DOCSLIB.ORG

Araliaceae) with Systematic and Ecological Implications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Araliaceae) with Systematic and Ecological Implications IAWA Journal, Vol. 33 (2), 2012: 163–186 WOOD ANATOMY OF CUSSONIA AND SEEMANNARALIA (ARALIACEAE) WITH SYSTEMATIC AND ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Bernard J. De Villiers1, Alexei A. Oskolski1, 2, Patricia M. Tilney1 and Ben-Erik Van Wyk1, * SUMMARY The wood structure of two related African genera, Cussonia Thunb. (15 of 21 species) and the monotypic Seemannaralia R.Vig. (Araliaceae) is examined. The considerable diversity in wood anatomical characters within these taxa is mostly related to environmental factors; taxonomic groupings or phylogenetic relationships seem to be less important. The shortening of vessel elements and fibres, an increase in vessel number per group, a decrease in vessel diameter and a reduction in the number of bars of perforation plates, are associated with the more temperate species. The changes in vessel grouping show a significant correlation with rainfall. The placement of the simple-leaved Cussonia species in the subgenus Protocussonia and the isolated position of C. paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh., the only member of the subgenus Paniculatae, are supported. Many Cussonia species share a very low fibre to vessel element length ratio. Despite the basal position of Seemannaralia relative to Cussonia revealed by molecular data (Plunkett et al. 2004), its wood structure is more specialised in terms of the Baileyan major trends in wood evolution. This discrepancy may be the effect of a long-term adaptation of tropical ancestors of Seemannaralia to drier biomes. Key words: Africa, fibre/vessel element length ratio, latitudinal trends, phylogenetics, taxonomy. INTRODUCTION The Araliaceae are relatively poorly represented in Africa, with five indigenous genera and one naturalised (Klopper et al. 2006); only two of them, namely Cussonia Thunb. and Seemannaralia (Seem.) Vig. are endemic to this continent. Cussonia comprises 21 species (one of which is currently undescribed) that are evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs (occasionally caudiciform geophytes) showing a considerable range of leaf types: both simple and compound mono- and bi-digitate, as well as ternate (Cannon 1970, 1978; Strey 1973, 1981; Bamps 1974a, 1974b; Reyneke 1981, 1982). The genus 1) Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auck- land Park 2006, South Africa. 2) Botanical Museum, V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov St., 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia. * Corresponding author [E-mail: [email protected]]. Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 07:52:57PM via free access 164 IAWA Journal, Vol. 33 (2), 2012 is distributed in sub-Saharan Africa, Yemen (the Arabian Peninsula) and the Comoro Islands (Frodin & Govaerts 2003). It is widespread within a range of biomes from tropical moist broadleaf forests to montane grasslands and Mediterranean wood- and shrublands (fynbos) covering tropical, dry and temperate climatic zones (Olson et al. 2001). The species occur in all seven centres of endemism of Africa, as defined by Linder (2001). Two species have a wide distribution, namely Cussonia arborea Hochst. ex A.Rich. and C. spicata Thunb. The range of C. arborea is from Senegal, east to Ethiopia and south to Zimbabwe while C. spicata is distributed from South Africa, along the eastern parts of Africa, to Sudan (Bamps 1974a). Seemannaralia gerrardii (Seem.) R.Vig., the single species of this monotypic genus, is a small to medium-sized, deciduous tree with palmately-lobed leaves. The geographi- cal distribution is restricted to a few localities in the eastern provinces, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga, of the Republic of South Africa (Burtt & Dickison 1975). Seemann- aralia differs from Cussonia in its imbricate petal aestivation and dry, laterally-com- pressed fruits, as opposed to the valvate petal aestivation and fleshy, globose fruits in the latter genus. Moreover, Seemannaralia is distinctive in displaying pseudoparacarpy, i.e. the formation of the central cavity in the fruit by mechanical rupture of the septum between two ovarian locules, which has not been reported to date for indehiscent fruits in any other taxa (Oskolski et al. 2010). Nevertheless, a close relationship between these taxa has been suggested by various authors (Viguier 1906; Harms 1914; Strey 1973, 1981; Burtt & Dickison 1975; Reyneke 1981). Recently Plunkett et al. (2004) has shown that this relationship is supported by molecular data. A few infrageneric divisions of Cussonia have been attempted. Strey (1973, 1981) divided the genus into three subgenera, namely Cussonia, Paniculatae Strey and Proto- cussonia Strey based on leaf and inflorescence morphology. Reyneke (1981, 1982) placed more emphasis on the inflorescence morphology and proposed some changes to the system of Strey (1973, 1981), such as elevating the rank of the section Capitatae Strey to subgenus based on simple umbels, and the creation of two sections within the subgenus Capitata (Strey) Reyneke, namely Sessiliflora Reyneke and Pedicellata Reyneke. The section Sessiliflora is characterised by sessile flowers while the section Pedicellata has stalked flowers. These two systems were based mainly on the southern African members of the genus, which may raise criticism. Previous wood anatomical investigations have contributed to the understanding of infrageneric relationships in a number of genera of the family (Rodriguez 1957; Oskolski 1996, 2001), especially Schefflera (Oskolski 1995) and Meryta (Oskolski et al. 2007). It is therefore expected that a thorough examination of Cussonia spe- cies will increase the understanding of infrageneric relationships within the genus. Data on the wood anatomy of Cussonia were scanty with only five (or perhaps six) species having been examined previously, namely C. angolensis (Seem.) Hiern, C. ar- borea, C. holstii Harms, C. spicata, C. thyrsifloraThunb., and an unidentified species (Record & Hess 1944; Metcalfe & Chalk 1950; Rodriguez 1957; Oskolski 1994, 1996; InsideWood 2004). The wood structure of Seemannaralia gerrardii was described by Burtt and Dickison (1975) and the same single sample then re-examined by Oskolski (1994, 1996). Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 07:52:57PM via free access De Villiers et al. — Cussonia and Seemannaralia (Araliaceae) wood 165 The present study, which also contributes to a general survey of the wood anatomy of Araliaceae (Oskolski 1994, 1995, 1996, 2001; Oskolski & Lowry 2001; Oskolski et al. 2007), surveys the wood structure of 15 Cussonia species and Seemannaralia gerrardii. The results are interpreted in terms of the systematic relationships and en- vironmental features of these genera. MATERIAL AND METHODS Most of the wood samples examined were collected by the authors during field work in South Africa in 2007, or obtained from the wood collections at the Bundesforsc- hungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft, Hamburg (RBHw), the Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Montpellier (CTFw), the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Kw), the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Utrecht (Uw), and the Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren (Tw). Voucher specimens are deposited at JRAU, MO, and various other institutions, as shown in Table 1. Wood samples of Cussonia holstii and C. gam- toosensis Strey were obtained from P.P. Lowry II (Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, and Musée national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris). The samples were taken mostly from stems with a secondary xylem radius of more than 10 mm, i.e. the distance from the pith where the average length of vessel elements in Araliaceae is likely to have reached mature values (Baas 1976). The sample of C. holstii may be juvenile as information from the voucher specimen is insufficient for making a clear determination. A list of the samples examined is given in Table 1, together with authors for names, which are not repeated from here on. Data on the mean average rainfall and biome type are based on Ernst & Walker (1973), Lovett & Pócs (1993), Linder (2001), Olson et al. (2001), Burger (2002) and Woodward et al. (2004). Standard procedures for the study of wood structure were employed to prepare sections and macerations for light microscopic studies (Carlquist 1988). Descriptive terminology follows Carlquist (1988) and the IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification (IAWA Committee 1989). Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used in an effort to establish an integra- tive view on the variation of wood features and, in particular, to differentiate among between-sample variation patterns in wood anatomy and environmental characters. A total of 16 variables, in which the variation appears to be more or less independent of one another, were selected for the PCA. These are the radius of the wood sample, average length of vessel elements, average length of fibres, maximum number of bars per perforation plate, percentage of simple perforation plates, average number of ves- sels per mm2, percentage of solitary vessels, average diameter of vessel lumina, average vertical size of intervessel pits, maximum width of multiseriate rays (in cells), average height of multiseriate rays, average number of uniseriate rays per 1 mm, average number of multiseriate rays per 1 mm, average tangential size of ray cells, latitude and annual rainfall. Ecological and latitudinal trends in the variation of wood features have been estimated by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The programme package STATISTICA 7.0 was used to perform the PCA and ANOVA test. Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 07:52:57PM via free access 166 Table 1. Specimens used in the wood anatomical study of Cussonia and Seemannaralia. The coordinates and mean maximum rainfall (mm) for each locality are also given. Species Voucher specimen(s) Locality Coordinates Rainfall Wood collection sample number (mm) Cussonia angolensis (Seem.) Hiern R. Dechamps 1072, Uw 23502 Benguela, Angola S 7°; E 15° 560 C. arborea Hochst. ex A.Rich. Kw 10642 Zambia S 14°; E 27° 1329 C. arenicola Strey B.J. de Villiers & A.A. Oskolski 105 Bhangazi Dam, St. Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal, S 28° 21'; E 32° 32' 1100 (JRAU); (Bdv105) South Africa C. bancoensis Aubrév. & Pellegr. RBHw 16615 Ghana N 6°; W 2° 866 C. brieyi De Wild. CTFw 5864 Democratic Republic of the Congo S 7°; E 15° 560 C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South African Association of Botanists-Annual Meeting 2006
    South African Journal of Botany 72 (2006) 313–347 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Abstracts South African Association of Botanists-Annual Meeting 2006 Abstracts of papers and posters presented at the 32nd suppressing both the growth of cancer cell lines, and the ability of normal cell Annual Congress of the South African Association of lines to resist oxidative damage that might result in malignancy. Botanists held at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Botanists and those investigating the chemistry and biological activity of – medicinal plants need to develop, maintain and deepen their dialogue so that the University, Port Elizabeth, 16 19 January 2006 scientist can be assured of using the correct material, a skill which perhaps is retained by traditional healers but which is under threat of being lost for ever. The presenter of multi-authored papers is underlined Conservation cowboys: Perils and promise of privately ★ Awards made to students owned protected areas JA Langholz Plenary Lectures Graduate School of International Policy Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey CA 93940, United States of America Botany and pharmacy — the child is father of the man Although governments have traditionally assumed the leading role in PJ Houghton establishing national parks and other protected areas, a powerful new trend has Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Research Division of Pharmaceutical emerged in the last decade — the dramatic rise of privately owned protected Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K. areas. Many of these areas conserve as much land as nearby national parks, if not more. On one hand, private sector willingness to create protected natural areas The interplay between the medicinal uses of plants and the need to classify comes as welcome relief, as most of the world's land and biodiversity remain them botanically is probably found in some form in every human culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Relationships in Afro-Malagasy Schefflera (Araliaceae) Based on Nuclear and Plastid Markers
