Dossier Freaks

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Dossier Freaks TOD BROWNING LYCÉENS ET APPRENTIS FREAKS AU CINÉMA par Boris Henry ÉDITORIAL Synopsis & fiche technique 1 Réalisateur 2 Genèse & document 3 Découpage séquentiel 4 Analyse du récit 5 Point de vue 6 L’homme du commun à l’ouvrage Freaks est un film unique dans l’histoire du ciné- ma. En choisissant de donner la vedette d’une Acteurs 8 production hollywoodienne à de véritables phé- Des acteurs monstres nomènes recrutés dans le milieu forain, Tod Mise en scène 10 Browning ose l’inimaginable. Familier de l’univers forain et, plus largement, fasciné par tout ce qui Lier, incorporer, transformer tient du spectacle et de la marge, Tod Browning Analyse de séquence 12 s’attache sobrement à la vie quotidienne dans les Des « monstres » coulisses du cirque : il ausculte les rapports entre ou des « enfants » ? les différents artistes, les désirs et les illusions qui en découlent, conte la transformation initiatique Enchaînement 14 des personnages. S’engouffrer dans la trouée Surtout, en suscitant la projection du spectateur sur les « monstres » (vus comme des sujets et non comme des bêtes curieuses) plutôt que sur les acteurs considérés Figure 15 comme normaux, ce grand cinéaste méconnu inverse les schémas habituels et place L’androgyne le spectateur dans une position inconfortable qui explique l’échec critique et public Point technique 16 lors de la première sortie en salles. Plus de soixante-dix ans après sa réalisation, Freaks La profondeur de champ demeure une fable magnifique sur le corps et ses possibles qui pose la question du point de vue porté sur les corps singuliers. Le découvrir est une expérience riche et Lecture critique 17 bouleversante qui peut changer le regard du spectateur. Une « réputation de cruauté » Filiation 18 Une comédie monstrueuse : SOMMAIRE Deux en un Passages du cinéma 19 Directeur de publication : Véronique Cayla. Une influence Propriété : CNC (12, rue de Lübeck – 75784 Paris Cedex 16 – Tél.: 01 44 34 36 95 – www.cnc.fr). qui dépasse le cinéma Rédacteur en chef : Stéphane Delorme. Conception graphique : Thierry Célestine. Révision : Sophie Charlin. Rédacteur du dossier : Boris Henry. Rédacteur pédagogique : Thierry Méranger. Atelier pédagogique 20 Conception et réalisation : Cahiers du cinéma (9, passage de la Boule-Blanche – 75012 Paris – Parades sauvages Tél.: 01 53 44 75 75 – Fax. : 01 53 44 75 75 – www.cahiersducinema.com). Les textes sont la propriété du CNC. Dossier maître et fiche élève sont disponibles sur le site du CNC, rubrique Publications : Sélection www.cnc.fr. bibliographique & vidéo SYNOPSIS MODE D'EMPLOI Ce livret est découpé en deux niveaux : un texte principal et des ouvertures pédagogiques. Le texte principal a pour visée de fournir les informations nécessaires (biogra- phiques, techniques, historiques) à l’ap- proche du film. Il propose ensuite des réflexions d’ensemble et des analyses de détail afin de donner à comprendre la por- tée (dans l’histoire du cinéma, ou d’un genre) et la singularité de l’œuvre étu- Un bonimenteur présente des phénomènes de foire ; il s’approche d’un box diée. Une première partie privilégie les et conte la destinée de la créature qui s’y tient. Flash-back. Hans et Frieda, un textes de fond sur double page, ponc- couple de nains du cirque de Madame Tetrallini, assiste au spectacle. Hans est tués par une analyse de séquence qui fasciné par Cleopatra, la trapéziste ; il n’aura désormais qu’un souhait : la donne une illustration précise à l’analyse plus globale du film ; une deuxième par- conquérir. De son côté, Cleopatra s’éprend d’Hercules, l’athlète. La vie du tie multiplie les entrées pour offrir à l’en- cirque suit son cours : les sœurs siamoises s’apprêtent à se marier, la femme seignant divers angles d’étude. à barbe accouche d’une fille, Phroso le clown élabore de nouveaux tours… Les ouvertures grisées en marge ont Apprenant la fortune de Hans, Cleopatra décide de l’épouser. Durant le repas pour visée de prolonger la réflexion selon de noces, la trapéziste et l’athlète empoisonnent le nain et l’humilient avant un angle pragmatique. Rédigées par un .R. D d’insulter l’ensemble des phénomènes. Ces derniers décident d’intervenir. autre rédacteur que celui du texte prin- cipal, elles s’adressent directement à l’en- seignant en lui proposant des exemples de travail concrets, en lui livrant des outils ou en lui fournissant d’autres pistes. L’idée générale est de repartir de l’im- Freaks (Barnum/ La Monstrueuse parade/ L’Amour chez les monstres) Interprétation pression que les élèves ont pu avoir, d’in- États-Unis, 1932 terroger leur vision du film. Un atelier pédagogique en fin de dossier vient ponc- Réalisation : Tod Browning Phroso : Wallace Ford tuer ce parcours. Scénario : Willis Goldbeck et Leon Gordon, Venus : Leila Hyams dialogues additionnels d’Edgar Allan Woolf Cleopatra : Olga Baclanova et Al Boasberg, d’après la nouvelle Roscoe : Roscoe Ates Spurs de Clarence Aaron “Tod” Robbins Hercules : Henry