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												MEDIEVAL ARMOR Over Time
The development of MEDIEVAL ARMOR over time WORCESTER ART MUSEUM ARMS & ARMOR PRESENTATION SLIDE 2 The Arms & Armor Collection Mr. Higgins, 1914.146 In 2014, the Worcester Art Museum acquired the John Woodman Higgins Collection of Arms and Armor, the second largest collection of its kind in the United States. John Woodman Higgins was a Worcester-born industrialist who owned Worcester Pressed Steel. He purchased objects for the collection between the 1920s and 1950s. WORCESTER ART MUSEUM / 55 SALISBURY STREET / WORCESTER, MA 01609 / 508.799.4406 / worcesterart.org SLIDE 3 Introduction to Armor 1994.300 This German engraving on paper from the 1500s shows the classic image of a knight fully dressed in a suit of armor. Literature from the Middle Ages (or “Medieval,” i.e., the 5th through 15th centuries) was full of stories featuring knights—like those of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table, or the popular tale of Saint George who slayed a dragon to rescue a princess. WORCESTER ART MUSEUM / 55 SALISBURY STREET / WORCESTER, MA 01609 / 508.799.4406 / worcesterart.org SLIDE 4 Introduction to Armor However, knights of the early Middle Ages did not wear full suits of armor. Those suits, along with romantic ideas and images of knights, developed over time. The image on the left, painted in the mid 1300s, shows Saint George the dragon slayer wearing only some pieces of armor. The carving on the right, created around 1485, shows Saint George wearing a full suit of armor. 1927.19.4 2014.1 WORCESTER ART MUSEUM / 55 SALISBURY STREET / WORCESTER, MA 01609 / 508.799.4406 / worcesterart.org SLIDE 5 Mail Armor 2014.842.2 The first type of armor worn to protect soldiers was mail armor, commonly known as chainmail. - 
												
												Stab Resistant Body Armour
IAN HORSFALL STAB RESISTANT BODY ARMOUR COLLEGE OF DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF PhD CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF PhD 1999-2000 IAN HORSFALL STAB RESISTANT BODY ARMOUR SUPERVISOR DR M. R. EDWARDS MARCH 2000 ©Cranfield University, 2000. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT There is now a widely accepted need for stab resistant body armour for the police in the UK. However, very little research has been done on knife resistant systems and the penetration mechanics of sharp projectiles are poorly understood. This thesis explores the general background to knife attack and defence with a particular emphasis on the penetration mechanics of edged weapons. The energy and velocity that can be achieved in stabbing actions has been determined for a number of sample populations. The energy dissipated against the target was shown to be primarily the combined kinetic energy of the knife and the arm of the attacker. The compliance between the hand and the knife was shown to significantly affect the pattern of energy delivery. Flexibility and the resulting compliance of the armour was shown to have a significant effect upon the absorption of this kinetic energy. The ability of a knife to penetrate a variety of targets was studied using an instrumented drop tower. It was found that the penetration process consisted of three stages, indentation, perforation and further penetration as the knife slides through the target. Analysis of the indentation process shows that for slimmer indenters, as represented by knives, frictional forces dominate, and indentation depth becomes dependent upon the coefficient of friction between indenter and sample. - 
												
												From Knights' Armour to Smart Work Clothes
September 16, 2020 Suits of steel: from knights’ armour to smart work clothes From traditional metal buttons to futuristic military exoskeletons, which came to the real world from the pages of comics. From the brigandines of medieval dandies to modern fire-resistant clothing for hot work areas. Steel suits have come a long way, and despite a brief retreat caused by a “firearm”, they are again conquering the battlefields and becoming widely used in cutting-edge operations. Ancestors of skins and cotton wool The first armour that existed covered the backs of warriors. For the Germanic tribes who attacked the Roman Empire, it was not considered shameful to escape battle. They protected their chests by dodging, while covering their backs, which became vulnerable when fleeing, with thick animal skins over the shoulders. Soldiers of ancient Egypt and Greece wore multi-layer glued and quilted clothes as armour. Mexican Aztecs faced the conquistadors in quilted wadded coats a couple of fingers thick. In turn, the Spanish borrowed the idea from the Mexicans. In medieval Europe, such protective clothing was widely used up to the 16th century. The famous Caucasian felt cloak also began life as armour. Made of wool using felting technology, it was invulnerable against steel sabres , arrows and even some types of bullets. Metal armour: milestones Another ancient idea for protective clothing was borrowed from animals. The scaled skin of pangolins was widely used as armour by Indian noble warriors, the Rajputs. They began to replicate a scaly body made of copper back in ancient Mesopotamia, then they began to use brass and later steel. - 
												