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2010 Evolutionary relationships in Afro-Malagasy Schefflera (Araliaceae) based on nuclear and plastid markers Morgan Gostel Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/122 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Morgan Robert Gostel 2010 All Rights Reserved ii EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS IN AFRO-MALAGASY SCHEFFLERA (ARALIACEAE) BASED ON NUCLEAR AND PLASTID MARKERS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.S. Biology at Virginia Commonwealth University. by MORGAN ROBERT GOSTEL B.S. Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2008 Director: DR. GREGORY M. PLUNKETT AFFILIATE RESEARCH PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY AND DIRECTOR, CULLMAN PROGRAM FOR MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS, THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Co-Director: DR. RODNEY J. DYER ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia July 2010 iii Acknowledgements I have been tremendously fortunate in my life to be taught by truly gifted teachers – assets that are simultaneously the most important and undervalued in our world. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my friend and advisor, Dr. Gregory M. Plunkett, who has taught me that patience and diligence together with enthusiasm are necessary to pursue what we are most passionate about and who has provided me with the most exciting opportunities in my life.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Cussonia and Seemannaralia (Araliaceae) with Systematic and Ecological Implications
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 33 (2), 2012: 163–186 WOOD ANATOMY OF CUSSONIA AND SEEMANNARALIA (ARALIACEAE) WITH SYSTEMATIC AND ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Bernard J. De Villiers1, Alexei A. Oskolski1, 2, Patricia M. Tilney1 and Ben-Erik Van Wyk1, * SUMMARY The wood structure of two related African genera, Cussonia Thunb. (15 of 21 species) and the monotypic Seemannaralia R.Vig. (Araliaceae) is examined. The considerable diversity in wood anatomical characters within these taxa is mostly related to environmental factors; taxonomic groupings or phylogenetic relationships seem to be less important. The shortening of vessel elements and fibres, an increase in vessel number per group, a decrease in vessel diameter and a reduction in the number of bars of perforation plates, are associated with the more temperate species. The changes in vessel grouping show a significant correlation with rainfall. The placement of the simple-leaved Cussonia species in the subgenus Protocussonia and the isolated position of C. paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh., the only member of the subgenus Paniculatae, are supported. Many Cussonia species share a very low fibre to vessel element length ratio. Despite the basal position of Seemannaralia relative to Cussonia revealed by molecular data (Plunkett et al. 2004), its wood structure is more specialised in terms of the Baileyan major trends in wood evolution. This discrepancy may be the effect of a long-term adaptation of tropical ancestors of Seemannaralia to drier biomes. Key words: Africa, fibre/vessel element length ratio, latitudinal trends, phylogenetics, taxonomy. INTRODUCTION The Araliaceae are relatively poorly represented in Africa, with five indigenous genera and one naturalised (Klopper et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies Towards the Development of African Phytomedicines from Combretum Apiculatum and Galenia Africana
    Studies towards the development of African phytomedicines from Combretum apiculatum and Galenia africana K.V. Phungula Studies towards the development of African phytomedicines from Combretum apiculatum and Galenia africana by Khanya Valentine Phungula A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Department of Chemistry at the University of the Free State Supervisors: Late Prof. Andrew Marston Dr. Susan L. Bonnet Co-Supervisor: Prof. Jan .H. van der Westhiuzen January 2015 DECLARATION I declare that the dissertation hereby submitted by me for the M.Sc degree at the University of the Free State is my own independent work and has not previously been submitted by me at another University/Faculty. I further more cede copyright of the dissertation in favour of the University of the Free State. Khanya V. Phungula Date Acknowledgements At the end of this road, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to the following people for their contributions towards this study: Above all I would like to thank my Heavenly Father for the grace and strength to finish this study. He truly is an amazing God My late supervisor Prof. Andrew Marston for support, encouragement, persistent, and guidance. You were a true inspiration. You may be gone but you will never be forgotten. I will keep you in my heart forever. My supervisor Dr S.L Bonnet for her assistance, guidance, and patience. My Co-supervisor Prof. J.H van de Westhuizen for his guidance and valuable advice The NRF, Framework 7 project (MUTHI), Framework 7 project(hERG Sreen), The University of the Free State for financial support.