Victor Image : Merritt B. Gerstad Hans : Harry Earles Son : Gavin Burns Frieda : Daisy Earles Décors : Cedric Gibbons et Merrill Pye Madame Tetrallini : Rose Dione Montage : Basil Wrangell Les sœurs siamoises : Daisy et Violet Hilton Production : Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Corporation Schlitze : Schlitzie Metz Durée : 1h04 L’androgyne : Josephine Joseph Format : 35 mm, 1:37, noir et blanc L’homme sans jambes : Johnny Eck Sortie américaine : le 10 février 1932 Koo Koo, la femme-oiseau : Minnie Woolsey (première à Los Angeles) L’homme-tronc : Randian Elvira et Jennie Lee : Elvira Snow et Jennie Lee Snow Angeleno : Angelo Rossitto 1 RÉALISATEUR Tod Browning Filmographie sélective longs métrages actuellement visibles 1918 La Fille adoptive (The Deciding Kiss) 1919 Fleur sans tache (The Wicked Darling) The Exquisite Thief 1920 La Vierge de Stamboul / La Vierge d’Istanbul Le spectacle chevillé au corps Coll. Cahiers du cinéma /DR. 1921 Les Révoltés / Révoltée (Outside the Law) No Woman Knows Né en 1880 à Louisville (Kentucky), aux États-Unis, Charles Albert Browning il est l’un des précurseurs du film de gangsters – Fleur sans tache (The Wicked 1922 The Man Under Cover – rapidement surnommé Tod – reste vraisemblablement dans sa ville natale jus- Darling, 1919), The Exquisite Thief (1919), Les Révoltés (Outside the Law, 1921), Sous deux drapeaux qu’en 1908 ou 1909 et y exerce divers emplois alimentaires (employé de bureau White Tiger (1923) – et, avec La Vierge d’Istanbul (1920), il initie un ensemble dans une sellerie, pompier pour une compagnie de chemins de fer). Il s’intéresse de films exotiques situés dans le désert dont Le Cheikh (1921) de George Melford 1923 White Tiger assez tôt au monde du spectacle, de la nuit et aux marges, mais contrairement (avec Rudolf Valentino) est l’emblème. Il signe également les premiers films de La Marchande de rêves (Drifting) à ce qu’il a affirmé, il n’aurait pas fui avec un cirque durant son adolescence. S’il vampires du cinéma américain muet – Londres après minuit (1927) – puis par- 1924 Dollar Down a travaillé dans l’univers forain (notamment comme bonimenteur) avant d’être lant – Dracula (1931) avec Bela Lugosi, son film le plus rentable –, ce qui lui 1925 Le Club des trois acteur comique dans des spectacles de variétés itinérants, il n’est pas certain qu’il vaut parfois d’être considéré comme le créateur du film d’horreur américain. (The Unholy Three) ait occupé toutes les fonctions qu’il prétend : clown, monsieur Loyal, acrobate, Ce n’est visiblement qu’à partir de son premier contrat à la Metro-Goldwyn- La Sorcière (The Mystic) contorsionniste, chanteur, musicien, magicien, « cadavre vivant sous hypnose », Mayer (1924) et avec Le Club des trois (The Unholy Three, 1925) que Tod 1926 L’Oiseau noir mangeur de serpent… Browning réalise les films qu’il désire véritablement. Il approfondit alors régu- La Route de Mandalay Il débute au cinéma comme acteur et, entre 1913 et 1915, apparaît dans une lièrement un univers ou une problématique : foire et cirque, criminalité et 1927 La Morsure (The Show) cinquante de courts métrages burlesques, réalisés le plus souvent par Edward monstruosité – La Morsure (The Show, 1927) et L’ Inconnu (1927) ; jungle et rela- Dillon. Il figure également dans le célèbre Intolérance (1916) de D. W. Griffith tion père/fille teintée d’inceste – À l’Ouest de Zanzibar (1928) et Loin vers l’est L’ Inconnu sur lequel il est l’un des assistants-réalisateur. Il passe à la mise en scène en 1915, (1929). Parmi les procédures, thématiques et figures au centre de ses films : la Londres après minuit / Londres tourne quatorze courts métrages (entre 1915 et 1916) avant de réaliser son pre- rapidité de mise en place des situations ; l’importance du double, de la dualité, la nuit mier long métrage, Jim Bludso, en 1917. Il effectue presque l’ensemble de ses qua- de la culpabilité, de la vengeance (et du châtiment ou de la rédemption qui en 1928 À l’Ouest de Zanzibar rante-huit longs métrages au sein des studios Universal et Metro (Metro Pictures, découlent) ; la vie au sein du spectacle ; le corps (ses transformations, ses 1929 Loin vers l’est (Where East Is East) Goldwyn Pictures, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer). Particulièrement prolifique à la fin dégradations) et ses gestes ; la solitude et l’inadaptation au monde du person- La Treizième chaise des années 1910 (cinq de ses films sortent en 1917, sept en 1918, cinq en nage principal ; une certaine férocité à l’égard des valeurs bourgeoises… Avant 1930 Gentleman gangster (Outside the 1919…), son importance comme cinéaste est vite reconnue, d’un point de vue de collaborer avec les phénomènes de Freaks (1932), Browning trouve en Law remake du film de 1921) industriel (pour l’efficacité et la rentabilité de ses films) comme d’un point de Priscilla Dean, puis surtout en Lon Chaney – avec qui il tourne respectivement 1931 Dracula vue artistique et thématique.
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