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The Foundation of a Professional Group: Physicians in the Nineteenth Century Modernizing Ottoman Empire (1839-1908)

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The Foundation of a Professional Group: Physicians in the Nineteenth Century Modernizing Ottoman Empire (1839-1908) THE FOUNDATION OF A PROFESSIONAL GROUP: PHYSICIANS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY MODERNIZING OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1839-1908) CEREN GÜLSER İLİKAN RASİMOĞLU BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY 2012 THE FOUNDATION OF A PROFESSIONAL GROUP: PHYSICIANS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY MODERNIZING OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1839-1908) by Ceren Gülser İlikan Rasimoğlu Submitted to the Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY 2012 “The Foundation of a Professional Group: Physicians in the Nineteenth Century Modernizing Ottoman Empire (1839-1908)”, a dissertation prepared by Ceren Gülser İlikan Rasimoğlu in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in History degree from the Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History at Boğaziçi University. This thesis has been approved on August 2012 by: Prof. Dr. Zafer Toprak ----------------------------------------- (Dissertation Advisor) Prof. Dr. Aydın Babuna ----------------------------------------- Prof. Dr. M. Asım Karaömerlioğlu ----------------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Nadir Özbek ----------------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Nuran Yıldırım ----------------------------------------- August 2012 ii An Abstract of the Dissertation of Ceren Gülser İlikan Rasimoğlu, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History at Boğaziçi University to be taken August 2012 Title: The Foundation of a Professional Group: Physicians in the Nineteenth Century Modernizing Ottoman Empire (1839-1908) This dissertation studies the foundation of the modern professional group of physicians in the nineteenth century Ottoman Empire between the Tanzimat period, during which the first School of Medicine was introduced, and the Second Constitutional Period, after which new medical institutions and political atmosphere were born. The aim of the research is to find out the process in which the modern state formation overlapped with the appearance of this specific profession by considering new ideas of progressivism and modernism. The research first describes the general atmosphere created by the new medical technologies and understanding of the nineteenth century. Then, the new system regulating medical activities is explained and the ways to deal with irregular practitioners is analyzed. After that, within this new system, the formation of a medical student is described by focusing on an ordinary life within the school with political and medical activities. The final focus is given to their civilian activities and the different reactions to them in the Ottoman provinces through the study of provincial physicians and the quarantine doctors. The appearance of the physician is analyzed through the consideration of the shift in the eyes of the state, the self-perception of the physicians, and the perception of the physicians by the common people by primarily the use of the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives in addition to the memoirs and biographies of the physicians. The study targets the introduction of everydayness of these professional elite in relation to the people, the state and the profession itself, and to look behind the legislations introduced under the progressivist and centralizing administrative mentality of the modern state. iii Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü’nde Doktora derecesi için Ceren Gülser İlikan Rasimoğlu tarafından Ağustos 2012'de teslim edilen tezin özeti Başlık: Bir Mesleki Grubun Oluşumu: On Dokuzuncu Yüzyıl Modernleşen Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Hekimler (1839-1908) Bu tez On Dokuzuncu Yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda ilk Tıp Okulu’nun açıldığı Tanzimat Dönemi ile yeni tıbbi kurumlar ile siyasi atmosferin ortaya çıktığı İkinci Meşrutiyet dönemi arasında modern hekimliğin bir meslek grubu olarak oluşumunu ele almaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı modern devletin oluşumunun bu belirli mesleğin ortaya çıkışı ile çakışma noktalarını yeni gelişmeye başlayan ilerlemecilik ve modernism fikirleri ekseninde ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma ilk olarak On Dokuzuncu Yüzyıl’ın yeni tıbbi teknoloji ve anlayışının yarattığı genel atmosferi tasvir etmektedir. Bunun ardından tıbbi faaliyetleri düzenleyen sistemi anlatmakta ve tıbbın bu sistemin dışında kalan icracıları ile başa çıkma yöntemleri incelenmektedir. Daha sonrasında, bu sistem içerisinde tıp öğrencilerinin yetiştirilmesi okuldaki gündelik hayatın siyasi ve politik faaliyetlerini vurgulayarak tartışılmaktadır. Son olarak üzerinde durulan nokta ise memleket hekimleri ile karantina hekimleri vasıtasıyla Osmanlı vilayetlerindeki sivil faaliyetler ile bunlara karşı geliştirilen tepkiler üzerinedir. Böylelikle modern hekimin ortaya çıkışı devlet nazarındaki değişim, hekimlerin kendilerini ve mesleklerini algılayışı ile toplumun hekimlere bakışı gözönünde bulundurularak ve esas olarak Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri belgelerine ek olarak hekimlerin biyografileri ile hatıratı kaynak olarak kullanılması ile tahlil edilmiştir. Çalışma bu mesleki elitin halkla, devletle ve meslekle ilişkisine bakarken gündelik hayatı sunmayı ve modern devletin ilerlemeci ve merkezileştirmeci idari anlayışının tesis ettiği hukuki yapılanmanın arkasındaki gündelik gelişmelere bakmayı hedeflemiştir. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF THE AUTHOR: Ceren Gülser İlikan Rasimoğlu PLACE OF BIRTH: İstanbul, Turkey DATE OF BIRTH: 25 August 1981 SCHOOLS ATTENDED: Galatasaray High School 1992-2000 Boğaziçi University Sociology / History Undergraduate 2000-2004 Boğaziçi University Atatürk Institute Master 2004-2006 Tuberculosis, Medicine and Politics: Public Health in the Early Republican Turkey AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Modern Turkish History, Social and Economic History of the Late Ottoman Empire, History of Medicine PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Boğaziçi University Atatürk Institute, Assistant (24 August 2005- 15 February 2007) Boğaziçi University Atatürk Institute, Assistant (15August 2011-15 August 2012) FELLOWSHIPS: TÜBİTAK Ph.D Fellowship (September 2006- August 2011) PUBLICATIONS: v “Osmanlı Devleti'nde Sağlık Mesleklerinde Diploma Mecburiyeti.” Toplumsal Tarih, 194 (Şubat 2010) 80-84. “Türkiye’de Modernleşme Çalışmaları ve Tıp Tarihi: Eleştirel Yaklaşımlar.” Hayat Sağlık ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4 (Mart 2012): 52-57. CONFERENCES: “Tuberculosis, Medicine and Politics: Public Health in the Early Republican Turkey.” Graduate Conferences in European History, GRACEH 18- 20 May 2007, Budapest. "Ondokuzuncu Yüzyıl Osmanlı Devleti’nde Sağlık Mesleklerinde Diploma Meselesi." Türkiye Biyoetik Derneği VI. Tıp Etiği Kongresi: Biyoetikte Yeni Ufuklar, İstanbul: 25-26 Kasım 2010. “19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Devleti’nde Hekimliği Merkezileştirme Çabaları: Memleket Hekimleri.” Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Bölümü Lisansüstü Sempozyumu II: Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları, 16-17 Mayıs YTÜ Beşiktaş. “Assigning Physicians to the Province: Constraints in the Formation of a Professional Body in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Countryside.” The 12th International Congress of Ottoman Social and Economic History (ICOSEH), 11-15 July 2011, Retz. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply grateful to my advisor, Prof. Dr. Zafer Toprak, for his valuable guidance during the entire course of this dissertation. I also gratefully thank to my committee members, Prof. Dr. M. Asım Karaömerlioğlu, who also inspired me on the topic while I was working on my M.A. thesis; Prof. Dr. Aydın Babuna; Prof. Dr. Nadir Özbek; and Prof. Dr. Nuran Yıldırım. I also thank to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cengiz Kırlı, who encouraged me with the choice of the topic of the dissertation and his valuable contributions. I am grateful to the comments of Prof. Dr. Şevket Pamuk and Prof. Dr. Çağlar Keyder. All of these professors contributed an important number of sources, informed me on new historiographical approaches, and encouraged me. I would also like to thank to all the staff of Boğaziçi Library, Beyazıt State Library, Atatürk Library, ISAM Library and the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives who were always helpful. Additionally, I am grateful to TÜBİTAK for National Scholarship Programme for Ph.D. Students. My special thanks to Necla Turunç, Kadriye Tamtekin and Leyla Kılıç for making life easier at the Institute. I also thank Kathryn Kranzler for editing. I would like to thank my friends, Ebru Aykut, Özge Ertem, Fatih Artvinli, Nurçin İleri, Barış Taşyakan, Şeyda Barlas, Burcu Çıngay, Ekin Mahmuzlu, Özlem Dilber, Murat Kasapsaraçoğlu, Hazal Pabuççular, Helin Burkay, Egemen Özbek, Azer Kılıç, Deniz Arzuk, Seçil Yılmaz, Deniz Aktan, Uğur Küçük, Sebla Kutsal, Semin Tunalı, Işıl Şahin, Selin Gürsoy and Duygu Arsoy for sharing their valuable comments and encouraging me at all moments of the study. Last but not least, I would like to thank to my family, Selma İlikan, Faruk İlikan, Ayhan İlikan and Rasim Rasimoğlu. This dissertation would have never been written without their generous and precious support. They encouraged me with patience all the time I felt desperate. I hope those I have forgotten to mention will forgive me. vii CONTENTS Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1 2. THE PROFESSIONALISATION OF PHYSICIANS: THE STANDARDIZATION OF MEDICINE IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE.....................................................................................................................26 The Formation of a Modern Medical System: Efforts to Separate the New Medical
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