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Volume 1-3 1 Fall 2009 continued on 3 News Hold your

PAGE 7: next conference at 2! isitors to Biosphere 2 (B2) during the 2009-2010 visitor season should be prepared for an “out of Biosphere 2 Biosphere Visitor Admissions Continue to Rise Visitors continue to flock Biosphereto 2 in record numbers.its secondIn year, attendance hasincreased over 33 percent withtotal a of 60,534 visitors (firsttotal yearwas 45,520). this world” experience! That’s because this world” experience! That’s because B2 is home to a full-size mock-up of the Phoenix Lander until May 2010. Phoenix was the successful UA-led mission to Mars in 2008 that found unequivocal evidence of water on the red planet, something essential to future human visits to Mars. It was also single researchthe largest grant ever awarded of . to the University More history was made when the UA hosted mission control for the mission, which no university had ever done previously for a NASA mission. UA PhoenixUA Mars Mission Lander Mock-Up on Display at Biosphere 2 V Bringing the

PAGE 6: world’s to Tucson.

Investigating

n PAGE 4: the interactions between climate, air quality and ecosystem function. ver two years have elapsed since the took over management of Biosphere 2 (B2). I am excited and inspired by the growth of our

UE O unique organization. Our mission, to serve as a center for research, outreach, teaching and -long learning about Earth, its living systems, and its place in the universe is clearly evident in the highly focused research and outreach activities currently taking place at B2. M E T S

THIS ISS

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I look forward to seeing B2 established as one of the premier research and educational centers in the world. As we move ahead, I wish to re-affirm our dedication to excellence in interdisciplinary research programs that address themes of water and climate, energy and sustainability as well as science and Alongsociety. the way we are committed to training the next generation of graduate students who will truly transform the scientific process. With respect to our mission in education and outreach, the Arizona Center for STEM Teachers (ACST) at B2 was created through a three-year, $1.5 million grant by Science Foundation Arizona (SFAz) to establish a resource and training center that will expand the quality and retention of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) teachers in Arizona. Thiry-five STEM teachers convened this past July at B2 for the first Summer Institute of the Arizona Center for STEM Teachers, and we think the event was transformative. B2 aims to find solutions to the problems presented by global . Our unique campus has become a model of human systems now used by scientists and industry to research and demonstrate the viability of smart grid technology.are We also in the process of designing a long-term experiment inside B2 to study how environmental conditions and biological colonization of landscapes affect complex interactions of soil and hydrology evolution. Through scientific collaborations and cutting-edge research, B2 Earthscience has been successful in attracting national and international recognition and we are proud of the science that is developing. collaboration inspires authentic inquiry. INSID PAGE 2:

