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NOTE ON SOURCES THE following is a list of the chief personal sources (excluding captured documents) on which the foregoing account is based: A. Personalities in Hitler's Court 1. SPEER, ALBERT.- Reich Minister of Armament and War Production. In a series of statements and interrogations, Speer has given the completest and most objective account on this subject. He is also a valuable authority on his own policy of opposition to Hitler's plans of" Scorched Earth ", a subject on which his statements have been checked and confirmed by subsidiary sources, especially Karl Kaufmann, Gauleiter of Hamburg, and Koller (No. 20 below), and on incidents in Hitler's Bunker on the occasions of his last visits on 2oth and 23rd/24th April I945· Further details have been given by Speer in the course of his defence at Nuremberg, where he was sen­ tenced by the International Military Tribunal to twenty years imprisonment. 2. ScHWERIN voN KROSIGK, GRAF LuTZ.-Reich Minister of Finance. Krosigk's diary, written with an eye to history, records incidents which the writer thought significant during the period 15th Aprilfsth May 1945. Condemned to 10 years imprisonment 1949• There are numerous subsidiary sources on this subject, which have Leen used for matters of detail. B. Hitler's Relations with Army Learfer1 g. HALDER, FRANz Generaloberst.- Formerly (till 1942) Chief of Army General Staff. Halder has given very full, factual, and objective accounts of the whole history of relations between Hitler and the generals, the development of the OKW, etc. These accounts have been supplemented by data from many other generals, including Field-Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (No. 30 below), who believed in Hitler's strategical genius, and a much larger number who did not. ru6 THE LAST DAYS OF HITLER C. Hitler's Physical Health and Personality The following doctors have been interrogated on Hitler's health and physical condition, and on other personal matters : 4· BRANDT, DR. KARL.-Surgeon to Hitler's staff (Begleitarzt) until October 1944. Condemned and executed 1947. 5· VON EICKEN, PROFESSOR.-Ear, nose, and throat specialist. Attended Hitler in 1935, and again after 20th July 1944. 6. GIESING, DR. ERWIN.-Ear, nose, and throat specialist. Attended Hitler after 2oth July 1944. 7· VON HASSELBACH, DR. HANS KARL.-Surgeon, deputy to Brandt (No. 4 above) until October 1944. 8. MoRELL, PROFESSOR THEODOR.-Personal physician (Leibarzt) to Hitler whom he last saw on 22nd April 1945· Died 1948. D. Rimmler and his Entourage g. ScHELLENBERG, WALTER.-S.S. Brigadefuehrer, Head of R.S.H.A., Amt VI (Foreign Intelligence). Though nominally subordinate to Kaltenbrunner, Schellenberg had direct personal relations with Himmler, which make him a valuable source. While in Sweden between the end of hostilities and his surrender to SHAEF, Schellenberg compiled a careful diary of the events of the last month of the war, which is very important. He has also been exhaustively interrogated. Condemned to 6 years imprisonment 1949· Died 1952. 10. GEBHARDT, PROFESSOR KARL.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer. Rimmler's personal doctor. Condemned and executed 1947. 11. BRANDT, DR. RuDOLF.-S.S. Standartenfuehrer. Rimmler's secretary. Condemned and executed 1947. 12. GROTHMANN, WERNER.-Himmler's military adjutant. 13. BERGER, GOTTLOB.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer. Chief of S.S. Hauptamt and Kriegsgefangenenwesen. Condemned to 25 years imprisonment 1949. 14. OHLENDORF, OTTo.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer. Head of R.S.H.A., Amt III (Sicherheitsdienst), and Ministerialdirektor m Reichswirtschaftsministerium. Condemned and executed 1948. 15. VON WoYRSCH, UDo.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer and General der Polizei. 16. voN HERFF, MAXIMILIAN.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer and General der Waffen S.S. Head of Personalhauptamt. 