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STATE of the NEWSROOM SOUTH AFRICA2 013 Disruptions and Transitions

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STATE of the NEWSROOM SOUTH AFRICA2 013 Disruptions and Transitions STATE OF THE NEWSROOM SOUTH AFRICA2 013 Disruptions and Transitions Glenda Daniels Lead Researcher and Project Co-ordinator: Dr Glenda Daniels For Wits Journalism: Prof Anton Harber and Prof Franz Krüger Wits Journalism student researchers: Kagiso Ledikwa, Taurai Maduna, Ebrahim Moolla, Mackson Muyambo and Camilla Bath Copy editor: Gill Moodie/Grubstreet Design and Layout: Hothouse South Africa Proof reader: Ruth Becker Photography: TJ Lemon, Pheladi Sethusa, Madelene Cronje, Liesl Frankson Special thanks: to Dr Julie Reid, Kelly Hawkins (both from Unisa), Joe Thloloe and Dr Johan Retief for information on the Press Council and Ombudsman rulings, to Jenny Tennant from Big Media for reading and commenting, and to Dinesh Balliah for general help. Publisher: Wits Journalism, University of the Witwatersrand Electronic copies can be accessed at: journalism.co.za/newsroom2013 CONTENTS PREFACE iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY v 01 THE MEDIA LANDSCAPE 1 The Print Media Circulation Cutting Costs Ownership New Developments Transformation Community Media and Independent Publishing The Broadcast Landscape Television Audience Figures The Move to Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) Radio The Internet, Paywalls, Apps and Mobis 02 THE LEGAL, POLITICAL AND REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 15 The Protection of State Information Bill/Secrecy Bill Amendments and Outstanding Problems Other Laws Impacting on Journalism From Self-regulation to Independent Co-regulation Freedom of Expression 03 RACE AND GENDER TRANSFORMATION 22 A Look Back in Time Employment Equity Policies Race and Gender in 2012 Observations in the Different Newsrooms Trends i 04 DIGITAL FIRST 35 Transitions Digital First in SA newsrooms BDlive – You will be Paying for Content M&G – No Destination in Sight EWN – Breaking News Everywhere all at Once City Press – Social Media Amplifies Efforts Making Money Online Social Media Policies and Newsrooms The Impact on Journalists and the World of Gadgetry Trends 05 THE OMBUDSMAN’S RULINGS 46 Press Council and the Press under Fire The Rulings Findings Are Complaints in Broadcast Different? 2013: New System Trends 06 TRAINING 55 Training in Context: the 2002 Audit What of Today? Training Investment, Programmes and Policies Media24 Times Media Group Independent Newspapers SABC Enhancing Training: Other Trainers’ Views Trends BIBLIOGRAPHY 66 APPENDICES 1-6 70 Appendix 1: Newspapers 70 Appendix 2: Radio 80 Appendix 3: The New Regulatory Regime for 2013 83 Appendix 4: Complaints to the Press Council 87 Appendix 5: Complaints to the Press Council cont. 89 Appendix 6: Mail & Guardian Social Media Policy Guidelines 99 ii Preface AROUND THE WORLD, NEWS MEDIA ARE IN TURMOIL, GRAPPLING WITH THE CHALLENGES OF ADAPTING TO RAPIDLY CHANGING TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS MODELS, and their impact on the way we gather, produce, present, distribute, sell and consume news. In South Africa, this is overlaid with the complex issues of transformation – the need to shift the structure of our media from the apartheid inheritance into an industry that can serve democracy and celebrate freedom. Our news industry is engaged on two fronts, which makes this both a difficult and tremendously exciting time, demanding a balance between boldness and thoughtfulness, innovation and convention. This pilot State of the Newsroom (SoN) 2013 report aims to promote debate and discussion about these challenges, with some research, data and an airing of ideas. It is the first time we are dipping our toes into this water, and plan to do so on an annual basis. We are hoping that Wits Journalism, located close to the heart of the media industry but with the space and resources offered by a university campus, will be well placed to offer some food to nourish discussions. SoN does not aim to be comprehensive. We have purposefully selected a few of the most topical aspects to research and hope to vary this from year to year. Apart from an overview of the media landscape, this year we offer a look into changes in the legal and regulatory framework, an examination of the issues of race and gender in our newsrooms, the move to digital first newsrooms and the uptake of social media WITS JOURNALISM, LOCATED CLOSE TO THE HEART among journalists. We also provide an analysis of recent OF THE MEDIA INDUSTRY BUT WITH THE SPACE AND Ombudsman’s rulings in the print industry and an overview RESOURCES OFFERED BY A UNIVERSITY CAMPUS, of training in our major media companies. It is no more than WILL BE WELL PLACED TO OFFER SOME FOOD TO a snapshot of key issues in 2012-13. We ask many questions in this report, and hopefully we NOURISH DISCUSSIONS. help point to some answers and stimulate some thought and debate. Data collection took place between June 2012 and June 2013. The research combined a variety of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, chosen to meet the demands of each chapter’s subject matter. For instance, the chapter on Press Council