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Nach Hitler Das ›Dritte Reich‹

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Nach Hitler Das ›Dritte Reich‹ Das ›Dritte Reich‹ nach Hitler 23 TAGE IM MAI 1945 EINE CHRONIK THE THIRD REICH AFTER HITLER A CHRONICLE OF 23 DAYS IN MAY 1945 KLAUS HESSE ANDREAS NACHAMA [HRSG.] MIT EINEM ESSAY VON GERHARD PAUL Impressum | Credits Herausgeber | Published by: Stiftung Topographie des Terrors | Topography of Terror Foundation Vertreten durch | Represented by: Prof. Dr. Andreas Nachama Konzeption, Texte | Conceptualization, texts: Klaus Hesse Bildrecherche, Bildtexte | Photo research, captions: Klaus Hesse Biographische Texte | Biographical texts: Klaus Hesse Biographische Texte, Mitarbeit | Biographical texts in collaboration with: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Paul Essay: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Paul Englische Übersetzung | English translation: Dr. Pamela Selwyn Redaktion | Editorial: Klaus Hesse Lektorat | Final editorial: Klaus Hesse, Kurt Blank-Markard Gestaltung | Design: Kurt Blank-Markard Lithographie | Lithography: Nova Concept, Berlin Druck | Printing: H. Heenemann, Berlin Gedruckt in | Printed with: Novaton © Stiftung Topographie des Terrors, die Autoren und Urheber- rechteinhaber | Topography of Terror Foundation, the authors and copyright holders Alle Rechte vorbehalten | All rights reserved Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte Daten sind im Internet über portal.dnb.de abrufbar. Hentrich & Hentrich Verlag Berlin Inh. Dr. Nora Pester www.hentrichhentrich.de 1. Auflage 2016 | 1st edition 2016 | Printed in Germany Broschur: ISBN 978-3-941772-24-3 Festeinband: ISBN 978-3-95565-117-6 Für ihre freundliche Unterstützung unser Dank an die beteiligten Institutionen, Archive und Bildagenturen sowie an | We would like to thank the participating institutions, archives and picture agencies and the following individuals for their kind support: Judy Cohen, Washington | Dr. Alfred Gottwaldt, Berlin † Fregattenkapitän Dr. Christian Jentzsch, Mürwik/Potsdam Brigitte Kuhl, Berlin | Bernd Nogli, Potsdam Prof. Dr. Gerhard Paul, Flensburg Oberstleutnant Dr. Harald Fritz Potempa, Potsdam Irmela Roschmann, Berlin | Andreas Sander, Berlin Dr. Oliver Sander, Koblenz | Ingeborg Scharnofske, Jarplund Prof. Dr. Johannes Tuchel, Berlin | Dr. Claudia Steur, Berlin Dr. Daniel Uziel, Jerusalem Titelfoto | Cover photo: © SZ Photo, München 7 VORWORT 7 FOREWORD 11 EINFÜHRUNG 11 INTRODUCTION 23 UNTERGANG – DER MILITÄRISCHE 23 DOWNFALL – ZUSAMMENBRUCH DES »DRITTEN THE MILITARY COLLAPSE OF THE THIRD REICHES« IM FRÜHJAHR 1945 REICH IN SPRING 1945 67 VON HITLER ZU DÖNITZ, 67 FROM HITLER TO DÖNITZ, VON BERLIN NACH FLENSBURG: FROM BERLIN TO FLENSBURG: CHRONIK DER LETZTEN WOCHEN A CHRONICLE OF THE LAST WEEKS DES »DRITTEN REICHES« – OF THE THIRD REICH – 1.