Travis Huxman Director Biosphere 2 Letter from the Director Letter from Volume 1-3 2 fa l l 2 0 0 9 participants. the for training technology provide and Teachers Lead the support to was role Center’s K-12 Arizona the Center, Education STEM Arizona’s Foundation Science and Arizona of University the with Collaborating day. of times different at patterns behavior their identify to and life insect area’s the survey to created were traps Insect characteristics. other and growth of rate determine to plants of sizes leaf studied They school. in apply easily can they manner a in conservation and quality water assess to learned they example, For us. surrounds that science the to exposed were teachers participating Arizona, of University the from researchers with side by Workingside classroom. the in alive science bringing for opportunities of array rich a offered Institute The educators. seasoned more to practice their beginning just those from experience, of range diverse a represented teachers these applicants, hundred one over from Selected science. of world the in themselves immersed teachers eighth-grade to fourth- 35 of cohort a days, 18 For 8th. July beginning Oracle, in B2 at Institute B2 Arizona’s of University the at held Wonder, of was State A Institute, Summer Teachers STEM for Center Arizona first The (B2). 2 Biosphere at teachers (STEM) Math and Technology, Engineering Science, Arizona’s for Institute Summer inaugural their at Teachers STEM for Center Arizona the with partner to excited particularly was Center K-12 Arizona the why That’s alive. come truly science make to expertise content the lack teachers because here? Where are we headed? These are just a few of the innumerable questions science seeks to answer. to Y seeks science get we did questions How of? innumerable consist the of few a environment just our are does These What work? headed? we things are do How Where here? inquiry. is science of soul The STEM CollaborationInspiresAuthenticInquiry discovery is absent. Often it’s it’s Often absent. is discovery and wonder of sense that science, teaching in times at et STEM Teachers.” STEM Arizona of support in tool powerful very a into develop and future the in significantly increase will Center K-12 Arizona the and B2 between collaboration the that strongly believe I training. technical superb offered also they but teachers, lead the of recruitment and selection the in key been they have only “Not Institute. B2 the of Director Meystre, Pierre says program,” this of success the to central absolutely is Center K-12 Arizona “The students as well. as students their with use ultimately will they which learned, they what on Institute the of end the at shared they which podcast or slideshow movie, a of form the in presentation digital a prepared teacher Each experiments. cutter cookie to resorting than rather science, in teaching authentic provide can they how and standards on participants among conversation quality for opportunity ample offered Institute The well. as another one from knowledge important gained teachers the scientists, with working to addition In science.” teaching on refocused and engaged get them see to exciting was “It leaders. teacher the of one Baird, Sarah says classes,” their in apply can they learned and did teachers the “Everything with. connect immediately could participants that program a was result The capabilities. classroom realistic addressing on content the focused leaders teacher of team The teachers. for teachers by designed program a was it that was Institute the of aspect defining One Biosphere the at Wonder of State at ordinary things to find the extraordinary. the find to look things closer a ordinary taking at is School Orangewood of Shapiro Michael endorsement. endorsement. an quite is that teachers, to is time precious how Knowing longer.” even been have could it wished they enthused so were Institute this of participants The available. that make to working we’re “and Center Education STEM Arizona’s Foundation Science of Director Executive Renfro, Darcy says areas,” STEM in support more need “Teachers grades. K-3 on focus will which Institute, year’s next for works the in are plans approval, funding Pending years. three over teachers 300 for training STEM providing of goal the with Arizona Foundation Science by part in funded was Institute The up.” picked they ideas new the apply to eager and informed energized, left They here. got they when teachers good already were They classrooms. their into content this introduce to resources and materials knowledge, including needed they everything with home them “We sent Baird. says had,” ever have teachers these experience any than different was “This 2009 Newsletter. Arizona K-12CenterAugust/September This articlewasoriginallyfeatured inthe n Volume 1-3 3 fa l l 2 0 0 9 n Where science . choolers S Pictured left to right are: Terrance Carter (student), Clifford Powell in the blue shirt (MC2STEM High School Recruitment Specialist), Jeffone Hughes (student), and Elliot Harris (student). The students are carrying trays of soil and plants into a small south of B2’s Intensive to begin arranging plant cover grids early in their Evapotranspiration Partitioning Project. Pictured left to right are: Monica Dent (student), Danielle Hall (student), (student), Hall Danielle (student), Dent Monica are: right to left Pictured in students The (student). Callaway Alicia and (student), Offredo Chelsey percent 100 and 75, 50, 25, 0, with plants of grids watering are picture this Project. Partitioning Evapotranspiration their of 1 step in cover plant Interestingly, Phoenix and B2 have much in common. While Phoenix sought to discover more about the existence and fate of water on Mars, much of the UA-led research at B2 is, and will be, focused on the fate of water on our own planet. Also, both projects are large-scale and in the public eye, providing numerous opportunities to educate the community about “big science”. Thus it is fitting that B2, UA’s world-class environmental research facility should host an exhibit based on equally world-class UA planetary science endeavors. The Phoenix Lander mock-up is situated just inside the doors of the B2 visitor center, providing an exciting visual welcome to guests as they arrive and setting the stage for the science discussed on the tour of the facility. The mock-up of the Phoenix Lander will be on display at B2 until the early summer in 2010 when it is slated to journey to its next destination—Washington D.C.’s Smithsonian Institution. n ission, cont. from 1

M eventy-eight high school sophomores from Cleveland-based MC2STEM High School spent a week living in residence and conducting research at Biosphere 2 (B2) in early September.