    [Show full text]
  • IX Apiales Symposium
    IX Apiales Symposium Abstract Book 31 July – 2 August 2017 The Gold Coast Marina Club Guangzhou, China Compiled and edited by: Alexei Oskolski Maxim Nuraliev Patricia Tilney Introduction We are pleased to announce that the Apiales IX Symposium will be held from 31 July to 2 August 2017 at the The Gold Coast Marina Club in Guangzhou, China. This meeting will continue the series of very successful gatherings in Reading (1970), Perpignan (1977), St. Louis (1999), Pretoria (2003), Vienna (2005), Moscow (2008), Sydney (2011) and Istanbul (2014), where students of this interesting group of plants had the opportunity to share results of recent studies. As with the previous symposia, the meeting in Guangzhou will focus on all research fields relating to the systematics and phylogeny of Apiales (including morphology, anatomy, biogeography, floristics), as well as to ecology, ethnobotany, pharmaceutical and natural products research in this plant group. Organizing Commettee Chairman: Alexei Oskolski (Johannesburg – St. Petersburg) Vice-Chairman: Maxim Nuraliev (Moscow) Scientific Committee: Yousef Ajani (Tehran) Emine Akalin (Istanbul) Stephen Downie (Urbana) Murray Henwood (Sydney) Neriman Özhatay (Istanbul) Tatiana Ostroumova (Moscow) Michael Pimenov (Moscow) Gregory Plunkett (New York) Mark Schlessman (Poughkeepsie) Krzysztof Spalik (Warsaw) Patricia Tilney (Johannesburg) Ben-Erik van Wyk (Johannesburg) 2 Program of the IX Apiales Symposium 31 July 2017 Lobby of the Gold Coast Marina Club 14.00 – 18.00. Registration of participants. "Shi fu zai" room (4th floor of the Gold Coast Marina Club) 19.00 – 21.00. Welcome party 1 August 2017 Meeting room (5th floor of the Gold Coast Marina Club) Chair: Dr. Alexei Oskolski 9.00 – 9.20.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Advances in Understanding Apiales and a Revised Classification
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector South African Journal of Botany 2004, 70(3): 371–381 Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd Printed in South Africa — All rights reserved SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY ISSN 0254–6299 Recent advances in understanding Apiales and a revised classification GM Plunkett1*, GT Chandler1,2, PP Lowry II3, SM Pinney1 and TS Sprenkle1 1 Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 842012, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2012, United States of America 2 Present address: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403-5915, United States of America 3 Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, United States of America; Département de Systématique et Evolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Case Postale 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris CEDEX 05, France * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 23 August 2003, accepted in revised form 18 November 2003 Despite the long history of recognising the angiosperm Apiales, which includes a core group of four families order Apiales as a natural alliance, the circumscription (Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Myodocarpaceae, Pittosporaceae) of the order and the relationships among its constituent to which three small families are also added groups have been troublesome. Recent studies, howev- (Griseliniaceae, Torricelliaceae and Pennantiaceae). After er, have made great progress in understanding phylo- a brief review of recent advances in each of the major genetic relationships in Apiales. Although much of this groups, a revised classification of the order is present- recent work has been based on molecular data, the ed, which includes the recognition of the new suborder results are congruent with other sources of data, includ- Apiineae (comprising the four core families) and two ing morphology and geography.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora Ornamental Española, VI. Araliaceae
    Flora Ornamental Flora Ornamental Española Española Tomo I Magnoliaceae • Casuarinaceae Tomo II Cactaceae • Cucurbitaceae Tomo III Salicaceae • Chrysobalanaceae Tomo IV Papilionaceae • Proteaceae Tomo V Flora Ornamental Española Santalaceae • Polygalaceae Tomo VI VI Araliaceae • Boraginaceae Tomo VII Verbenaceae • Rubiaceae Tomo VIII Caprifoliaceae • Asteraceae Tomo IX Limnocharitaceae • Pandanaceae Tomo X Lemnaceae • Orchidaceae Tomo XI Selaginellaceae • Ephedraceae Araliaceae • Boraginaceae Tomo XII VI Clave de familias adenda e índices generales Araliaceae • Boraginaceae ASOCIACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE PARQUES Y Mundi-Prensa Libros, s.a. JARDINES PÚBLICOS flora 6_fam_1_2.qxp 27/4/10 08:56 Página 2 flora 6_fam_1_2.qxp 27/4/10 08:56 Página 3 FLORA ORNAMENTAL ESPAÑOLA Las plantas cultivadas en la España peninsular e insular Tomo VI Araliaceae • Boraginaceae Coordinador José Manuel Sánchez de Lorenzo Cáceres Coedición Junta de Andalucía Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca Ediciones Mundi-Prensa Madrid - Barcelona - México Asociación Española de Parques y Jardines Públicos flora 6_fam_1_2.qxp 27/4/10 08:56 Página 4 JUNTA DE