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Cihannüma V-2; Aralık 2019 Cihannüma TARİH VE COĞRAFYA ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY STUDIES CİLT / VOLUME V SAYI / ISSUE 2 Aralık / December 2019 İZMİR KÂTİP ÇELEBİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL VE BEŞERİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ Cihannüma TARİH VE COĞRAFYA ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY STUDIES P-ISSN: 2149-0678 / E-ISSN: 2148-8843 Sahibi/Owner İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Fakültesi adına Prof.Dr. Turan GÖKÇE Editör / Editor Prof.Dr. Cahit TELCİ, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sorumlu Yazı İşleri Müdürü / Responsible Editor Dr. Beycan HOCAOĞLU, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Yayın Kurulu / Editorial Board Doç.Dr. Yahya ARAZ, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Dr. Elisabetta BENIGNI, Universitá degli Studi di Torino Dr. Zaur GASIMOV, Orient Institut Istanbul Prof.Dr. Vehbi GÜNAY, Ege Üniversitesi Assoc.Prof. Barbara S. KINSEY, Universty of Central Florida Dr. İrfan KOKDAŞ, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Prof.Dr. Özer KÜPELİ, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Assoc.Prof. Kent F. SCHULL, Binghamton University Assoc.Prof. Nabil Al-TIKRITI, University of Mary Washington Dr. Haydar YALÇIN, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Yayın Türü / Publication Type Hakemli Süreli Yayın / Peer-reviewed Periodicals Yazışma Adresi / CorrespondingAddress İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Fakültesi, Balatçık-Çiğli/İzmir Tel: +90(232) 329 35 35-8508 Faks: +90(232) 329 35 19 e-posta: [email protected] Web: http://dergipark.gov.tr/cihannuma Basımevi / Publishing House Meta Basım Matbaacılık Hizmetleri 87 sk. No:4/A Bornova/İzmir Basım Tarihi / Publication Date Aralık / December 2019 Cihannüma yılda iki sayı yayımlanan hakemli bir dergidir / Cihannüma is a peer-reviewed journal published twice a year Yazıların yayın hakkı İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi’ne aittir / © Izmir Katip Celebi University Yazıların bilimsel ve etik sorumlulukları yazarlara aittir / Scientific and ethical responsibilities of the articles belong to authors Tarandığımız ve Dizinlendiğimiz İndeksler / Abstracted and Indexed in: Ulakbim TR Dizin, European Reference Index for the Humanities (ErihPlus), Central and Eastern European Online Library (CEEOL), Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ), Biefeld Academic Searh Engine (BASE), Open Academic Journal Index (OAJI) Cihannüma TARİH VE COĞRAFYA ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY STUDIES Danışma Kurulu / Advisory Board Prof.Dr. Muhsin AKBAŞ İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi, Türkiye Prof.Dr. Kemal BEYDİLLİ 29 Mayıs Üniversitesi, Türkiye Prof.Dr. Ömür CEYLAN İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi, Türkiye Prof.Dr. Mevlüt ÇELEBİ Ege Üniversitesi, Türkiye Prof.Dr. Şenol ÇELİK Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Türkiye Prof.Dr. Şaban DOĞAN İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi, Türkiye Prof.Dr. Mehmet ERSAN Ege Üniversitesi, Türkiye Prof.Dr. Ersin GÜLSOY Uludağ Üniversitesi, Türkiye Prof.Dr. İlhan KAYAN Ege Üniversitesi (Emekli), Türkiye Prof.Dr. Leandro Rodriguez MEDINA Universidad de las Américas Puebla, İspanya Prof.Dr. Ertuğ ÖNER Ege Üniversitesi, Türkiye