ars Phoenix Mars Lander at Biosphere 2. M

S Biosphere 2 hosts Cleveland High In addition to taking part in cutting-edge research, the students were amazed by the Southwest, Adamson added. “Many of these students had never been out of Cleveland or traveled by airplane, so for some of them just being in the was an eye-opening experience. They saw quite a few snakes, desert insects and lizards, and even one gila monster, which really excited them!” “This experience underscores B2’s commitment to improving K-12 STEM education,” said Matt Adamson, B2 Program Coordinator for Education and Outreach. “While most of our activity in this area until now has been focused on supporting teachers through the B2-based Arizona Center for STEM Teachers, we hope to host more and more groups like the MC2STEM high school group in the future.” The students spent their week conducting hands-on researchThe students spent with B2 scientists on three projects: gases, soil evolution, and volatile small groupsevapo . They worked in and managed their time to allow daily research as well as data tabulation activities the students presentedand evaluation. At the end of the week their research session. findings in a university-style poster The innovative high school, now in its second year, is the first Ohio STEM school to receive state financial support and partnerships critical to the development of STEM education. It serves Cleveland Metropolitan School District students who live in the inner The city. trip was funded by private donations, including support from the Gates Foundation, the Cleveland Foundation and the George Gund Foundation. The high school is a project-based, year-round, open enrollment school that emphasizes (STEM) curriculum—science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Volume 1-3 4 fa l l 2 0 0 9 our understanding of ecosystem ecosystem of understanding our advance to is B2 at laboratory gas trace the of goal research main The biofuels. of sources natural as vegetation to paid be should attention increased globally, increase demands energy As plants. and desert from discovered were hydrocarbons chain branched- and straight- other many and octane, butane, of emissions example, For fuel. fossil in found often compounds hydrocarbon of number large a release and produce Plants 2) increase. may blooms these from monoterpenes as such organics reactive of emissions blooms, phytoplankton of growth the stimulate to continues activities human to due environments marine of eutrophication as addition, In oceans. world’s the in blooms spring during amounts large in released be may phytoplankton, from originating possibly monoterpenes, that suggest results these atmosphere, the to compounds organic of source strong a be to considered not generally is the While atmosphere. the to Limonene monoterpene the of source significant a is ocean B2 The 1) highlighted. are discoveries interesting Two B2. at oceans and plants, soils, of chemistry organic the study to students school high Ohio of group a by used was instrument this example, For B2. outside and within from gases organic investigate to tourists and students, researchers, enable to configured been has (TD-GC-MS) spectrometer mass chromatograph- desorption-gas thermal new A components. these integrate help to developed been has instrument new a lab, gas trace (B2) 2 Biosphere the At planet. our about decisions informed making in critical is outreach and I and Quality Air Climate, between Interactions the Investigating Featured ResearchProjects progress in research, education, education, research, in progress unified change, environmental continued of face the n E cosystem Function cosystem plant-plant and plant-insect plant-insect and plant-plant pathogens, and herbivores against defense , energy and carbon maintenance, and growth plant from range and immense are VOCs of importance ecological The phase. gas the in (VOCs) compounds organic volatile measure to techniques analytical developing is Professor, Research Assistant goal, broad this Towards experiments. and observations through environment changing a in processes gas-exchange of the enclosure for chemical analysis. analysis. chemical for enclosure the of out pumped is air sample while enclosure the into pumped is air Pure B2. at biome rainforest tropical the in branches from emissions compound organic volatile of dynamics the Investigating gases. organic for bush creosote a on enclosure branch a analyzes Jardine Kolby Dr. Kolby Jardine Dr.Kolby , B2 B2 , challenge. challenge. research major a remains compounds “new” these of