ANDALUCÍA Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca Viceconsejería Servicio de Publicaciones y Divulgación C/ Tabladilla, s/n. 41071 SEVILLA Tlf.: 955 032 081 - Fax: 955 032 528 GRUPO MUNDI-PRENSA Mundi-Prensa Libros, S.A. Castelló, 37 - 28001 MADRID Tlf.: +34 914 363 700 - Fax: +34 915 753 998 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.mundiprensa.com Mundi-Prensa Barcelona Editorial Aedos, S.A. Aptdo. de Correos 33388 - 08009 BARCELONA Tlf.: +34 629 262 328 - Fax: +34 933 116 881 E-mail: [email protected] Mundi-Prensa México, S.A. de C.V. Río Pánuco, 141 - Col. Cuauhtémoc 06500 MÉXICO, D.F. Tlf.: 00 525 55 533 56 58 - Fax: 00 525 55 514 67 99 E-mail: [email protected] ASOCIACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE PARQUES Y JARDINES PÚBLICOS C/ Madrid s/n, esquina c/ Río Humera 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, MADRID Tlf.: 917 990 394 - Fax: 917 990 362 www.aepjp.es © Textos y fotografías de los autores.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Araliaceae: a Phylogenetic Analysis Based on ITS Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lincoln University Research Archive Systematic Botany (2001), 26(1): pp. 144±167 q Copyright 2001 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists The Evolution of Araliaceae: A Phylogenetic Analysis Based on ITS Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA JUN WEN Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Current address: Department of Botany, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Rd at Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 GREGORY M. PLUNKETT Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2012 ANTHONY D. MITCHELL Ecology and Entomology Group, Soil, Plant and Ecological Sciences Division, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand STEVEN J. WAGSTAFF Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln 8152, New Zealand Communicating Editor: Alan Whittemore ABSTRACT. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequence data from 70 species and 40 genera of Araliaceae (representing all major lineages within the ``core group'' of the family) do not support the widely used traditional division of Araliaceae into three tribes. Tribe Aralieae (characterized by imbricate petals) is found nested within a paraphyletic Schef¯erieae (whose taxa have valvate petals). There are, however, two large monophyletic groups comprising most araliad genera: the ''Aralia-Polyscias-Pseudopanax group'' (which in- cludes Aralia, Meryta, Munroidendron, Panax, Pentapanax, Polyscias, Pseudopanax, Reynoldsia, Sciadodendron, Tetra- plasandra, and their close allies), and the ''Eleutherococcus-Dendropanax-Schef¯era group'' (including Brassaiopsis, Dendropanax, Eleutherococcus, Fatsia, Hedera, Oreopanax, Schef¯era, Sinopanax, and their close allies). The ITS trees also permit a re-evaluation of several taxonomically important morphological characters (e.g., petal aestivation, leaf architecture, carpel number, and habit), and provide the opportunity to assess traditional generic delimitations in the family.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Botany, Therapeutic Value, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Cussonia Paniculata
    Online - 2455-3891 Vol 12, Issue 9, 2019 Print - 0974-2441 Review Article A REVIEW OF BOTANY, THERAPEUTIC VALUE, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, AND PHARMACOLOGY OF CUSSONIA PANICULATA ALFRED MAROYI* Department of Botany, Medicinal Plants and Economic Development Research Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa. Email: [email protected] Received: 04 June 2019, Revised and Accepted: 01 July 2019 ABSTRACT Cussonia paniculata is a small tree widely used as herbal medicine throughout its distributional range in southern Africa. This study is aimed at providing a critical review of the botany, biological activities, phytochemistry, and medicinal uses of C. paniculata. Documented information on the botany, biological activities, medicinal uses, and phytochemistry of C. paniculata was collected from several online sources which included BMC, Scopus, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Elsevier, PubMed, and Web of Science. Additional information on the botany, biological activities, phytochemistry, and medicinal uses of C. paniculata was gathered from pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles, and scientific publications sourced from the University library. This study showed that the bark, fruits, leaves, roots, and stems of C. paniculata are used as emetic, immune booster, and herbal medicine for dysmenorrhea, intestinal parasites and worms, mental problems, boils, shingles and skin diseases, indigestion and stomach complaints, sores, and wounds. Phytochemical compounds identified from the leaves of C. paniculata include acetylated triterpene glycosides, unacetylated triterpene glycosides, flavonoid, steroidal saponin, and triterpenoid saponins. Pharmacological research revealed that C. paniculata extracts have analgesic, antibacterial, the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties of C. paniculata crude extracts as well as compounds isolated from the species.
