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Home , Berghof (residence), Death of Adolf Hitler, Eva Braun, Felix Kersten, Heinz Linge

NOTE ON SOURCES

THE following is a list of the chief personal sources (excluding captured documents) on which the foregoing account is based:

A. Personalities in Hitler's Court 1. SPEER, ALBERT.- Minister of Armament and War Production. In a series of statements and interrogations, Speer has given the completest and most objective account on this subject. He is also a valuable authority on his own policy of opposition to Hitler's plans of" Scorched Earth ", a subject on which his statements have been checked and confirmed by subsidiary sources, especially Karl Kaufmann, Gauleiter of , and Koller (No. 20 below), and on incidents in Hitler's Bunker on the occasions of his last visits on 2oth and 23rd/24th April I945· Further details have been given by Speer in the course of his defence at , where he was sen• tenced by the International Military Tribunal to twenty years imprisonment. 2. ScHWERIN voN KROSIGK, GRAF LuTZ.-Reich Minister of Finance. Krosigk's diary, written with an eye to history, records incidents which the writer thought significant during the period 15th Aprilfsth May 1945. Condemned to 10 years imprisonment 1949• There are numerous subsidiary sources on this subject, which have Leen used for matters of detail.

B. Hitler's Relations with Army Learfer1 g. HALDER, FRANz Generaloberst.- Formerly (till 1942) Chief of Army General Staff. Halder has given very full, factual, and objective accounts of the whole history of relations between Hitler and the generals, the development of the OKW, etc. These accounts have been supplemented by data from many other generals, including Field-Marshal (No. 30 below), who believed in Hitler's strategical genius, and a much larger number who did not. ru6 THE LAST DAYS OF HITLER

C. Hitler's Physical Health and Personality The following doctors have been interrogated on Hitler's health and physical condition, and on other personal matters : 4· BRANDT, DR. KARL.-Surgeon to Hitler's staff (Begleitarzt) until October 1944. Condemned and executed 1947. 5· VON EICKEN, PROFESSOR.-Ear, nose, and throat specialist. Attended Hitler in 1935, and again after 20th July 1944. 6. GIESING, DR. ERWIN.-Ear, nose, and throat specialist. Attended Hitler after 2oth July 1944. 7· VON HASSELBACH, DR. HANS KARL.-Surgeon, deputy to Brandt (No. 4 above) until October 1944. 8. MoRELL, PROFESSOR THEODOR.-Personal physician (Leibarzt) to Hitler whom he last saw on 22nd April 1945· Died 1948.