												Times Creation
+91-7351222111 Times Creation https://www.indiamart.com/times-creationharidwar/ Our organization is engaged in manufacturing, exporting and supplying nautical products, armoury products, handicraft items and other decorative brass antiques. This range includes morion helmet, antique norman armour helmet and more. About Us Established in the year 2001, we, Times Creation, we are one of the recognized firms engaged in Manufacturing, Exporting and Supplying a wide range of Medieval Armour Helmets, Medieval Armour Shields, Medieval Body Armour Collections, Medieval Muscle Armour, Armour Gloves, Antique Telephones, Nautical Spot Lamp, Nautical Brass Candle Stand, Nautical Brass Gifts & Home Decor, Nautical Brass Ship Models, Nautical Compass With Wooden Box, Nautical Diving Helmets, etc . These products are manufactured using high-grade raw material, which is procured from the reliable vendors of the market. Moreover, the products offered by us are known for their features like durability, superior finish, attractive designs, strong construction and corrosion resistance. Clients can avail these products in various sizes, designs and finishes as per their specific requirements. We, Times Creation, have established a sophisticated infrastructure, which is spread across a large area in Roorkee, Uttarakhand. Well-segregated into various departments, this infrastructure helps in managing the business related activities in a proper manner. Our departments are well-installed with advanced machines and tools that help in manufacturing in compliance - 
												
												Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450–900
WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN THE BARBARIAN WEST, 450–900 Warfare was an integral part of early medieval life. It had a character of its own and was neither a pale shadow of Roman military practice nor an insignificant precursor to the warfare of the central Middle Ages. This book recovers its distinctiveness, looking at warfare in a rounded context in the British Isles and western Europe between the end of the Roman Empire and the break-up of the Carolingian Empire. The era was one of great changes in the practice of war. Guy Halsall relates warfare to many aspects of medieval life, economy, society and politics. He examines the raising and organisation of early medieval armies and looks at the conduct of campaigns. The survey includes the equipment of warriors and the horrific experience of battle as well as an analysis of medieval fortifications and siege warfare. Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West uses historical and archaeological evidence in a rigorous and sophisticated fashion. It stresses regional variations but also places Anglo-Saxon England in the mainstream of the military developments in this era. Guy Halsall is lecturer in medieval history at the University of York. He has published widely on the social history and archaeology of Merovingian Gaul and on violence in early medieval society, including Settlement and Social Organisation. The Merovingian Region of Metz (Cambridge, 1995). WARFARE AND HISTORY General Editor, Jeremy Black Professor of History, University of Exeter AIR POWER IN THE AGE OF TOTAL WAR John Buckley THE ARMIES OF THE CALIPHS: MILITARY AND SOCIETY IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC STATE Hugh Kennedy THE BALKAN WARS, 1912–1913: PRELUDE TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR Richard C. - 
												