impacts atmospheric and ecological the understanding However, released. and produced also are compounds other of set diverse a VOCs, oxygenated and terpenoids like forests broadleaf and pine in found compounds same the of many produce they While ecosystem. any from observed been previously never have which of many VOCs, of suite rich a manufactures bush creosote seasons, wet the during that suggest results Preliminary alone. America North in acres million 400 than more of area an occupies bush creosote because chosen was site This out. carried was (SRER) Range Experimental Rita Santa the in AZ Tucson, of south ecosystem bush-dominated creosote a from emissions VOC investigating at aimed experiment field summer-long a , of importance the understand better To ignored. been practically have deserts emissions, VOC for studied been have forests many While visibility. atmospheric reduce and breath to humans for harmful are form they aerosols the and gases organic the of many However, temperatures. air cooler and precipitation enhanced to lead may effects These droplets. cloud of formation the for allowing by dynamics precipitation influence can they and radiation, solar incoming scattering by effect cooling a provide aerosols quality.Organic air and climate on influence dramatic a have can Aerosols aerosols. as known particles small form to atmosphere the in condense can and volatility lower have some However, atmosphere. the enter they once gas a remain and volatile highly are compounds Many etc.). radiation, UV (desiccation, stress abiotic against protection and communication, n Volume 1-3 5 fa l l 2 0 0 9 n continued on 6 concentration and 2 Where science lives. data collection and interaction with with interaction and collection data tool strong a be to thought is scientists the understand non-specialists help to variability and uncertainty of nature a provide as well as data, scientific in broader for context immediate more and change climate to related concepts project This sciences. Earthsystem model of use B2’s continue will natural the understand to systems the into mission this extending world, environment. built the of ecology Recently planted Hesperaloe await their chanceto shade soils and evapotranspire (photo: Mitchell Pavao-Zuckerman) Model green roof plots will investigate energyand water balances in the built environment(photo: Margaret Livingston). anthropogenic disturbances. Thus, understanding the ecohydrological processes driving large-scale vegetation shifts (such as invasion by exotic grasses), in the context of rising temperatures and recurrent droughts are fundamental to global change research. complex interaction among several factors including climate change, increase in CO and 2 hifts S limate-change models predict that many arid regions around the world—including the cosystems required to maintain healthy green- healthy maintain to required consequences the and vegetation roof structure the on weight water’s this of roof. the supporting Mitchell Pavao-Zuckerman Dr. Ron Stoltz, is collaborating with Director of of the UA School Margaret Landscape Architecture, Dr. in Landscape Livingston, faculty Smith, Steven Architecture, and Dr. of Natural faculty in the UA School Resources the Environment, and to irrigationtypes, soil various investigate regimesfor use with and plant species A extensive green roofs in Tucson. series of small free-standing model green-roof plots are constructed being on the Biosphere 2 (B2) lawn that will address several questions, including, (1) Can plants be sustained under conditions with limited or no supplemental irrigation? (2) Will the proposed design meet appropriate weight/structural requirements for most roof constructions in this climate? (3) Using this design, what is the potential to mitigate the urban heat island, i.e., what are microclimatic effects? Researchers will monitor plot weights, temperature, fluxes, and plant survival,energy growth, and evapotranspiration rates budgets and water to calculate energy for the model green roofs. mission outreach B2’s further To lives, science where place the as be will B2 at public visiting the well as data collect help to encouraged research the monitor and measure as Hands-on team. research the by plots C North American deserts—will be affected more frequently by recurrent droughts, further reducing the capacity of these landscapes to slow down anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO the associated global warming. On the other hand, these regions are experiencing rapid vegetation transformations resulting from the E