Rulings relies on statistical analysis while the chapter on Training is largely qualitative, based on semi- structured interviews but also containing data on how much was spent and how many staff were trained by the media companies. Over 70 editors, journalists, online staff, managers and trainers from all media types were interviewed. For purely practical reasons, the report has a Johannesburg bias, something we hope to address in future years. We are indebted to the newsrooms who participated, included Business Day, Eyewitness News, CNBC Africa, SABC, Mail & Guardian, Beeld, Sunday Times, City Press, The Witness, The Citizen and Sowetan. The Star and the Daily Dispatch agreed to participate but the researcher assigned to these two newsrooms was unable to complete the task due to outside circumstances. e.tv was approached to form part of the research but declined. We owe gratitude to those who gave us their time and resources. For the others, we hope you will see the value in working with us to fill out this report in the coming years. Five postgraduate students in the Wits Journalism department – Camilla Bath, Kagiso Ledikwa, Taurai Maduna, Ebrahim Moolla and Mackson Muyambo – assisted with the research. iii There is also a collaborative component to the research. Dr Julie Reid and Kelly Hawkins from Unisa’s communications department provided much of the data for the analysis of the Ombudsman’s rulings. The chapter would not have been possible without assistance from the Press Council. All of it was coordinated and overseen by Dr Glenda Daniels, who has done sterling work for over a year on this project. We drew on much previous work: the Survey of Working Journalists, August 2012, conducted by Wits Journalism; the Sanef Skills Audit of 2002; and international reports such as the State of the News Media – an annual report on American Journalism by the Pew Research Centre’s Project for Excellence in Journalism. We are already planning next year’s report, so ideas, comments and criticism are welcome (send to: Glenda.Daniels@ wits.ac.za). Prof Anton Harber and Prof Franz Krüger Wits Journalism, Johannesburg September 2013 iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE NEWSROOM OF SOUTH AFRICA TODAY IS A SHIP SAILING INTO EXTREME HEADWINDS OF CHANGE – FROM DIGITAL DISRUPTION, REGULATORY CHANGE AND GOVERNMENT HOSTILITY TO DOWNSIZED NEWS- ROOMS, DECLINING CIRCULATION AND SHIFTING REVENUE MODELS. In 2012-2013, journalists and newsrooms have navigated major transitions from media ownership, in some cases, and a new press code to the Secrecy Bill being passed in Parliament. There were converging newsrooms negotiating the digital-first trend, the consolidation of newsrooms such as that of Business Day and Financial Mail and morale- dampening retrenchments. But if the vessel is being buffeted this way and that, it is also showing signs of meeting change head-on such as in gender and race transformation and with varied and pluralistic training. Crucially, we found in the newsrooms surveyed more optimism than negative sentiment about the move from traditional media to digital-first although none could envision the end point. So a leaky ship, perhaps, but a tough one and with an adventuring spirit. The State of the Newsroom report 2012-2013 has six chapters: the Media Landscape; the Legal, Regulatory and Political Framework; Race and Gender; Digital First; the Ombudsman’s Rulings; and Training. Below is a summary of what each chapter contains and the key findings: Media Landscape: This is a broad outline of the country’s print and broadcast media. The media landscape is described and quantified, and deconstructed into print, broadcast, and online (social media is tackled in a separate chapter). Notable changes include significant retrenchments, declining print circulation and shifting advertising revenue. Some attention is devoted to key debates around media ownership and transformation, for instance, the change from Avusa to Times Media Group and the new Sekunjalo Independent Media consortium buying Independent Newspapers. Other media trends such as the erection of paywalls, the growth of internet use for news and rolling out of apps are discussed. The Legal, Regulatory and Political Framework: This chapter deals with the environment within which journalists have to work, including the Constitution and other laws on the statute books, for instance, the National Key Points Act and the Protection of State Information Bill (Secrecy Bill). The chapter also discusses the changes to the Press Council and Code as well as freedom of expression, and freedom of information, with a narrative on the Protection of State Information Bill passed by the National Assembly on 25 April 2013. The chapter concludes that, with reference to media freedom, journalists had to contend with a mixed bag of fortunes: on the one hand, welcoming a review of the National Key Points Act and news of President Jacob Zuma dropping legal claims against the media worth R60-million to, on the other hand, worries that there were still draconian clauses in the amended Secrecy Bill that would impact on investigative journalism and that freedom of expression would be hampered by political intimidation.
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