Amerikan "manda"s~~ sorunu ile kar~~~ kar~~ ya getir- mi~tir. Bu s~ rada Amerikan Senatosu`nda, Ba~kan Wilson'~ n Avrupa politikas~ na fazla "bula~tr~~" yolunda ele~tirilerin artmas~~ ve "inziva" (Isolation) politika- s~ na dönülmesi e~ilimlerinin kuvvetlenmesi dolay~s~ yla, Ba~kan Wilson, General Harbord ba~kanl~~~ nda kalabal~ k bir heyeti, Anadolu dahil, bölgeye göndererek, "Ermenistan Mandas~"n~~ ve muhtemel sorunlar~ n~~ yerinde ince- leuni~tir. Harbord Misyonu'nun askeri niteli~i, Ermenistan'~ n özellikle d~~a- r~ ya kar~~~ korunmas~ n~ n, Wilson'~ n ba~l~ ca endi~esini te~kil etti~ini göster- mekteydi3. Mart 1969, s. 321-334; Y~l 'V11, Say~~ 80, Haziran 1969, s. 525-545; Y~ l VII, Say~~ 81, Temmuz 1969, s. 589-603. Bizim inceledigimiz Amerikan belgelerinde, General Harbord'un raporunun metni verilmekte, fakat, ba~ka hiç bir bilgi verilmemektedir. 3 Bütün bu geli~melere ait Amerikan belgeleri için bak.: Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1919, Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1934, Vol. p. 817-841. SVRES ANTLASMASI VE "ERMENISTAN" SINIRLARI 135 General Harbord, gezisinin sonunda uzun bir rapor haz~ rlayarak bir nüshas~n~~ Paris'teki Bar~~~ Konferans~'na, bir nüshas~n~~ da Amerikan D~~i~leri Bakanl~~~'na vermi~tir'. General Harbord, raporundas, bir hayli tarafs~ z davranarak, sade Türklerin Ermenilere sald~ rmad~~~ n~, bir çok yerlerde Ermenilerin de Türklere sald~ rmakta olduklar~ n~~ örnekleriyle belirtmi~~ ve, yukarda da de- ~indi~imiz gibi, Ermenilere yard~ m kurulu~lar~~ ile Ermeni davas~n~~ destekle- yen Amerikan politikac~ lar~, Rusya Ermenistan~'na s~~~nan Ermeni mültecile- rin say~s~ n~~ 700-800 bin olarak iddia ettikleri halde, General Harbord bu miktar~ n 300 bin civar~ nda oldu~unu söylemi~tin Manda konusunda ise, "Ermeni sorunu Ermenistan'da çözülemez" diyen Harbord, Fransa ve ~ngiltere taraf~ ndan i~gal edilmi~~ olmalar~~ sebebiyle, Suriye ve Mezopotamya hariç, ~stanbul ve Rumeli (Trakya) dahil, bütün Osmanl~~ imparatorlu~u topraklar~~ üzerinde bir manda rejiminin kurulmas~~ gerekti~ini ileri sünnü~tür. Fakat bu ifade, Harbord'~ n, Amerikan mandas~~ konusundaki iyimserli- ~inin bir i~areti de~ildi. Generalin belirtti~ine göre, manda yönetimini üze- rine almakla Amerika, en az bir ku~ak boyu bu i~e bula~m~~~ olacakt~~ ve askeri bak~mdan da, de~i~en ~artlara göre, 25.000 ile 200.000 aras~ ndaki bir askeri kuvvetle bu rejimi desteklemek zorunda kalacak, ve nihayet, manda yöneti- minin ilk be~~ y~l~nda Amerika'n~ n 756 milyon dolarl~k bir mali yükü de s~ rt- lamas~~ gerekecekti. Harbord'~ n raporundan yakla~~ k bir ay sonra, Amerikan Senatosu'nun, bir yandan 28 Haziran 1919 tarihli Versay Anda~mas~ 'm ve bir yandan da, ona ba~l~~ olan Milletler Cemiyeti Pakn'n~~ onaylamay~~ 19 Kas~m 1919'da red- detmesi ile, Amerika'n~ n "Ermeni Mandas~" hikayesi de sona eriyordu. 4 General Harbord Misyonu, Ba~kan W~lson'~n onay~~ ile gönderilmelde beraber, esas~nda Paris Ban~~ Konferans~~ ad~na görev yapm~~t~r. Bu sebeple, 16 Ekim 1919 tarihli olan raporunun ~~ ~ ~~ imzal nüshas n Paris Ban~~ Konferans~'na sunmu~, imzam bir nüshas~n~~ da Amerikan D~~i~leri Bakanhgfna vermi~tir. Bu konuda bak.: ayn~~ kaynak, Vol. II, p. 841, 24 no.lu dipnotu. 