D. Rimmler and his Entourage g. ScHELLENBERG, WALTER.-S.S. Brigadefuehrer, Head of R.S.H.A., Amt VI (Foreign Intelligence). Though nominally subordinate to Kaltenbrunner, Schellenberg had direct personal relations with Himmler, which make him a valuable source. While in Sweden between the end of hostilities and his surrender to SHAEF, Schellenberg compiled a careful diary of the events of the last month of the war, which is very important. He has also been exhaustively interrogated. Condemned to 6 years imprisonment 1949· Died 1952. 10. GEBHARDT, PROFESSOR KARL.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer. Rimmler's personal doctor. Condemned and executed 1947. 11. BRANDT, DR. RuDOLF.-S.S. Standartenfuehrer. Rimmler's secretary. Condemned and executed 1947. 12. GROTHMANN, WERNER.-Himmler's military adjutant. 13. BERGER, GOTTLOB.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer. Chief of S.S. Hauptamt and Kriegsgefangenenwesen. Condemned to 25 years imprisonment 1949. 14. OHLENDORF, OTTo.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer. Head of R.S.H.A., Amt III (Sicherheitsdienst), and Ministerialdirektor m Reichswirtschaftsministerium. Condemned and executed 1948. 15. VON WoYRSCH, UDo.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer and General der Polizei. 16. voN HERFF, MAXIMILIAN.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer and General der Waffen S.S. Head of Personalhauptamt. 268 NOTE ON SOURCES 17. JuETI'NER, MAX.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer. Head of S.S. Fuehrungshauptamt. 18. KALTENBRUNNER, ERNsT.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer. Head of R.S.H.A. Kaltenbrunner was in south at the end, and is therefore of little direct value for this subject ; but he has been thoroughly interrogated, and his reports shed incidental light on many matters. Condemned by International Military Tribunal and executed I946. Of the above, Nos. IO, I4, 15, and I6 were with Rimmler in Schleswig-Holstein during the last days; Nos. I I and I2 were with him when he was captured. Count Folke Bernadette's book, Th4 Fall Q/ the Curtain, contains some useful information about the personal part played by the author in the last days. See also Felix Kersten, Memoirs (I956) and Norbert Masur, En Jude talar med Himmler (Stockholm, I945)· E. The Dismissal of Goering 19. GoERING, HERMANN.-. Condemned by International Military Tribunal and committed suicide I946. 20. KoLLER, KARL.-General der . Chief of Staff of Luftwaffe. Koller's diary, covering the period I 6th April to 9th May 1945, is a detailed record of great value, not only for these events (in which he was the principal intermediary), but also for many other incidents during the period. Koller was with the OKW at Fuersten• berg, and in regular telephone communication with . He also, on 8th May, received, and recorded, a first-hand account of events in the Bunker (26th/29th April) from Ritter von Greim. He has since published a version of his diary under the title Der let;:./1 Monat (, I949). 21. LAMMERS, HANs HEINRICH.-Head ofReichskanzlei. Lammers was present at Goering's conference on 23rd April 1945, and has made a statement and produced documents relevant to this episode. Con• demned to 20 years imprisonment 1949. In addition to these, Speer (No. I above) was an eye-witness of certain events in this connexion, and Kaltenbrunner (No. IB above) has reported a conversation with S.S. Obersturmbannfuehrer Frank, who both took part in Goering's conference and was responsible for his arrest. F. Events in the Bunker (22nd April to Ist May 1945) 22. AxMANN, ARTUR.-Reichsjugendfuehrer. Axmann visited 26g THE LAST DAYS OF HITLER the Bunker on several occasions. He was there on 3oth April 1945, and examined the dead bodies of Hitler and . He took part in the escape of 1st May, and claims to have seen the corpses of Bormann and Stumpfegger. 23. VON BELow, NICOLAUS.- Oberst der Luftwaffe. Wehrmacht• attache (Luftwaffe) at Fuehrer's Headquarters. Was in the Bunker till midnight 29th/3oth April. Witnessed Hitler's personal will. 24. BoLDT, GERHARD FRIEDRICH WILHELM.- Rittmeister. A. D.C. to General Krebs (Chief of Army General Staff). Left the Bunker on 29th April. He has since published his account as Die let;:,ten Tage der Reichskan;:,lei (Hamburg, 1947). 25. CHRISTIAN, EcKARD.- General der Luftwaffe. Chef Luft• waffenfuehrungsstab. Was in the Bunker on 22nd and 23rd April, then with OKW at Fuerstenburg. Had contact with the Bunker, and with Ritter von Greim both during and after Greim's stay in the Bunker. 26. CHRISTIAN, FRAu GERDA (nle DARANOWSKI).- Wife of No. 25. Secretary to Hitler. Left the Bunker on 1st May. 27. FREYTAG VON LoRINGHOVEN, BARON Major.- Adjutant to General Krebs. Left the Bunker on 29th April. 28. joHANNMEIER, WILLI Major.-Wehrmachtattache at Fuehrer's Headquarters, assisting General Burgdorf. Left the Bunker on 29th April b":aring a copy of Hitler's political testament addressed to Field-Marshal Schoerner. 29. JUNGE, Frau GERTRUD.- Secretary to Hitler. Left the Bunker on 1st May. 30. KARNAU, HERMANN.-Revieroberwachtmeister. Guard in , Dienststelle 1, on duty in the Bunker. Left the Bunker on 1st May. Saw the burning of Hitler's and Eva Braun's bodies. 31. KEITEL, WILHELM .-Chef OKW. In the Bunker daily till 23rd April; then with OKW at Krampnitz and Fuerstenberg. Condemned by International Military Tribunal and executed I 946. 32. KEMPKA, ERICH.- S.S. Sturmbannfuehrer. Hitler's personal chauffeur and transport officer. Took part in burning of Hitler's and Eva Braun's bodies. Left the Bunker on 1st May. He has since published his account as lch habe verbrannt (, 1950). 33· KRUEGER, Fraeulein ELSE.-Bormann's secretary. Left the Bunker on 1st May. 270 NOTE ON SOURCES 34· LoRENZ, HEINZ.- Official of Deutsche Nachrichtenbuero, working in Propaganda Ministry ; reported frequently to Bunker, and left it on 2gth April, bearing copies of Hitler's personal and political testaments, and Goebbels' Appendix, destined for Munich. 35· MANSFELD (alias SKRZIPCZYK), ERICH.-S.S. Hauptschar• fuehrer. Guard in RSD Dienststelle I, on duty in the Bunker. Witnessed burning of Hitler's and Eva Braun's bodies. Left the Bunker on 1st May. 36. MUELLER, WILU Orro.- Tailor, resident in . Observed some incidents of interest. 37· MATIHIESING, HEINZ.- Batman to von Below (No. 23 above), whom he accompanied out of on 2gth April. 38. PoPPEN, HILCO.-Guard in RSD Dienststelle I, on duty in Bunker. Left on 1st May. 39· REI1'SCH, HANNA.-" Flugkapitaen." Test pilot and com• panion of Ritter von Greim. In Bunker 26th till 2gth April. 40. ScHWAEGERMANN, GUENTHER AuGusT WILHELM.- S.S. Haupt• sturmfuehrer. Adjutant to Goebbels. Was in the Bunker 22nd April till 1st May. Burnt bodies ofGoebbels and his wife and children. 4I. voN V ARO, BARONEss.- Was casually in second (S.S.) Bunker until rst May. Was present at Hitler's first leave-taking at 02.30 hours on 2gth April. 42. ZANDER, WILHELM.- S.S. Standartenfuehrer. Assistant to . Left the Bunker on 2gth April, carrying copies of Hitler's personal and political testaments, and marriage certificate of Hitler and Eva Braun, addressed to Admiral Doenitz.

ru6 APPENDIX I THE ExECUTION OF FEGELEIN (Seep. 188)