Prof.Dr. Anıl YILMAZ İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi, Türkiye Doç.Dr. Mikail ACIPINAR İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi, Türkiye Doç.Dr. Fatma AKKUŞ YİĞİT İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi, Türkiye Doç.Dr. Nejdet BİLGİ Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Türkiye Doç.Dr. Ersel ÇAĞLITÜTÜNCÜGİL İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi, Türkiye Doç.Dr. Cengiz ÇAKALOĞLU Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Türkiye Doç.Dr. Erkan KONYAR İstanbul Üniversitesi, Türkiye Assoc.Prof. Shelley Elizabeth ROSE Cleveland State University, ABD Doç.Dr. Yahya Kemal TAŞTAN Ege Üniversitesi, Türkiye Doç.Dr. Abdullah TEMİZKAN Ege Üniversitesi, Türkiye Assist.Prof. Maria BARAMOVA Sofia University, Bulgaristan Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Muhammet ERTOY İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi, Türkiye Assist.Prof. David GUTMAN Manhattanville College, ABD Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Can NACAR Koç Üniversitesi, Türkiye ELIAMEP, Hellenic Foundation for European & Dr. Kalliopi AMYGDALOU Foreign Policy, Yunanistan Dr. İlker KÜLBİLGE Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Türkiye FORTH, Institute for Mediterranean Studies, Dr. Marinos SARIYANNIS Yunanistan Cihannüma TARİH VE COĞRAFYA ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY STUDIES Cilt / Volume: V Sayı / Issue: 2 Aralık / December 2019 İÇİNDEKİLER / CONTENTS MAKALELER / ARTICLES Orhan Kılıç Orta ve Yeniçağda Van Gölü’nde Gemi Yapımı, Taşımacılık ve Ticaret / Shipbuilding, Transportation and Trade in Van Lake During Medieval and Early Modern Era 1 Kenan Yıldız Osmanlıda İcâreteynin Başlangıç Tarihi Meselesi: İlk Uygulamalara Dair Tespitler / The Problem of Beginning Date of İcareteyn in the Ottoman Empire: Evidences from the Early Practices 25 Cengiz Parlak Selanik Mevlevîhânesi (Evkâfı ve Yönetim Sorunları) / Selanik Mevlevihane (Its Endowments and Administrative Problems) 47 İrfan Kokdaş Habsburglar Kara Eflak’a Gelirse: Vidin’de Hayvancılık Sektörünün Dönüşümü (1695-1740) / When The Habsburgs Occupied Wallachian Oltenia: The Transformation of Animal Husbandry in Vidin (1695-1740) 77 Ergin Çağman Dersaadet Birinci Osmanlı Numune-i Terakki-i Ziraat Anonim Şirketi ve Faaliyetleri / Joint-Stock Company of Dersaadet Birinci Osmanli Numune-i Terakki-i Ziraat and its Activities 111 Ceren Uçar Reuters and the Goverments before The World War I: A Case Study / Birinci Dünya Savaşı Öncesinde Reuters ve İmparatorluk Yönetimleri: Bir Örnek Çalışma 129 Haruka Suemori Japonya’da Doğu Tarihi ve Orta Doğu-İslâm Araştırmaları Kapsamında Osmanlı Araştırmaları / Ottoman Studies in Japan within the context of Oriental and Middle Eastern-Islamic Research 145 ÇEVİRİLER / TRANSLATION Cihan Gençtürk Lubb et-Tevârîh’te Harezmşâhlar’a Dair Bilgiler 165 Rudi Matthee (Çev. / Trans. İlker Külbilge) Mukayeseli Perspektif Zaviyesinden Safevî İranı’nın İnkırazı (Safevîler, Osmanlılar ve Babürlüler) 171 Cihannüma Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi Sayı V/2 – Aralık 2019, 1-24 ORTA VE YENİÇAĞDA VAN GÖLÜ’NDE GEMİ YAPIMI, TAŞIMACILIK VE TİCARET* Orhan Kılıç** Öz Van Gölü, yüzölçümü bakımından Anadolu coğrafyasının en büyük gölüdür. Büyüklüğünden dolayı tarihi süreçte deniz veya derya olarak anılmıştır. Bu özelliği ile deniz taşımacılığı ve deniz bağlantılı ürünler bakımından