												Oriental Adventures James Wyatt
620_T12015 OrientalAdvCh1b.qxd 8/9/01 10:44 AM Page 2 ® ORIENTAL ADVENTURES JAMES WYATT EDITORS: GWENDOLYN F. M. KESTREL PLAYTESTERS: BILL E. ANDERSON, FRANK ARMENANTE, RICHARD BAKER, EIRIK BULL-HANSEN, ERIC CAGLE, BRAIN MICHELE CARTER CAMPBELL, JASON CARL, MICHELE CARTER, MAC CHAMBERS, TOM KRISTENSEN JENNIFER CLARKE WILKES, MONTE COOK , DANIEL COOPER, BRUCE R. CORDELL, LILY A. DOUGLAS, CHRISTIAN DUUS, TROY ADDITIONAL EDITING: DUANE MAXWELL D. ELLIS, ROBERT N. EMERSON, ANDREW FINCH , LEWIS A. FLEAK, HELGE FURUSETH, ROB HEINSOO, CORY J. HERNDON, MANAGING EDITOR: KIM MOHAN WILLIAM H. HEZELTINE, ROBERT HOBART, STEVE HORVATH, OLAV B. HOVET, TYLER T. HURST, RHONDA L. HUTCHESON, CREATIVE DIRECTOR: RICHARD BAKER JEFFREY IBACH, BRIAN JENKINS, GWENDOLYN F.M. KESTREL, TOM KRISTENSEN, CATIE A. MARTOLIN, DUANE MAXWELL, ART DIRECTOR: DAWN MURIN ANGEL LEIGH MCCOY, DANEEN MCDERMOTT, BRANDON H. MCKEE, ROBERT MOORE, DAVID NOONAN, SHERRY L. O’NEAL- GRAPHIC DESIGNER: CYNTHIA FLIEGE HANCOCK, TAMMY R. OVERSTREET, JOHN D. RATELIFF, RICH REDMAN, THOMAS REFSDAL, THOMAS M. REID, SEAN K COVER ARTIST: RAVEN MIMURA REYNOLDS, TIM RHOADES, MIKE SELINKER, JAMES B. SHARKEY, JR., STAN!, ED STARK, CHRISTIAN STENERUD, OWEN K.C. INTERIOR ARTISTS: MATT CAVOTTA STEPHENS, SCOTT B. THOMAS, CHERYL A. VANMATER-MINER, LARRY DIXON PHILIPS R. VANMATER-MINER, ALLEN WILKINS, PENNY WILLIAMS, SKIP WILLIAMS CRIS DORNAUS PRONUNCIATION HELP: DAVID MARTIN RON FOSTER, MOE MURAYAMA, CHRIS PASCUAL, STAN! RAVEN MIMURA ADDITIONAL THANKS: WAYNE REYNOLDS ED BOLME, ANDY HECKT, LUKE PETERSCHMIDT, REE SOESBEE, PAUL TIMM DARRELL RICHE RICHARD SARDINHA Dedication: To the people who have taught me about the cultures of Asia—Knight Biggerstaff, Paula Richman, and my father, RIAN NODDY B S David K. - 
												
												Semi-Historical Arms and Armor the Following Are Some Notes About The
Semi-Historical Arms and Armor The following are some notes about the weapons and armor tables in D&D 5th edition, as they pertain to their relationship to modern understandings of historical arms and armor. In general, 5th edition is far more accurate to ancient and medieval sources regarding these topics than prior editions, but for the sake of balance and ease of play without the onerous restrictions of reality, there are still some expected incongruences. This article attempts to explain some particular facets about the use of arms and armor throughout our long, shared history, and to offer some suggestions (imbalanced as they may be) on how such items would have been used in particular times and places. A note on generalities: One of the best things 5th edition offers in these tables is the generalization of particular weapons and armor compared to prior editions. Is there a significant, functional difference between a half-sword, arming sword, backsword, wakizashi, tulwar, or any other various forms of predominately one-handed pokey and slashy things with 13 inch, sometimes 14 or 20 or even 30 inch blades? Well, actually yes, but that level of discrimination is often not noticeable in the granularity of the combat mechanics of most systems, and, more importantly, how modern readers often distinguish them is often anachronistic. For instance, almost all straight sword-like weapons, be it arming swords, half-swords, back swords, longswords or even great swords like claymores (but not Messers!) are referred to in ancient and medieval texts (MS I.33, Liberi, etc) as… swords. - 
												