THE real causes and circumstances of the execution ofFegelein provide one of the few subjects included in this book upon which final certainty seems unattainable. Both Greim (quoted by Koller) and Reitsch knew of Fegelein's execution, which must therefore have taken place before they left the Bunker (i.e. before about midnight on 28thj2gth April) ; but both describe it as the punishment for his attempted escape, and say that it took place immediately after his recapture, which is certainly inaccurate. Reitsch says that Fegelein's absence was first noticed on 27th April, and the evidence from other sources, though never explicit, points to the same date. But it is certain that Fegelein was alive when the news of Rimmler's treachery was brought to the Bunker, on the evening of 28th April, and that he was questioned on the subject. Explicit evidence of this has been given by Lorenz and von Below and others, and most sources agree that a day elapsed between the recapture of Fegelein and his execution. It seems necessary and reasonable therefore to agree with Lorenz (who elsewhere proves to be one of the most accurate of witnesses) that Fegelein was degraded in rank for desertion on 27th April, and executed on a second charge connected with Rimmler's treachery on the night of 28th/ 2gth April. His execution must then have taken place between the announcement of Himmler's treachery at about g P.M. and the departure of Greim and Reitsch soon after midnight. We are therefore faced with the question, What was this charge, and was it true ? No witness has given a clear answer ru6 1'HE LAST DAYS OF HITLER to this question ; and it seems clear that the whole matter was deliberately involved in secrecy in the Bunker,- probably because Fegelein's former intimacy with Hitler, Bormann, and Burgdorf and his relationship to Eva Braun, made the discussion of his supposed apostasy distasteful. According to von Below, however, Burgdorf told him that "Rimmler had instigated a plot to hand over Hitler's dead body to the Western Powers ", and that Fegelein was implicated in this. Others have also given evidence of a general belief that Rimmler had plotted against Hitler's person, and that Fegelein's evidence, on the night of 28th April, proved both this plot and Fegelein's complicity. Whether Burgdorf actually made this remark to von Below is uncertain ; for von Below is very vague on the matter, and he may well have been influenced by the subsequent (and untrue) statements of Schellenberg, which were published while von Below was at liberty. But in any case the statement, as quoted, is incredible. It is quite certain that Rimmler never considered any such plot ; nor would it have been possible to convey Hitler's body to the Western Powers after 25th April. Nevertheless, it is clear that several S.S. leaders, including Steiner, were talking loosely about the possibility of such a plot, and that Fegelein must have known about such talk; he must also have known about Rimmler's meetings with Bernadotte, which were ostensibly for quite legitimate purposes ; and it is quite probable that under cross-examina• tion on the night of 28th April he revealed his knowledge of both these facts. Since he had been in confinement since 27th April, and knew nothing of Rimmler's treachery, he would not have been aware of the new significance which could now be attributed to such admissions. It seems most probable to me that this in fact happened; that in the highly-charged atmosphere of the Bunker, and the universal suspicions of treachery, Fegelein's admissions were easily interpreted as knowledge, hitherto treasonably con• cealed, of an S.S. plot, subsidiary to Rimmler's political ru6 APPENDIX I schemes and connected with the presumably treacherous failure of the Steiner attack on 21st April ; and that Fegelein's absences from the Bunker, culminating in his attempted escape on 27th April, were interpreted as the comings and goings of the indispensable agent between his employer and his victim. In fact, of course, Fegelein was only interested in escaping from the Bunker ; but in such an atmosphere Trifles light as air Are to the jealous confirmations strong As proofs of Holy Writ.

ru6 APPENDIX II THE RusSIAN EviDENCE ON THE DEATH OF HITLER (See Preface to Fifth Edition)

SINCE the third edition of this book was sent to press in I 956, certain new material on the death of Hitler has been published from Russian sources. In I g65, in the Russian periodical Znamya, Y elena Rzhevskaya published a somewhat fragmentary and rhetorical article entitled "Berlinskie Stranitsy" ("Berlin Notes"), which she afterwards enlarged into a book. The author had been attached as an interpreter to the special unit of the which had been instructed to find Hitler "alive or dead", and therefore had some first-hand experience; and for this article she had been allowed to see some of the documents of the Russian enquiry in Berlin which I describe on pp. xxxvii-xliv. She did not, however, use any German or Western evidence. Three years later, another Russian writer, Lev Bezymenski, co-editor of the Russian periodical Novoe Vremya, published in a book entitled Der Tod Adolf Hitters (English translation, The , Ig68). Mr. Bezymenski's book was evidently written for export to the West only, for no Russian text has been seen and the book seems not to have been published in communist countries. Apart from the text of certain documents which Mme Rzhevskaya had seen but not quoted, it adds nothing to her account, on which it relies more heavily than is acknowledged. Like Mme Rzhevskaya, Mr. Bezymenski completely ignores Western and German evidence. Like her, he insists that Hitler did not shoot himself but took poison; and he seems concerned to emphasise this distinction in order to argue that Hitler died not like a hero (which few had supposed) but "like a dog". 276 THE LAST DAYS OF HITLER The moral distinction between death by revolver-shot and death by poison may seem to Western readers rather fine. Since all Nazi leaders were supplied with cyanide capsules, and some (like Ritter von Greim, Rimmler and Goering) used them, that form of death does not seem to have been regarded by them as cowardly. However, there is a distinction of fact, and a historian who aims at accuracy must examine the evidence. Mr. Bezymenski's contribution to the evidence con• sists exclusively in the autopsy reports of the Soviet pathologists who examined the bodies discovered in the Chancellery, including those of Hitler and Eva Braun. These reports are printed by him "in full". As printed, they declare that the experts found in Hitler's mouth fragments of a crushed glass ampoule, and that this, together with the smell of bitter almonds, "permitted them to conclude" that death was by . If we assume that the pathologists made a true report, and that their report is correctly and fully quoted and translated (for the Russian text has not been published), then we must agree with their conclusion, which has been, as I have stated, the official Russian version since 1949· On the other hand certain reservations must be made. First of all, there is the difficulty presented by the German evidence. All the German witnesses interrogated by me, including those who had previously been interrogated by the Russians, agreed that Hitler had shot himself, and it is difficult to see why they should have lied in such a matter. None of them supposed that cyanide was a cowardly means of death; none of them felt concerned to defend Hitler, whose death anyway had severed their allegiance; all were factual and objective in their evidence. Therefore their evidence must be considered, and given its weight, along with the Russian evidence. Secondly, the Russian evidence itself is not entirely satis• factory. On the face of it, it is clear and factual; but some doubts must be excused in view of its long concealment, its curiously oblique revelation, and the partisan purpose which that revelation is clearly designed to serve. Besides, is it really ru6 APPENDIX II revealed "in full" ? One passage, in so exhaustive and meticu• lous a document, is oddly brief and elliptical. I refer to a single sentence in the autopsy report on Hitler which Mr. Bezymenski prints as a distinct paragraph and which reads, "Part of the cranium is missing". No explanation of this fact is offered, no more exact description, no conjectured cause. In an otherwise detailed professional document this isolated, casual statement must excite surprise, and we may legitimately wonder whether, at this point, part of the document is not missing too. However that may be, Mr. Bezymenski, in his commentary, ignores this part of the text. But he is evidently aware of the difficulty, for he advances-only to dismiss-a highly speculative hypothesis, for which there is neither evi• dence nor probability, but which (like so much else) is borrowed from Mme Rzhevskaya, viz., that may conceivably have finished Hitler off with a bullet after he had taken poison. Since Linge was a Russian prisoner for eleven years, it seems odd that this little matter was not cleared up. Its only significance lies in the deduction which we are obliged to make, viz., that, although the printed autopsy report does not mention it, there was some inescapable evidence that Hitler had been shot. The simplest conclusion, taking account of all the evidence, would still seem to be that, as I wrote in my Introduction in 1956, "though Hitler may conceivably ... have taken poison as well, he certainly killed himself with a revolver-shot".