ne of the most profound profound most the of ne that transformations an is urbanization accompany

Green roofs are classified as extensive extensive as classified are roofs Green areas large relatively (covering and soil minimal requiring and (requiring intensive or maintenance) plants, larger grow to soil more of Because maintenance). more and environmental the areas, larger their significant more be to tend benefits Most roofs. green extensive with built been have roofs green extensive where environments, temperate in rooftop allow conditions climatic shallow in maintained be to vegetation irrigation. without sometimes soil, green- extensive about known is Little regions, arid in performance roof of lack our of because primarily water of amount the of understanding alteration of energy and water budgets budgets water and energy of alteration built the in surfaces constructed by islands heat Urban environment. surfaces constructed as cities in emerge and day the during heat absorb increasing night, at out back it radiate also and cooling, for demands energy people that likelihood the increasing from effects health adverse have will Impervious temperatures. higher to hydrology urban cause surfaces roofs, Green flashy. extremely be plants growing of incorporation the roofs, building on medium soil a in popular increasingly becoming are roofs Green world. the throughout and use energy reduced in result may may and management, water storm in wildlife new provide also cities. Climate Change andVegetation

O Green Roofs in Arid Sujith Ravi, B2 postdoctoral researcher, checksthe irrigation system for grasses insidegreenhouse. the B2 These grasses will be used forexperiments the in B2. Volume 1-3 6 fa l l 2 0 0 9 of scientists collecting samples in the ocean biome. biome. ocean the in samples collecting scientists of questions ask and watch to opportunities with along visitors for available were activities Hands-on B2. at held was party launch a 5, September Saturday, on and France of coast the from 4 September on voyage its launched Oceans Tara prepared. being also are particular in ocean the and voyage Tara’s about curricula school middle and school high and development, under is Tara about B2 at exhibit permanent A partnership. Oceans/B2 Tara the of goals several are There ocean. B2 the in viruses on data collecting and sampling involves This biome. ocean B2’s in research conducts Lab Phage Marine Tucson Dr.Sullivan’s research voyage. far-reaching this with involved States United the in scientists only of three one is Sullivan Additionally, expedition. Tara the on coordinator viruses for scientific the is scientist, research (B2) 2 Biosphere and Biology Evolutionary and Ecology of Department UA the in Professor Assistant reefs. to viruses from everything depths studying and different at temperature ocean the measuring be will vessel the researchers on tasks, other many Among questions. and ocean-specific this other answer many to trying oceans world’s the studying and cruising three years spend will Tara, schooner oceanographic the on expedition research I the Bringing of result a as restricted be may cover grass invasive of persistence term long- the However, availability. high-resource of years in landscapes these invade to and conditions environmental unfavorable in survive to them allowing environments, low-resource in even changes environmental to response in processes physiological and morphology their alter to ability the have grasses invasive Many resources. soil and cover land on effect other’s each amplify and concert in act may change, climate and invasions biological change, environmental global of drivers major two that suggests proposed recently they mechanism desertification The state. desertified irreversible an to systems grass shrub-native drive may invasion grass exotic from resulting feedbacks ecohydrological altered the how investigating is Ravi Adams, Henry and Villegas Juan students graduate and Dontsova Katernia F.Espeleta, Javier Huxman, E Travis scientists B2 with collaboration In point. in case researcher postdoctoral (B2), 2 Biosphere At 5 from continued change in the years and decades ahead? Tara Oceans, a global scientific scientific global a Oceans, Tara ahead? decades and years the in climate change by affected be that might How ocean. the in living from organisms comes take you breath other every in the this: magine Sujith Ravi’s Sujith research is is research W orld’s Oceans to to Tucson Oceans orld’s communities, using leaf gas-exchange gas-exchange leaf using communities, grass invasive and native of tissues below-ground and above- both of responses water-use) , (, physiological the compare to plans group the B2, in scenario) warming (future conditions environmental simulated and ambient Under shrublands. and grasslands native of invasion the facilitate that processes physiological the investigate to conditions controlled under experiments conduct to tool adaptive an researchers provides B2 conditions. environmental changing these in nutrients) moisture, (soil resources partition communities these how and communities grass invasive and native on temperatures rising droughts, of impact the investigate to B2 in experiments manipulative designing are researchers the mechanism, desertification this Tovalidate invasion. extensive following desertification to lead could This context. climatic regional this in evolved not have that species plant displace which droughts, recurrent low-frequency n Dr. Matthew Sullivan Matthew Dr. , Photo courtesy of TARA Oceans Expedition. Oceans TARA of courtesy Photo future. future. in experiments field large-scale of design the and studies modeling ongoing to inputs valuable provide will experiments these of findings The systems. dryland in processes ecohydrological of complexity the model and understand better to systems biological of dynamics the to science surface earth relate will project this B2, by enabled collaborations cross-disciplinary Through conditions. field under challenging experiments of types these make that factors, confounding the of many eliminating by processes these understand better to researchers of ability the enhance greatly will B2 drought. change-type global- a simulate to conditions stress moisture under communities plant these of mortality and patterns use resource responses, physiological the monitor to plans also group The temperature. rising with change patterns resource-use how and nitrogen like resources partition communities plant the how tracers, isotopic using investigate, will they Further, (‘minirhizotrons’). cameras observation root and analyzers n Volume 1-3 7 fa l l 2 0 0 9 n . b2science.org Where science lives. A dim galaxy in the constellation Cepheus.Photo: Adam Block/Mt Lemmon SkyCenter/ University of Arizona. Participants cored trees to learn about theirhistory on Mt. Lemmon at DiscoveryDays’ Dendrochronology Program in September. or call n