268 NOTE ON SOURCES 17. JuETI'NER, MAX.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer. Head of S.S. Fuehrungshauptamt. 18. KALTENBRUNNER, ERNsT.-S.S. Obergruppenfuehrer. Head of R.S.H.A. Kaltenbrunner was in south Germany at the end, and is therefore of little direct value for this subject ; but he has been thoroughly interrogated, and his reports shed incidental light on many matters. Condemned by International Military Tribunal and executed I946. Of the above, Nos. IO, I4, 15, and I6 were with Rimmler in Schleswig-Holstein during the last days; Nos. I I and I2 were with him when he was captured. Count Folke Bernadette's book, Th4 Fall Q/ the Curtain, contains some useful information about the personal part played by the author in the last days. See also Felix Kersten, Memoirs (I956) and Norbert Masur, En Jude talar med Himmler (Stockholm, I945)· E. The Dismissal of Goering 19. GoERING, HERMANN.-Reichsmarschall. Condemned by International Military Tribunal and committed suicide I946. 20. KoLLER, KARL.-General der Luftwaffe. Chief of Staff of Luftwaffe. Koller's diary, covering the period I 6th April to 9th May 1945, is a detailed record of great value, not only for these events (in which he was the principal intermediary), but also for many other incidents during the period. Koller was with the OKW at Fuersten­ berg, and in regular telephone communication with the Bunker. He also, on 8th May, received, and recorded, a first-hand account of events in the Bunker (26th/29th April) from Ritter von Greim. He has since published a version of his diary under the title Der let;:./1 Monat (Mannheim, I949). 21. LAMMERS, HANs HEINRICH.-Head ofReichskanzlei. Lammers was present at Goering's conference on 23rd April 1945, and has made a statement and produced documents relevant to this episode. Con­ demned to 20 years imprisonment 1949. In addition to these, Speer (No. I above) was an eye-witness of certain events in this connexion, and Kaltenbrunner (No. IB above) has reported a conversation with S.S. Obersturmbannfuehrer Frank, who both took part in Goering's conference and was responsible for his arrest. F. Events in the Bunker (22nd April to Ist May 1945) 22. AxMANN, ARTUR.-Reichsjugendfuehrer. Axmann visited 26g THE LAST DAYS OF HITLER the Bunker on several occasions. He was there on 3oth April 1945, and examined the dead bodies of Hitler and Eva Braun. He took part in the escape of 1st May, and claims to have seen the corpses of Bormann and Stumpfegger. 23. VON BELow, NICOLAUS.- Oberst der Luftwaffe. Wehrmacht­ attache (Luftwaffe) at Fuehrer's Headquarters. Was in the Bunker till midnight 29th/3oth April. Witnessed Hitler's personal will. 24. BoLDT, GERHARD FRIEDRICH WILHELM.- Rittmeister. A. D.C. to General Krebs (Chief of Army General Staff). Left the Bunker on 29th April. He has since published his account as Die let;:,ten Tage der Reichskan;:,lei (Hamburg, 1947). 25. CHRISTIAN, EcKARD.- General der Luftwaffe. Chef Luft­ waffenfuehrungsstab. Was in the Bunker on 22nd and 23rd April, then with OKW at Fuerstenburg. Had contact with the Bunker, and with Ritter von Greim both during and after Greim's stay in the Bunker. 26. CHRISTIAN, FRAu GERDA (nle DARANOWSKI).- Wife of No. 25. Secretary to Hitler. Left the Bunker on 1st May. 27. FREYTAG VON LoRINGHOVEN, BARON Major.- Adjutant to General Krebs. Left the Bunker on 29th April. 28. joHANNMEIER, WILLI Major.-Wehrmachtattache at Fuehrer's Headquarters, assisting General Burgdorf. Left the Bunker on 29th April b":aring a copy of Hitler's political testament addressed to Field-Marshal Schoerner. 29. JUNGE, Frau GERTRUD.- Secretary to Hitler. Left the Bunker on 1st May. 30. KARNAU, HERMANN.-Revieroberwachtmeister. Guard in Reichssicherheitsdienst, Dienststelle 1, on duty in the Bunker. Left the Bunker on 1st May. Saw the burning of Hitler's and Eva Braun's bodies. 31. KEITEL, WILHELM Generalfeldmarschall.-Chef OKW. In the Bunker daily till 23rd April; then with OKW at Krampnitz and Fuerstenberg. Condemned by International Military Tribunal and executed I 946. 