ru6 INDEX

AbUHhr (German Intelligence Ser- Bormann, Martin, character and vice), 27, 31, 38 rise, 14- 16; competes with Acton, Lord, 254 Himmler, 42-3; and Goebbels, Adenauer, Konrad, xxxi 43 - 4; relations with Hitler, .Ahnennbe, 24 and n. 44-5, 6o ; and the succession, Alaric, 54, 226 103; and Eva Braun, 105; Army General Staff (OKH), 7-13, advises Hitler to leave Berlin, 32-40 123-4. 134, 142, 153; stays in Astrology, 26, 95, 109-13, 183 Berlin, 142, 160; secures dis• Attila, 54 missal of Goering, 154-5; sends Axmann, Artur, xxv, xxxiii, xliii n. hysterical telegrams, 181; ap• lvi-lvii, lxiii, 76, 123, 16o, 220-21, pointed Hitler's executor, 199; 230, 233. 237-8, 26g witnesses Hitler's wills, 200 ; decides to survive, 200 - 202 ; Baumgart, xv orders execution of Goering, 201 ; Baur, Hans, xvi, xxi, xxxi-xxxiv, lii• and of others, 218;. sends docu• liii, 160, 236, 239 ments from Berlin, 2o6-7 ; dis• Beck, Ludwig (General), 32 n., 39, covery of these documents, xxviii• 258 xxxi ; participates in Hitler's Beennaun, Helmuth (Hstuf.), xxxiii funeral, 220-23 ; informs Doenitz Beetz (Hitler's pilot), xvi, 160, 237, of the succession, 227-8 ; seeks 238 treaty with the Russians, 229-31; v. Below, Nicolaus, xxx, 124, 146, directs attempted mass escape, 233, 151, 154, 160, 193, 200, 210-14, 235-6; his part in escape, 237; his 242,270 fate, xxxiii-xxxv, lxiv, 238 and n. Bellannine, Cardinal Robert, 21, Bornholdt (S.S. Hstuf.), xix, 175 n. 22 n. Brandt, Karl (Hitler's surgeon), Berger, Gottlob, 137-8, 140-42, 268 65 n., 66 and n.-67, 69-70, ,75-6, (Hitler's chalet), 14, 16, 163 101 n., 268 Bemadotte, Count Folke, xvi, Brandt, Rudolf (Himmler's secre• 21 n., 97 and n., 128-9, 146-9, tary), 24 n., 101 and n., 182, 268 182-3, 269 v. Brauchitsch, Colonel (Goering's Berzarin, Col.-Gen., xliv adjutant), 145 Bezymer..Ski. Lev, lxiv, 276 Braun, Eva, xiii, xv, xviii, 61, 64-s, v. Bismarck, Prince Otto, 263 103-7, 121, 151, 153, 177, 188, Blaschke, Professor Hugo (Hitler's 192-4, 198-9, 22o-22 dentist),xxxviii-xxxix,lxiv,xlvi; 74 Braun, Gretl, xiii, 174, 190 Biondi (Hitler's dog), 65, 103, 216 Bredow (S.S. Ostuf.), 156 Boldt, Gerhardt, 16o, 209-10, 212, Bruck, Dr. Feodor, xxxviii-xxxix 242·3· 270 Brueckner, Wilhelm (Hitler'• adju- Bormann, Albert, 78 tant), G6 n., 67 ru6 THE LAST DAYS OF HITLER