t. Lemmon SkyCenter, Biosphere 2’s (B2) partner at the summit, is ramping up its programs this autumn. Building on the success of SkyNights and DiscoveryDays, SkyCenter will offer Saturday programs through October and continue the SkyNights night-time observing year-round. Installation of a new 32-inch telescope

ocated in the beautiful Catalina Mountains foothills, the Biosphere 2 (B2) campus provides a non-traditional venue that facilitates interaction. The setting is ideal for workshops, conferences, retreats, extended programs, and outreach activities.

L Hold Your NextHoldYour Conference at Biosphere 2!

M Mt. Lemmon SkyCenter Lemmon Mt. For more information about programs, visit the website, skycenter.arizona.edu 520.626.8122. The DiscoveryDays program, held on alternate Saturdays during the summer, will hold two more programs in October at the summit: How hazardous asteroids can ruin your and day, How the Catalina Mountains rose above from far below. The season’s final DiscoveryDays will move to Sabino Canyon, where participants will build Galileoscopes and launch a monthly evening observing program with ’s Astronomy Club. is scheduled for later this fall. The Schulman 32-inch telescope will be one of the largest instruments available for programspublic in the nation. SkyCenter will continue its connection to B2 with the new telescope, which will be available to B2 visitors for remote night-time viewing. To learnTo more about the conference facilities, room and meeting rates, meals, or to make a reservation, please contactKellyVal at 520.838.6154 or via email at [email protected]. may You also visit our website at The facilities of the B2 Conference Center comprise a Campus Village of 28 rustic Santa Fe-style houses holding 106 double-capacity sleeping rooms and a number of double-occupancy offices. Most facilities offer fast Internet access.meeting All rooms are equipped with white boards, LCD projectors and Wi-Fi. Traditional viewgraph projectors are also available upon request. Eight meeting rooms are available in various sizes to accommodate both large and small groups;the smaller meeting rooms can serve as breakout rooms. In the near future we plan to offer the use of a fitnessovernight center guests.to Only group reservations are taken at this time. Volume 1-3 8 fa l l 2 0 0 9 http://wheresciencewritinglives.wordpress.com blog: her on science B2 of interpretation and observations Esmé’s follow You can science. and writing in interests own her to related investigation and observation for setting a as B2 uses and intern 2009 the as served writing, ). Demming Alison and Johnson (Fenton Program Writing Creative UA the and Pavao-Zuckerman) Mitchell (Dr. B2 from faculty by administered was program the 2009, summer in program eight-week an as Run audience. wider a to B2 and science of understanding disseminate (3) and research; scientific of presentation the for www.b2science.org 520.626.4092 of the by Developed Tucson, P Park N. 845 M 2/ Biosphere O Road Biosphere S. 32540 2 Biosphere involved inanyofthefollowingways. hope youwillconsiderbecoming choices.Wehelps usmakeinformed andthe sciencethat our environment about depends onpeoplewhocare 2’scutting-edge work Biosphere Help How YouCan Creative the Announces 2 Biosphere O 2. 1. racle racle 526 Suite Building, arshall UA 210158-B Box

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species in the Southwest Southwest the in species bird about Learn science! in experience hands-on a for Saturday Science a Attend work. our support and you for benefits provide that membership of levels different many are member. a Become working onsite. scientists talk withresearch also haveachancetomeetand each ofthebiomes.You will Biospherians livedandthrough where the humanhabitatarea hour andtakeyouthrough , MFA student in fiction fiction in student MFA , . . n There There www.B2science.org website: our visit above, the of any on information more For 5. doors and windows. and doors own your on stripping weather the check to time the now’s approaches, seal. tight a ensure to submarines in used hatches door on relies 2 Biosphere The S

matters most to you. you. to most matters that project research or activity 2 Biosphere the to designated be can and appreciated is donation. a Make environments. urban through moves water how show that demonstrations and activities physics in participate or ones, live handle and insects for appreciation new a gain experience, birding on-site an through ustainability Tip ustainability . . n Any gift gift Any A s winter winter s