    [Show full text]
  • Crewnewsletter
    newsletter CREW Volume 13 • April 2017 National CREW overview DOMITILLA RAIMONDO 2016 – The year when El Niño dried up vege- CREW, the Custodians of Rare and tation across the country! Would it be possible to Endangered Wildflowers, is a programme that monitor plants at all? The CREW team had, over the course of the year, many a worried conver- involves volunteers from the public in the sation over the futility of doing fieldwork during monitoring and conservation of South Africa’s the drought. Despite the drought, however, it is threatened plants. CREW aims to capacitate clear from reading the pages of this newsletter that the citizen scientists involved in the CREW a network of volunteers from a range of programme were not deterred; they pushed on socio-economic backgrounds to monitor searching many new areas for our target species. and conserve South Africa’s threatened plant In the pages of this newsletter, an amazing array of special plant finds is showcased. species. The programme links volunteers with their local conservation agencies and The CREW programme has, in its 13th year, ex- particularly with local land stewardship panded once again; there are now 21 active vol- unteer groups. CREW started a new group in the initiatives to ensure the conservation of key spectacular grasslands of Wakkerstroom, an area sites for threatened plant species. Funded with high numbers of endemic plant species and a jointly by the Botanical Society of South vital gap area that now links our work in KwaZulu - Natal and Mpumalanga provinces. We welcome Africa and the South African National the Wakkerstroom group to the CREW programme Biodiversity Institute, CREW is an integral and look forward to your contributions in monitor- part of the work on monitoring Threatened ing the plants of your highly diverse region.
    [Show full text]
  • Flower Colour Differences Between Them. We Found That Foreign Pollen
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector 398 SAAB Annual Meeting Abstracts flower colour differences between them. We found that foreign useful result. It showed that 1, the Schefflera species from Africa pollen drastically reduces female fitness through decreased and Madagascar form a clade separate from those of the Pacific seedset. Post-mating barriers were very strong between species islands; 2, Cussonia, Seemannaralia and Malagasy Schefflera and no hybrid seeds were formed. Oxalis species were also are successively sister taxa; 3, Cussonia is monophyletic; 4, three unable to self and as such are heavily dependent on their distinct clades are observed within the genus, namely the C. pa- pollinators for seedset. Some species were pollen limited and niculata-, C. arborea- and C. spicata groups. The morphological could experience even stronger pollinator-mediated selection. and anatomical data were analyzed cladistically and consisted of Despite the clear benefits of divergence in flower colour be- 15 discontinuous characters, with Seemannaralia gerrardii and tween sympatric species, we found a clustered pattern of flower Schefflera umbellifera used as outgroups. This result partially colour within communities. This was determined by comparing supports the same groupings as seen in the ITS phylogeny. the observed flower colour composition in 24 Oxalis commu- nities to that of random communities generated through null doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2009.02.041 models. Many of the observed Oxalis species were relatively rare in their communities and the clustered pattern could be a result of facilitation acting to increase pollinator availability to them.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2009/081209 Al
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date PCT 2 July 2009 (02.07.2009) WO 2009/081209 Al (51) International Patent Classification: (74) Agents: APPLEYARD LEES et al.; 15 Clare Road, Hal CIlB 1/10 (2006.01) ifax, Yorkshire HXl 2HY (GB). (21) International Application Number: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every PCT/GB2008/051222 kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT,AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, (22) International Filing Date: CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, 22 December 2008 (22.12.2008) EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, (25) Filing Language: English LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, (26) Publication Language: English RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY,TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, (30) Priority Data: ZW 0724963.4 21 December 2007 (21.12.2007) GB (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): BAN- kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, GOR UNIVERSITY [GB/GB]; Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, 2DG (GB).
    [Show full text]