Bruening, Heinrich, 1163 jects Hitler's ministers, 232; Burckhardt, Professor Carl (head of announces death of Hitler, 232; European Red Cross), 116 wrongly claims that Hitler fell in Burgdorf, Wilhelm (General), xxix, the front line xiii-xvii; his political 34 and n., gg, 8g, 130, 160, 171-11 plans, 245-6 ; dismisses the Nazis, and n., 193, 200, 205, 206, 210, 248-g; miscellaneous, 35· g6, s•. 211, 212, 220, 222, 230, 236 123, 132, 170, 218 Busch (Field-Marshal), 249-50 Dollmann, Eugen, 37 n. Busse (General), III-Ill Butler, Samuel, 244 Eastern Policy, g-10, 56-7, 214 Byrnes, James F., xlviii Echtmann, Fritz, xl, Iii v. Eicken, Professor, 66, 72, 73, 74, Canaris, Wilhelm (Admiral), 28, 268 3'· 38 Eisenhower, Dwight (General), xliii, Carlyle, Thomas, IOg-IO, 254 xlv-xlvi, 129, 145, 149, 244 Christian, Eckard (General), 125 Elagabalus, 37 and n., 133, 143, 164, 18g, Empedocles of Acragas, 252-3 270 Christian, Gerda (Hitler's secre- Fegelein, Hermann (S.S. Gruf.), xiii, tary), 16o, 193, 220, 239 n., 270 26, g8, 132, 139·40, 148, !61, Chuikov, Gen., xxxvi 173·7, 187-8, 225, 273•5 Churchill, Winston, 18, 255 Fellglebel, Erich (General), 39 v. Clausewitz, Carl, 12 n. Franco, Prancisco (General), xlviii, 1 Combined General Staff (OKW), Frank (S S. Ostubaf.), 145, 156, II n., 136, 170, 209 26g Conti, Dr. (Reich Health Leader), Frederick the Great, liv, 59, 109, 100, 258 III, 263 Cromwell, Oliver, go, 257, 260, Freundeskreis des RJSS., 24 261 n. Freytag von Loringhoven, Freiherr (General), 38-g Darrc!, Walter (Minister of Agri• Freytag von Loringhoven, Freiherr culture), 5 n. (Major), 160, 209-10, 212, 242-3, De Crinis, Professor, 72 n., gg-Ioo, 270 101-2 v. Friedeburg (Admiral), 246 De Valera, Eamon, xiii Fritsche, Hans, 53 n., 180 n., 236 n. Dewitz, Ottfried, 115 n. Fromm, Fritz (General), 39 Dictatorship, 256-61 Dietrich Sepp (S.S. General), 1oo n., Gebhardt, Karl (Rimmler's doctor), 138 n. xxii n., 26, 29, 76-7, 97, 137, 139- Doenitz, Karl (Grand Admiral), 140, 148, 250, 268 Supreme Commander in Northern Gehlen (General), 50 Sector, 124; moves to Ploen, 131 ; Generals' Plot, 32-40 ready to serve under Himmler, Genghiz Khan, 54, 255 185; appointed Hitler's succes• Geopolitics, 6 sor, 196 ; Hitler's will addressed Gibbon, Edward, 37 to him, 206 ; informed of his Giesing, Dr. Erwin, 65 n., 72, 74-5, succession, 227-8; informed of 268 Hitler's death, xxv, 231-2 ; re- Giesler, Paul (Gauleiter), 197 280 INDEX

Goebbels, Frau, 133-4-o 193, 220, Grand Inquisitors, 21-2 233-4 Grawitz, Professor {head of German Goebbels, Joseph, 18-19; action on Red Cross), 137 n. 2oth july 1944. 37; relations with Graziani (Marshal), 35 Bormann, 43-4 ; seizes control of v. Greim, Ritter (Field-Marshal), Werewolves, 52 ; preaches ideo• xvii, 155, 162, 163, 165-9, 171-2, logical nihilism, 53. 56-8 ; de• I78, !89-9'· 247-8, 269 mands greater ruthlessness, 89 ; Grothmann, Werner (Himmler's reads Carlyle to Hitler, 109-10; adjutant), 139, 268 learns of Roosevelt's death, III-13 Guderian, Heinz (General), 88-9, and n. ; relies on inevitable 122, 259 breach among Allies, 114 ; hopes Guensche (Hitler's S.S. adjutant), to become Foreign Minister, 114; xxiv, xxxi-xxxii, Iii, 160, 193, 219, decides to stay in Berlin, 133-4 ; 220, 221, 222-3, 226, 227, 236, last letters, 190; at Hitler's 237. 239 wedding, 192 ; to be new Chan• cellor, 197; witnesses Hitler's Haase, Professor, 67, 216 wills, 200 ; decides to commit Haberzettel, Inge, 112 and n. suicide, 202-4; writes his Appen• Hacha, Emil (President of Czecho- dix, 204-5; discovery of his slovakia), 86 Appendix, xxvi ; takes part in Hagen, Kurt (stenographer), 13I, Hitler's funeral, 220-23 ; reports I42 Hitler's death to Doenitz, 231-2; Halder, Franz (General), 8 and n., death of Goebbels and his 10 n., 11, 12 n., 39, 46, 81, 258, family, 233-5; stage-manages 267 last days, lxi Hanfstaengl, Fri., 95 Goerdeler, 32 n. Hanke, Karl (Gauleiter), 197 Goering, Hermann, character, 14; Hansen, Georg (Colonel), 38 successor - designate to Hitler, v. Hasselbach, Hans Karl, Dr., 65- I .f., 16, 103, 114; competes with 66, 67, 75· I51, 268 Bormann, 16; declines into a Hegel, Friedrich, 58 voluptuary, 16-17, 97 n.; re• Hcinrici, Gotthard (General), I8o n. sponsible for failure of Luftwaffe, Henderson, Sir Nevile, 45, 62 34, 157 and n., 213; behaviour v. Herff, Maximilian (S.S. Ogruf.), on 2oth July 1944, 36; leaves 268 Berlin, 125 ; Hitler suggests that Herrgesell (stenographer), 131, 142 he take power, 135; Goering's Hess, Rudolf, I4-I5, 103 conference and telegram, 143-6; Heusemann, Kate, xxxix-xl receipt of his telegram by Hitler, Hewel, Walter, I6I, I 72 and n., 186, 154; dismissed and arrested, 190, 2IO, 2I 1, 2I2, 220, 236, 239 155-6 ; real reason for his fall, Heydrich, Reinhard, 29 n. 157; superseded by Greim, 167; Hildebrandt, Fri. (Goebbels' secre• general indifference to his fate, tary), 112 n. 170-71; expelled from the Party, Hildebrandt (S.S. Ogruf.), 1 IS n. 196; execution ordered by Bor• Himmler, Heinrich, and the S.S., mann, 201; mythical narrative 7; character and position, Ig-28; by, 216 n.; suicide, 269 takes over the Abwehr, 31; effect Gottberg !,S.S. Ogruf.), 188 n. of the Generals' Plot on his career,