–23. MAI 1945 MAY 1–23 1945 117 EXKURS 1: 117 EXCURSUS 1: KAPITULATION – DÖNITZ, SURRENDER – DÖNITZ, DAS OBERKOMMANDO THE SUPREME COMMAND DER WEHRMACHT (OKW) UND OF THE WEHR MACHT (OKW) DIE »GESCHÄFTSFÜHRENDE AND THE “ACTING REICH REICHSREGIERUNG« GOVERNMENT” 224 EXKURS 2: 224 EXCURSUS 2: »RATTENLINIE NORD« – “RATLINE NORTH” – BEI KRIEGSENDE NACH NAZI FUNCTIONARIES WHO FLED SCHLESWIG‑HOLSTEIN GEFLÜCHTETE TO SCHLESWIG‑HOLSTEIN NS‑FUNKTIONÄRE AT THE END OF THE WAR 329 Gerhard Paul 329 Gerhard Paul »FINALE IN FLENSBURG« – “FINALE IN FLENSBURG” – DAS ABSURDE THEATER THE ABSURD SPECTACLE DER »REGIERUNG DÖNITZ« UND OF THE »DÖNITZ GOVERNMENT” AND DAS DEFINITIVE ENDE THE DEFINITIVE END DES »DRITTEN REICHES« AM 23. MAI 1945 OF THE THIRD REICH ON 23 MAY 1945 340 ANHANG 340 APPENDIX Autoren und Herausgeber: Klaus Hesse, Dipl. Pol.; Studium der Politikwissenschaft und der Geschichte in Berlin; Ausstellungskurator und Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Stiftung Topographie des Terrors, Berlin Andreas Nachama, Prof. Dr.; Studium der Geschichte und der Judaistik in Berlin; Direktor der Stiftung Topographie des Terrors, Berlin; Professor i.R. am Lander Institute for Communication about the Holocaust and Tolerance des Touro College, Berlin Gerhard Paul, Prof. Dr.; Studium der Sozialwissenschaften und der Geschichte in Bonn, Frankfurt a.M. und Hannover; Professor für Geschichte und ihre Didaktik an der Uni- versität Flensburg Nach der Einnahme von Neuss n After the capture of Neuss by durch die US-Armee stehen Ein- the US-Army, inhabitants wait in wohner vor einem Lebensmittel- line outside a grocery store; geschäft Schlange; 7. März 1945. March 7, 1945. An der Hauswand im Hinter- On the wall of a building in the grund die Propagandaparole background is the propaganda »Heil-Hitler«. slogan “Heil-Hitler”. © BPK-Images Letzter, teilöffentlicher Auftritt »Oderfront« am 11. März verließ n Hitler’s (5th fr.l.) last semi-pub- between his visit to the “Oder Hitlers (5.v.l.) bei der Verleihung er Berlin bis zu seinem Suizid am lic appearance at the awarding Front” on March 11 and his von Tapferkeitsauszeichnungen 30. April 1945 nicht mehr. of medals of valor to members of suicide on April 30, 1945. an Angehörige der »Hitler- Fegelein wurde auf Befehl Hitlers the Hitler Youth (HJ) in the Fegelein was executed by firing jugend« (HJ) im Garten der am 29. April 1945 wegen Fahnen- garden of the Reich Chancellery; squad for desertion on April 29, Reichskanzlei; Berlin, 20. März flucht erschossen, Burgdorf Berlin, March 20, 1945. Behind 1945 on Hitler’s orders, and 1945. Hinter Hitler »Reichs- erschoss sich am 1. Mai 1945 im Hitler are Reich Youth Leader Burgdorf shot himself on 1 May jugendführer« Artur Axmann Bunker der Reichskanzlei. Artur Axmann (2nd fr.l.), 1945 in the bunker at the Reich (2.v.l.), Himmlers Vertreter im © Popperfoto; Getty Images Himm ler’s deputy at Führer’s Chancellery. »Führerhauptquartier« Headquarters, SS-Gruppenführer SS-Gruppen führer Hermann Hermann Fegelein (3rd fr.l.), Fegelein (3.v.l.), Hitlers persön- Hitler’s personal adjutant licher Adjutant SS-Obergruppen- SS-Obergruppenführer Julius führer Julius Schaub (teils ver- Schaub (partly hidden, 4th fr.l.). deckt, 4.v.l.), General Wilhelm Front right is General Wilhelm Burgdorf (2.v.r.), Chef des Heeres- Burgdorf (2nd fr.r.), chief of the personalamtes beim Ober- Army Personnel Office at the kommando des Heeres (OKH). Supreme Command of the Army Hinter Burgdorf Hitlers Kammer- (OKH). Behind Burgdorf is Hitler’s diener Heinz Linge. valet, Heinz Linge. Hitler hatte letztmalig am Hitler had spoken on the radio 30. Januar 1945 im Radio gespro- for