5 Raporun metni: ayn~~ kaynak, p. 841-889. Ayr~ca bak.: Maj. Gen. James G. Harbord, Conditions in the Near East: Report of d~ e American Milimry Mission to Ar~nenia, U.S. Senate, 66th Congress, 2d Session, Document No. 266; Washington, Government Printing Office, 1920; Brig. Gen. George Van Horn Moseley, Manda to~y over Armenia: Report made to Maj. Gen. Jan~es. G. Harobrd, Senate, 66th Congress, 2d Session, document No. 281, Washington Government Printing Office, 1920. 136 FAH~ R ARMAO~LU Çünkü, Amerika Milletler Cemiyeti'ne üye olam~yordu. Halbuki "manda" re- jimleri Milletler Cemiyeti'ne ba~l~~ bir sistemdi. Senato'nun bu karar~~ üzerine, Amerika, Aral~ k 1919'da Paris Bar~~~ Konferans~'ndan çekildi. Ba~kan Wilson, özellikle Milletler Cemiyeti Pakt~ 'n~~ Senato'ya onaylat- mak için bir kaç te~ebbüste daha bulunduysa da, bütün te~ebbüsleri ba~ar~- s~zl~ kla sonuçland~ . Fakat, ba~ta ~ngiltere olmak üzere, Amerika'n~ n Avrupal~~ müttefikleri, Amerika'n~ n ve özellikle Ba~kan Wilson'~ n yakas~ n~~ b~ rakmad~ lar. Paris Konferans~, "Türkiye Sorunu"nu, yani Osmanl~~ Devleti'yle yap~ la- cak bar~~~~ 1920 Ocak ay~ ndan itibaren ele ald~ . Almas~ yla birlikte, "Ermenistan" konusu ve dolay~s~yla Amerika, tekrar gündeme geldis. ~ngiltere, Fransa ve ~ talya, yani Bar~~~ Konferans~ 'n~ n "Yüksek Konseyi" ("Supreme Council"), ~ubat ve Mart aylar~ nda Londra'da ve Nisan ay~ nda da San Remo'da (Italyan Rivieras~ nda) toplanarak, Türkiye ile bar~~~ n esaslar~ n~~ tespit etmi~lerdir. Amerika, San Remo toplant~ lar~~ ile temaslar~ n~, Roma Büyükelçisi vas~ tas~yla sürdürmü~tür. Yüksek Konsey'in Londra toplanular~ ndan sonra, Fransa'n~ n Wa~ington Büyükelçisi, Amerikan D~~i~leri Bakanl~~~'na verdi~i 9 Mart 1920 tarihli bir notada, Türkiye ile bar~~~ konusundaki çal~~malar~ n bir hayli ilerledi~ini, bu durumda, Fransa'n~ n (Yüksek Konsey Ba~kan~ ), Amerika'n~ n "Do~u Sorunlar~" ile ilgilenip ilgilenmedi~ini veya bu sorunlarla ilgisini devam etti- rip Konferansa kat~l~ p kat~lmayaca~~n~~ ö~renmek istedi~ini bildirdi. Amerika ise, bu notaya cevab~ nda, Müttefiklerin Türkiye ile bar~~~ konusundaki dü- ~üncelerini bilmedi~ini söyleyince7, Fransa'n~ n Wa~ington Büyükelçisi, 12 Mart 1920 tarihli bir nota iles, tespit edilen baz~~ esaslar~~ Amerikan D~~i~leri Bakanl~~~'na bildirmi~tir. Nota'ya göre, Türkiye bar~~~~ konusunda Londra'da tespit edilen esaslar ~öyleydi: 1) Türkiye'nin Avrupa s~ n~ rlar~, Midye-Enez 6 Bundan sonraki aç~ klamalanm~n, ~u kaynakta yer alan belgelere dayand~ racaga: Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1920, Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1936, Vol. III, p. 748-809. Bu kayna~~~ bundan sonra k~saca "Papers... 1920/111" ~eklinde zikredecegiz. 7 Laurence Evans, United States Policy and the Partition of Turkey, 1914-1924, Baltimore, The John Hopkins Press, 1965, p.
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