281 THE LAST DAYS OF HITLER

37-40 ; relations with Bormann, dismisses his doctors, 75-9; his 42-3 ; rejects plan for resistance hypnotic power, 79-80; his blood• movement, 50 ; finds a new lust, 8o-8l! ; relations with Speer, surgeon for Hitler, 76; begins to 85-94; listens to Carlyle, log• doubt, 94; pushed on by Schd• IJO; his birthday reception and lenberg, 95-102; possible succes• conference, 122-4 ; his bunker, sor to Hitler, 103, 114; meets lx, 120-22; plans the Steiner Schwerin von Krosigk, 115-16; attack, 130 ; his conference of further pressed by Schellenberg, 22nd April, xviii, 130-33; decides 117-18; visits Bernadotte, 1!18- to stay in Berlin and com• 129 ; learns of Hitler's decision to mit suicide, 132-3; destroys his stay in Berlin, 137; sends Geb• papers, 134; his conversation hardt to Hitler, 140; last meeting with Keitel and Jodi, 134; with Bernadotte, 246-g ; failure receives Gebhardt and Berger, of negotations with Bernadotte, 140-42 receives Speer, 151-7; 182-3 ; still expects to succeed repeats intention of suicide, 153- Hitler, 184; his shadow govern• 154, r68, 193, 196, 199, 213; ment, 184; Hitler orders his receives Goering's telegram, 154; arrest, 18g ; expelled from the dismisses Goering, 155 ; last Party, 197; learns of succession efforts to persuade him to leave of Doenitz, 228; Himmler and Berlin, 158; appoints successor Schellenberg, 244; Himmler's to Goering, 167; behaviour in ambitions, 247; his last con• the Bunker, 178-8J ; still obeyed, ference, 247-8; dismissed by 185; learns of Himmler's Doenitz, 248-g ; last days and treachery, 186; holds secret con• suicide, 249-51 ; sources, 268 ference, 186-7; orders execution of Hitler, Adolf, fictitious versions of Fegclcin, rll8; sends Greim from his end, xii-xviii ; sources and Berlin, 189; marries Eva Braun, witnesses for Hitler's fate, xviii• xxiii n., 19:.!·3; his two testa• xxi; his personal power, 3, 13, ments, 194-200; their discovery, 45-7 ; his struggle with OKH, xxv-xxx ; settles the succession, 7-13, 267; his court, 13, 35-7, 196; nominates new govern• 6o n., 267 ; his theory of " will• ment, 197-8; holds last military power", 10, 55 n., 6o; the conferences, 210, 211, 212, 218, problem of his successor, 13-16, 219 ; sends last message to Armed 102-3, 114, 184-5; Hitler and Forces, 213-14; farewell cere• the flight of Hess, 14-16; his monies, 2r6-r7, 220; prepares for interest in astrology, 26 ; attempt death, 219-20; suicide, crema• on his life and its effects, 32-7, tion, and disposal, xxxii-xxxiii, 40; his belief in Providence, 33, xi, lv-lvii, !l!lo-!16; nature of 36, 102, 1!14; his pastilles, 36-7, his genius and power, 255-6; 74-5 ; gives predominant power to his strategical genius, 258-6o; Bormann, 41; his messianism, Russian evidence on his death, 53·4· 1o6-7, 254; his temper in !!76-8 defeat, 53-6; his "diary", 59- , 123, 179, 2o8-g, 238 6o; his life at , Hoegl (S.S. Staf.), 161, 176-7, 22o, 61-2; change in his way of life, !140 6~5 j his health, 65-74> 79; Hofbeck, Hans, 224 ru6 INDEX