the last time on January 30, chen. Nach dem Besuch der 1945. He never left Berlin 32 | 33 Nach der Eroberung Wiens durch ten eroberten Gebieten weniger n After the capture of Vienna by Western Allies. In Berlin alone at die Rote Armee: Suizid der Familie häufig. Allein in Berlin nahmen the Red Army: A Nazi family has least 3,881 people killed them- eines Nationalsozialisten in einer sich im April und Mai 1945 committed suicide in a park; selves in April and May 1945, and Parkanlage; 13. April 1945. mindestens 3881, im Jahr 1945 April 13, 1945. a total of 7,057 in 1945 overall, Der Untergang des »Dritten insgesamt 7057 Menschen das The fall of the Third Reich led to including 3,996 women, a local Reiches« führte zu einer »Selbst- Leben, darunter 3996 Frauen, a “suicide epidemic” (Ian concentration of suicides far mordepidemie« (Ian Kershaw, eine statistisch jedoch weit über Kershaw, 2011) among (leading) exceeding the statistical average. 2011) unter (führenden) Militärs dem Durchschnitt liegende military officers and Nazi officials, und NS-Funktionären sowie bei lokale Häufung von Suiziden. as well as parts of the civilian Teilen der Zivilbevölkerung. © Jewgeni Chaldej; Ullstein Bild population. The motivations Motiv war u.a. die Angst vor included fear of reprisals and Vergeltung und Strafverfolgung prosecution by the Allies, durch die Alliierten, verbunden combined with attempts at mit dem Versuch heroischer heroic self-dramatization by Nazi Selbstinszenierung der NS-Täter perpetrators in hopeless circum- in auswegloser Situation. Selbst- stances. Suicides were especially morde waren in den von der widespread in those parts of Roten Armee besetzten Teilen Germany occupied by the Deutschlands besonders zahl- Red Army, and less frequent in reich, in den von den Westalliier- territories captured by the 46 | 47 Deutsche Flüchtlinge in Danzig n German refugees in Danzig nach dem sowjetischen Ein- after the Soviet invasion, marsch, im Hintergrund Last- with Red Army trucks in the wagen der Roten Armee; unda- background; undated (early April tiert (Anfang April 1945). 1945). © Timofej Melnik; Deutsch-Russisches Museum Berlin-Karlshorst; BPK-Images Da die Wasserversorgung ihrer n Since they no longer have Wohnungen aufgrund der running water in their homes Kriegszerstörungen nicht mehr because of wartime destruction, funktioniert, stehen Einwohner the inhabitants of Magdeburg Magdeburgs, nach der Ein­ stand in line for drinking water at nahme der Stadt durch amerika­ a public faucet after the capture nische Truppen, an einer öffent­ of the city by American troops; lichen Zapfstelle nach April 19, 1945. Trinkwasser an; 19. April 1945. © SZ­Photo In SS-Konzentrationslagern Vizepräsidenten des Schwedi- n After their liberation as part of Red Cross Vice-President Count inhaftierte französische Frauen schen Roten Kreuzes, Graf Folke the “White Buses” action and Folke Bernadotte was later nach ihrer Befreiung im Zuge der Bernadotte, vereinbarte Freilas- their arrival in Denmark, French extended to Jewish inmates and »Aktion Weiße Busse« und ihrer sung skandinavischer KZ-Häft- women interned in SS concen- prisoners from non-Scandinavian Ankunft in Dänemark, versorgt linge wurde später
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