												Archaeologist in the Archive. a Turning Point in the Study of Late-Medieval Helmets in Western Pomerania
FASCICULI ARCHAEOLOGIAE HISTORICAE FASC. XXXIII, PL ISSN 0860-0007 DOI 10.23858/FAH33.2020.011 ANDRZEJ JANOWSKI* ARCHAEOLOGIST IN THE ARCHIVE. A TURNING POINT IN THE STUDY OF LATE-MEDIEVAL HELMETS IN WESTERN POMERANIA Abstract: The article discusses three late-medieval head protectors from Western Pomerania, forgotten by Polish scholars after World War II. The first one is the great helm known as the Topfhelm from Dargen, the second, a bascinet with visor from Leszczyn and the last one, the jousting sallet from the collection of Szczecin masons. Knowledge about those helms is highly significant for studies of late-medieval armour in Western Pomerania. Keywords: Western Pomerania, medieval armour, great helm, bascinet, jousting sallet Received: 15.04.2020 Revised: 29.04.2020 Accepted: 27.07.2020 Citation: Janowski A. 2020. Archaeologist in the Archive. A Turning Point in the Study of Late-medieval Helmets in Western Pomerania. “Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae” 33, 167-174, DOI 10.23858/FAH33.2020.011 Elements of armour either in whole or in large The Great Helm from Dargen fragments belong to unique finds in the archaeology The first piece of head protection discussed here of the Middle Ages. Each more or less complete find is a find which must be known to all armour special- is considered a sensation. Western Pomeranian finds ists (Fig. 1). It is one of the best preserved and oldest are no different in this respect; new finds of this type great helms, dating back to the middle-second half of are few and far between.1 The study of primary sourc- the 13th century. - 
												
												The Terminology of Armor in Old French
1 A 1 e n-MlS|^^^PP?; The Terminology Of Amor In Old French. THE TERMINOLOGY OF ARMOR IN OLD FRENCH BY OTHO WILLIAM ALLEN A. B. University of Illinois, 1915 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN ROMANCE LANGUAGES IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1916 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL CO oo ]J1^J % I 9 I ^ I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPER- VISION BY WtMc^j I^M^. „ ENTITLED ^h... *If?&3!£^^^ ^1 ^^Sh^o-^/ o>h, "^Y^t^C^/ BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF. hu^Ur /] CUjfo In Charge of Thesis 1 Head of Department Recommendation concurred in :* Committee on Final Examination* Required for doctor's degree but not for master's. .343139 LHUC CONTENTS Bibliography i Introduction 1 Glossary 8 Corrigenda — 79 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 http://archive.org/details/terminologyofarmOOalle i BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Descriptive Works on Armor: Boeheim, Wendelin. Handbuch der Waffenkunde. Leipzig, 1890, Quicherat, J, Histoire du costume en France, Paris, 1875* Schultz, Alwin. Das hofische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger. Two volumes. Leipzig, 1889. Demmin, August. Die Kriegswaffen in ihren geschicht lichen Ent wicklungen von den altesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart. Vierte Auflage. Leipzig, 1893. Ffoulkes, Charles. Armour and Weapons. Oxford, 1909. Gautier, Leon. La Chevalerie. Viollet-le-Duc • Dictionnaire raisonne' du mobilier frangais. Six volumes. Paris, 1874. Volumes V and VI. Ashdown, Charles Henry. Arms and Armour. New York. Ffoulkes, Charles. The Armourer and his Craft. - 
												