Hoffman (Hitler's photographer), Koller, Karl (General), xxi, 125, 143, 68, 79· 104, 106 156, 162-4, 169-73, 190, 233, 269 v. Holstein, Fritz, Baron, 41 Krebs, Hans (General), xxxvi• Hopkins, Harry L., xlvii, xlviii xxxvii, 122, 127, 131, 133, 136, Hurnmerich (corporal), 2oS, 240 151, 160, 193, 200, 210, 2II, 212, 213, 220, 230-31' 236, 25S Isolation, intellectual effects of, 113· Krueger, Else (Bormann's secre• ''4• 257-S tary), xx, 133 and n., 142, 16o, Japanese, possibly Aryans?, 25 220, 239 n., 270 Jews, 20, 30 n., 195, 19S Lahousen, Erwin (Colonel), 27 n., Jodi, Alfred (General), 11,122,131, 39 134-7, '43• 154, 157, qo, 242 Lammers, Hans Heinrich, 1 n., 144, Johannmeier, Willi (Major), xxvi• 156, 269 xxix, 16o, 205-6, 2o8-9, 240-42, Leahy, William D. (Admiral), xlviii 270 Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, S2, 1 oo Joseph, Father, 201 Ley, Robert, Sg and n. Juettner, Max (Ogruf.), 175 n., 269 Linge, Heinz (Hitler's personal Junge, Gertrud (Hitler's secretary), servant), xxxi-xxxiv, Iii, lvi-lvii, XXX, 160, 193, 194, 2201 239 n., 59, 75, I6o, 1S6, 220, 221, 222, 270 227, 240 Junkers, 9, 32 Lorenz, Heinz, xxvi-xxvii, 7I n., Juvenal, 257 161, iS!, IS6, 205, 207-9, 240-42, Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 29 and n., 270 30, 9S, I 3S, 269 Magnus, Professor, 66 Kannenberg, Artur (Hitler's butler), Mansfield, Erich, xx, xxxii-xxxiii, 120 222, 224, 225, 270 Karinhall, 17 v. Manstein, Fritz Erich (Field• Karnau, Hermann, xx, xxiv, xlv, Marshal), 25S 223·4· 225, 270 Manzialy, Fri. (Hitler's cook), 107, Kaufmann, Karl, 51, S3, 126 n., 160, 193, 220, 239 n. 127, 269 Marxism, S6, 262 Keitel, Wilhelm (Field- Marshal), Matthiesing, Heinz (barman), 212, 11, 13n., 33, 34, 36, 122, 123, 214, 242, 271 130, '34·7, 146, '54· '57· 170, , 3, 5, 7, 46-7, 6o n., 1So n., 210, 242, 25S, 259, 270 72 n., I95, 214 Kempka, Erich (Hitler's driver), Mengershausen, Harry, xxxi-:xxxii, xxi, xxiv, lvi-lvii, 219, 221, 222, xxxv, xxxvii-xxxviii, xl-xliii,lii, !vii 233 Mahnke (S.S. Brigf.), 122, 160, 2IS, Keppler, Wilhelm, 24 n., Son. 219, 230, 235. 236, 237. 239 Kersten, Felix (Himmler's masseur), v. Moltke, Helmuth Graf (Field• 22 n., 24, 26, 96, I 1S Marshal), I I, I2 n. Kesselring (Field-Marshal), 124, Montgomery, Sir Bernard (Field• 132, 25S Marshal), 246, 24S, 250 v. Kluge, Gunther (Field-Marshal), Moore, Herbert, xl-xliv, xlvii 39 Morell, Theodor (Hitler's p.llysi• Koch, Professor, 77 cian), 66, 67, 71, 74-5, 7S-9, Koester's Antigas Pills, 74-5 IOI, 105-6, 12I, 142, 258, 268 ru6 THE LAST DAYS OF HITLER

Mory, Carmen, xiii-xvi Rattenhuber, Johann, xxi, xxxi• Mueller, Heinrich (S.S. Gruf., head xxxiii, lii-Jiii, I6I, I]6 n., 2I]0 of ), I87 and n. 220, 224·5, 239 Mueller, Senatspraesident, I43, I44 Rauschning, Hermann, 4-5, I5 n., Mueller, Willi Otto (tailor), 2I], 27I 57. 63, 79-80, 87 Mueller-Hildebrandt (General), 8 n. v. Reichnau, Walther (Field• Munich Agreement, 8 Marshal), 82 Mussolini, Benito, 35-7, 2I5, 260 Reichssicherheitsdienst, xix, I 76 n. Mystics in politics, 21-2 Reitsch, Hanna, xvii-xxi, I65-9, Myths, 55, 202-4, 252-3 I]2·3· I89-91, 24]-8, 271 Resistance movements, 49-5I Napoleon I, 260 v. Ribbentrop, Joachim, lx, 2, 29, Naumann, Werner, I6I, 220, 237, 35, 36, 48, 8s, 88, 97, u4, I32, 238 I44, 146, ISI, I54· I57> I6I, I97. , political significance of, 3-5 245. 259 Nero, I6, 252 Richelieu, Cardinal, 201 Newman, J. H. (Cardinal), 22 Roehm, Ernst, 8 n., 35 Nihilism, 4-5, 8, 53-6, 86-93 Rommel, Erwin (Field-Marshal), Nuremberg Trials, 3, 1 I n., 2I n., 33 n., 40 24 n., 27 n., 28 n., 53 n., 9I n., Roosevelt, Franklin D., I II-13 93 n., I28 n., I57, I8o n., 2I5 n., Rosenberg, Alfred, 58, 85, 249 236 n., 265, 267 v. Rundstedt (Field-Marshal), 258 Runes, 25 Ohlendorf, Otto, 29 and n., 40 n., Rzhevskaya, Yelena, 276 77, I84, I88 n., 268 Olbricht, Friedrich (General), 32 n. S.S., Eastern policy of, 7 Olden, Rudolf, 4 n. S.S. Escort (Begleitkommando), xix, Olga (Hitler's mythical mistress), I76 n., 188, 223, 224 I05n. S.S. Plot, alleged, 188, 274-5 Pardau (sergeant-major), 242 Salazar, Dr. Oliveira, I I6 I98 Pareto, Vilfredo, 55 and n. Saur (Speer's deputy), Paul of Yugoslavia, Prince, 86 Schaub, Julius (Hitler's adjutant), Paulus, (Field-Marshal), !viii I34. I42 Persch (S.S. Ostubaf.), I48 n. Schedle, Franz, I]O n., 224, 236 and Petacci, Clara, 215 Schellenberg, Walter, character the Poppen, Hilco, xx, 271 ambitions, vi, 28-3I ; and Generals' Plot, 40 n. ; his auto• Prominenten, I 42 I0]-8, 268; seeks Pruetzmann, Hans, 51, 52, 53 n., biography, 84, to convert Rimmler, 95·I02; 247 Schwerin von v. Puttkmaer, Admiral, 142, 181 Schellenberg and Krosigk, I02, I I5•I7; suggests Quandt, Harald (Goebbels' step• deposition of Rimmler, II7; son), 190, 203 n. arranges meeting of Rimmler and Bernadotte, I 28 ; visits Berna• Rach (Goebbels' driver), 234-5. dotte, 128-g ; arranges another 237. 238 meeting, I 39 ; supposes that Racialism, 7• 262 Hitler was poisoned by Rimmler, Randall, Leslie, 112 n. xvi, 149-50; failure of his ru6 INDEX