bölgenin askeri ve iktisadi tarihini olumlu bakımdan etkilemiştir. Orta ve yeniçağda Ahlat ve Van’da tersaneler kurularak gölde işleyecek gemiler inşa edilmiştir. Göle kıyısı olan önemli merkezlerde eskiçağlardan itibaren limanlar bulunmaktadır. Ahlat, Van ve Tatvan önemli liman şehirleridir. Erciş, Adilcevaz ve Vastan ise daha küçük limanlara sahiptir. Buralardaki gemiler vasıtasıyla çeşitli nakliyat işleri ve buna bağlı olarak ticari faaliyetler yürütülmüştür. Van Gölü’nde gemi yapımı ve işletmeciliği devletin verdiği izin ve yetkiler çerçevesinde gerçekleşebilmiştir. Gölde devlete ait nakliye maksatlı kullanılan gemilerin yanında, devletin müsaade ettiği oranda ahalinin yaptırdığı küçük çaplı gemiler de işlemiştir. Van şehri, İran bağlantılı yolların kesişme noktasındadır. Buraya gelen tüccarlar, Van-Tatvan arasındaki karşılıklı nakliye işlerini çoğunlukla bu iki merkezdeki limanlardan göl yoluyla yapmışlardır. Hava şartlarının uygun olduğu zamanlarda Tatvan’dan Van’a kayık veya gemi ile seyahat, karayoluna göre daha az zaman alıyordu ve daha güvenli idi. Bu sebeple, şark seferlerine çıkan Osmanlı ordusunun iaşesi için gerekli olan zahirenin taşınması işinde deniz yolu aktif olarak kullanılmıştır. Van Gölü çevresindeki bazı merkezlerde bulunan çeşitli madenlerin imalathanelere nakli gemilerle yapılmıştır. Top veya top güllesi (darbzen) dökümü için gerekli olan malzemeler gemiler ile Van Kalesi’ndeki dökümhaneye taşınmıştır. Barut yapımında kullanılan hammadde ve malzemeler imalathanelere göl yoluyla ulaştırılmıştır. Van şehrinin ihtiyacı olan yakacak odun da çevreden toplanmış ve çoğu zaman göl üzerinden şehre getirilmiştir. Orta ve yeniçağda Van Gölü bağlantılı en önemli ticari unsur balıktır. Bendimâhî Çayı’ndan avlanan balıklar tuzlanarak çevre ülkelere ihraç * Bu makale, 4-5 Mayıs 2017 tarihinde İstanbul Üniversitesi’nde gerçekleşen “Uluslararası 9. Türk Deniz Ticareti Tarihi Sempozyumu”na “Orta ve Yeniçağlarda Van Gölü’nde Nakliyat ve Ticaret” başlığı ile sözlü olarak sunulan bildirinin gözden geçirilmiş ve ilaveler yapılarak yeniden düzenlenmiş hâlidir. ** Prof. Dr., Fırat Üniversitesi, İnsani ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 23119, Elazığ/Türkiye, [email protected] , Orcid ID: 0000-0002-9234-8295 Makale Geliş Tarihi / Received Date: 27.07.2019 Makale Kabul Tarihi / Acceptance Date: 19.11.2019 Orhan Kılıç edilmiştir. Göl çevresindeki gölcüklerde biriken sudan elde edilen soda tozu (boraks), balığın dışındaki bir diğer önemli göl ürünüdür. Dokumacılık mamulleri, sarı zırnık, arsenik, kaya tuzu ve bal bölgedeki diğer önemli ticari unsurlardır. Anahtar kelimeler: Van Gölü, Ahlat, Tatvan, gemi taşımacılığı, ticaret, tersane Shipbuilding, Transportation and Trade in Van Lake During Medieval and Early Modern Era Abstract Lake Van is the largest lake in Anatolia in terms of surface area. Due to its size, Lake Van is historically referred to as sea. With this feature, it has a positive impact on the military and economic life of the region with respect to maritime transport and marine products. In the medieval and early modern era, shipyards were built in Ahlat and Van to conduct navigation in the lake. The settlements on the lake shore have harbors since ancient times. Ahlat, Van and Tatvan are important port cities; and there are small harbors in Ercis, Adilcevaz and Vastan. Various shipping and commercial
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