												Plate Armor (Edited from Wikipedia)
Plate Armor (Edited from Wikipedia) SUMMARY Plate armor is a historical type of personal body armor made from iron or steel plates, culminating in the iconic suit of armor entirely encasing the wearer. While there are early predecessors, full plate armor developed in Europe during the Late Middle Ages, especially in the context of the Hundred Years' War, from the coat of plates worn over mail suits during the 13th century. In Europe, plate armor reached its peak in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. The full suit of armor is thus a feature of the very end of the Middle Ages and of the Renaissance period. Its popular association with the "medieval knight" is due to the specialized jousting armor which developed in the 16th century. Full suits of Gothic plate armor were worn on the battlefields of the Burgundian and Italian Wars. The most heavily armored troops of the period were heavy cavalry such as the gendarmes and early cuirassiers, but the infantry troops of the Swiss mercenaries and the landsknechts also took to wearing lighter suits of "three quarters" munition armor, leaving the lower legs unprotected. The use of plate armor declined in the 17th century, but it remained common both among the nobility and for the cuirassiers throughout the European wars of religion. After 1650, plate armor was mostly reduced to the simple breastplate (cuirass) worn by cuirassiers. This was due to the development of the flintlock musket, which could penetrate armor at a considerable distance. For infantry, the breastplate gained renewed importance with the development of shrapnel in the late Napoleonic wars. - 
												
												Heroic Armor of the Italian Renaissnace
30. MASKS GARNITURE OF CHARLES V Filippo Negroli and his brothers Milan, dated 1539 Steel, gold, and silver Wt. 31 lb. 3 oz. (14,490 g) RealArmeria, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid (A 139) he Masks Garniture occupies a special place in the Negroli Toeuvre as the largest surviving armor ensemble signed by Filippo N egroli and the only example of his work to specify unequivocally the participation of two or more of his broth ers. The armor's appellation, "de los mascarones," derives from the grotesque masks that figure prominently in its dec oration, and it was coined by Valencia de Don Juan (1898) to distinguish it from the many other harnesses of Charles V in the Real Armeria. Indeed, for Valencia, none of the emperor's numerous richly embellished armors could match this one for the beauty of its decoration. As the term "garniture" implies, the harness possesses a number of exchange and reinforcing pieces that allow it to be employed, with several variations, for mounted use in the field as well as on foot. The exhibited harness is composed of the following ele ments: a burgonet with hinged cheekpieces and a separate, detachable buffe to close the face opening; a breastplate with two downward-overlapping waist lames and a single skirt lame supporting tassets (upper thigh defenses) of seven lames each that are divisible between the second and third lames; a backplate with two waist lames and a single culet (rump) lame; asymmetrical pauldrons (shoulder defenses) made in one with vambraces (arm defenses) and having large couters open on the inside of the elbows; articulated cuisses (lower thigh defenses) with poleyns (knees); and half greaves open on the inside of the leg. - 
												
												Armour As a Symbolic Form
Originalveröffentlichung in: Waffen-und Kostümkunde 26 (1984), Nr. 2, S. 77-96 Armour As a Symbolic Form By Zdzislaw Zygulski Jr. „It is perfectly possible to argue that some distinctive objects are made by the mind, and that these objects, while appearing to exist objectively, have only a fictional reality." E. W. Said, Orientalism, New York 1979 Somewhere in the remote past of mankind armour was born, its basic purpose being to protect the soft and vulnerable human body in combat. It is somewhat surprising that in the course of Darwinian evolution man lost his natural protective attributes, above all hair, and slowly became what is called, with some malice, ,,the naked ape". Very soon man the hunter adopted animal skins as his first dress and also as armour. The tradition of an armour of leather is very ancient and still lingers in the word ,,cuirass". Various natural substances such as hard wood, plant fibres, bones, hoofs, or even tusks were used to make the body protection more resistant, but as soon as metallurgy had been mastered metal became the supreme material for all kinds of weaponry, both offensive and defensive. Since a blow to the head was often lethal, special attention was paid to the pro tection of that principal part of the body: early bronze helmets of conical shape are represented in the Sume rian art as early as the third millennium B. C.l. The shield, a prehistoric invention, although detached from the body and movable, may also be considered as a kind of armour. In the course of centuries a great number of types of armour and innumerable actual specimens were crea ted.