plans, 182 • 4; suggests a new Streicher, Julius, 58 political party, 184; last advice v. Stuelpnagel, Heinrich Graf (Gen• to Rimmler, 244; escapes to eral), g9 Sweden, 250 ; sentenced, 268 Stumpfegger, Ludwig (Hitler's sur• v. Schlieffen, Graf (General), 12 n. geon), lxiii-lxiv, 77-8, 101-2, 121, Schoerner (Field- Marshal), xxvi, 14Q, 156, 171, 237. 238 124 n., 1g2, 157, 158, 191, 198, Succession problem, 1g-14, 16, 102- 205, 200, 232, 250, 258 JOg, 114. 154·6, 184-5· 227, Schroeder, Elisabeth (Hitler's secre- 257 tary)' xix, 142 Schwaegermann, Guenther, 16o, Tabun and Sarin (poison gases), 89 Technocratic philosophy, the, 86, 234·5· 2g7, 238, 271 Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz Graf, 264 xxi, go n., 84, 102, 107-12, Temple, William (Archbishop of 115-17, 119, 158, 184, 198, 228, Canterbury), go 244, 246, 257. 262, 267 Thierack, Otto Georg (Nazi Minis• Sddte, Franz, 117 and n. ter of Justice), lx, 249 Semler, Rudolf, lxi Todt, Fritz, 86 Seyss-Inquart, Artur, 197, 2g1, v. Tresckow, Henning (General), g2 n. 245 Sievers, Wolfram, 24 n. Troost, Professor Paul Ludwig Sieyes, abbe, 198 (Hitler's architect), 85 Skorzeny, Otto, 98 v. Trott zu Solz, Adam, g2 n. Sognnaes, Dr. Reidar, lxiv Udet, Ernst (General), 15 Sord, Georges, 55 and n. "Unconditional Surrender", 261-2 Spaeth, Karl H., xiii-xvi Spedding, James, xiv v. Varo, Baroness, xxi, 271 Speer, Albert, quoted, 10 n., rg, 14, Vassilki, Fjedor Pavlovich, xl-xli 15, 19, 2g n., 42, 45-6, 6o-6s, Vietinghoff, General, 124 n. 70-71, 76 n., JOg, 267; character Voss, Erich, Vice-Admiral, 1g1, 1g2, and career, 83-7; opposes Hitler's 161, 210, 211, 212, 220, 236, 2g9 nihilism, 87-8, 90-94, 126-8; Vyshinsky, Andrei, xlviii-xlix plans liquidation of Hitler, 89-90; his speech to the German nation Wagner, Walter, 192 recorded, 126-8 ; last visit to Wallenstein, Albrecht, 26 Hitler, 150-57; dropped from Weber, Christian, 17g and n. new government, 198; delivers Weber, Karl (heart specialist), 74 his speech, 246 ; epitaph on, 264- Wegener, Gauleiter, 158 265 Weidling, General, xxxvii, 160, 212, Speidel, Hans, 40 n. 2gg Spengler, Oswald, 26, 58 Weiss (Lieut.-Colonel), xxxvii, 16o, Stalin, Joseph, xlvii-lii, 12, 2go 2og-1o, !112, !142 v. Stauffenberg, Claus Schenk Graf, Weitmann, Julius, 228 n. g2 n., gg, g9 Wenck (General), 50, 1g6, 168, 179- Steengracht von Mayland, Baron, 180, 209, 210, 213, 260 ugn. "Werewolves", 50-54, 57-8, 126, Steiner (S.S. Ogruf.), 1go, 1g1, 1!17 1g8 n., 187, 188 and n., 274-5 Wilhelm II (Kaiser), 8, !!63 285 THE LAST DAYS OF HITLER

Winter (General), 169 Wuennenberg (S.S. Ogruf.), 248 Winter, Frau Anni (former secretary Wulf (Himmler's astrologer), 26, ofHitler), 199 95-6, 183 and n. v. Witzleben, Erwin (Field-Mar• shal), 39 Zander, Wilhelm, xxvi-xxviii, 142, Wolf, Johanna (Hitler's secretary), 160, 205, 200·7· 2o8·9· 233· 240• xix, 142 241, 271 Wolff (S.S. Ogruf.), 173 Zeitzler, Kurt (General), 39 Wolff, Karl (S.S. General), 124 n. Zhukov (Marshal), xvii-xviii, xxi, Woyrsch, Udo, 268 xxxvi, xliv-xlv, xlvii-1