32. KEMPKA, ERICH.- S.S. Sturmbannfuehrer. Hitler's personal chauffeur and transport officer. Took part in burning of Hitler's and Eva Braun's bodies. Left the Bunker on 1st May. He has since published his account as lch habe Adolf Hitler verbrannt (Munich, 1950). 33· KRUEGER, Fraeulein ELSE.-Bormann's secretary. Left the Bunker on 1st May. 270 NOTE ON SOURCES 34· LoRENZ, HEINZ.- Official of Deutsche Nachrichtenbuero, working in Propaganda Ministry ; reported frequently to Bunker, and left it on 2gth April, bearing copies of Hitler's personal and political testaments, and Goebbels' Appendix, destined for Munich. 35· MANSFELD (alias SKRZIPCZYK), ERICH.-S.S. Hauptschar­ fuehrer. Guard in RSD Dienststelle I, on duty in the Bunker. Witnessed burning of Hitler's and Eva Braun's bodies. Left the Bunker on 1st May. 36. MUELLER, WILU Orro.- Tailor, resident in Reich Chancellery. Observed some incidents of interest. 37· MATIHIESING, HEINZ.- Batman to von Below (No. 23 above), whom he accompanied out of Berlin on 2gth April. 38. PoPPEN, HILCO.-Guard in RSD Dienststelle I, on duty in Bunker. Left on 1st May. 39· REI1'SCH, HANNA.-" Flugkapitaen." Test pilot and com­ panion of Ritter von Greim. In Bunker 26th till 2gth April. 40. ScHWAEGERMANN, GUENTHER AuGusT WILHELM.- S.S. Haupt­ sturmfuehrer. Adjutant to Goebbels. Was in the Bunker 22nd April till 1st May. Burnt bodies ofGoebbels and his wife and children. 4I. voN V ARO, BARONEss.- Was casually in second (S.S.) Bunker until rst May. Was present at Hitler's first leave-taking at 02.30 hours on 2gth April. 42. ZANDER, WILHELM.- S.S. Standartenfuehrer. Assistant to Martin Bormann. Left the Bunker on 2gth April, carrying copies of Hitler's personal and political testaments, and marriage certificate of Hitler and Eva Braun, addressed to Admiral Doenitz. ru6 APPENDIX I THE ExECUTION OF FEGELEIN (Seep. 188) THE real causes and circumstances of the execution ofFegelein provide one of the few subjects included in this book upon which final certainty seems unattainable. Both Greim (quoted by Koller) and Reitsch knew of Fegelein's execution, which must therefore have taken place before they left the Bunker (i.e.
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  • The Nazi Campaign Against Occultism

    The Nazi Campaign Against Occultism

    chapter 6 The Nazi Campaign against Occultism On June 9, 1941, less than two weeks before Germany invaded the Soviet Union, the Nazi security services launched an all-out campaign against occultist orga- nizations and individuals. Officially dubbed the “Campaign against occult doctrines and so-called occult sciences” (Aktion gegen Geheimlehren und soge- nannte Geheimwissenschaften), this sweeping move aimed at the definitive elimination of occult activities from the national community. Why did the SD and Gestapo put so much effort into pursuing marginal occult groups in June 1941, when the Nazi leadership had more pressing concerns? The answers to this question reveal the complexities and contradictions at the heart of the contested relationship between occultism and National Socialism. The hard-line anti-occultist faction within the Nazi movement was con- centrated in the SD, the Sicherheitsdienst or ‘security service’ of the SS under Reinhard Heydrich. From 1933 to 1941 they were largely kept in check by other Nazi officials, including the staff of Rudolf Hess in his position as Deputy of the Führer and nominal head of the Nazi party. Hess was the highest-ranking Nazi protector of anthroposophical endeavors. The longstanding tension within the Nazi hierarchy over the status of occult groups was complicated by the pivotal role of Martin Bormann, technically Hess’s subordinate but his de facto equal in power, influence, and access to Hitler. Bormann was a confirmed opponent of occult organizations and a crucial ally of the SD, which in turn formed a central component of the police imperium overseen by SS head Heinrich Himmler.