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WE HAVE LIFT-OFF A BOOST FOR SPACEPORT BRITAIN?

October 2014

INNOVATION IN WALES

THAI AEROSPACE INDUSTRY HELICOPTER FLIGHTDECK AUTOMATION DON’T MISS!

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Contact: E: [email protected] T: 020 7670 4325 for exhibitor and visitor information Register at: www.aerosociety.com/Careers-Education/careersinaerospacelive For GROUP BOOKINGS please email [email protected] Volume 41 Number 10 October 2014 Spaceport UK Growing Thais The UK Government Virgin Galactic Virgin Thailand’s plans to

unveils plans to Andrew Drweiga 14 expand through the create a national 28 aviation services sector. spaceport. Contents

Correspondence on all aerospace matters is welcome at: The Editor, AEROSPACE, No.4 Hamilton Place, London W1J 7BQ, UK [email protected] Comment Regulars 4 Radome 12 Transmission The latest aviation and Your letters, emails, tweets aeronautical intelligence, and feedback. analysis and comment. 58 The Last Word 10 Antenna Keith Hayward on the Getting back on track Howard Wheeldon looks at commercial and technical looks at the ups and downs value of aircraft projects Arguably lost in the breathless headlines from Farnborough concerning the non- of the air cargo market. from the1950s. appearance of the Lockheed Martin F-35B, was the grounding of another new type with engine troubles — Bombardier’s CSeries. After an uncontained engine failure of its P&W Pure Power PW1500G engine in late May this year, the aircraft fi nally returned to the air on 7 September after being grounded for over three Features months. However, a reorganisation of the company in the summer and movement Embraer

of senior executives point to a programme that, although it has a superb product, Tecnatom is still navigating very stormy seas. The intention still to deliver in the second half of 2015 looks highly ambitious unless the fl ight test programme can be accelerated. But, more worryingly, there is the unspoken notion that the extended grounding of the CSeries may have wider implications beyond Bombardier. P&W’s highly 18 32 effi cient geared turbofan (GTF) technology is set to equip other new airliners now in development, such as the Mitsubishi MRJ, Irkut MC-21 and Embraer E-Jets What lies beneath Viva Brazil New advances in non- 2 — as well as the fast-selling Airbus A320neo. Press reports of a schedule Embraer’s growing military destructive testing of slippage (which may or may not be engine-related) for the A320neo’s fi rst fl ight and civil aircraft capabilities. composites. (with the PW1100G option) could be causing some anxious thoughts in airliner 34 Future projects design offi ces in Japan, Russian and Brazil. Have the manufacturers, in a rush to Radical aerospace concepts envisioned by students from re-engine and satisfy airline customers’ insatiable demand, made a huge gamble Raytheon Loughborough University. in their engine choice? If the neo’s maiden fl ight does slip substantially to an 36 Training the next engine-related hitch, P&W will need to react fast to reassure GTF customers of generation the soundness of the technology. Reassurance is critical now for Bombardier with Facing the future skills a need for either an admission that the certifi cation and delivery schedule is off, or 22 shortage challenge. how exactly the CSeries will achieve the deadline. Ignoring this could lead to not

only few new sales but even nervous customers bailing out from what promises to Hot chips BCB How silicon carbide be an outstanding aircraft. technology is set to enable the more electric aircraft. Tim Robinson 24 Technology ― friend [email protected] or foe? What can the offshore 38 NEWS IN BRIEF helicopter sector learn from fi xed-wing pilots about Dragons’ den Editor-in-Chief AEROSPACE is published by the Royal AEROSPACE subscription rates: advanced automation on the Aerospace innovation set to Tim Robinson Aeronautical Society (RAeS). Non-members, £150 fl ightdeck? put Wales on the global map. +44 (0)20 7670 4353 Chief Executive Please send your order to: [email protected] Simon C Luxmoore Dovetail Services Ltd, 800 Guillat Deputy Editor Advertising Avenue, Kent Science Park, 41 Afterburner Bill Read Emma Bossom Sittingbourne, Kent ME9 8GU, UK. +44 (0)20 7670 4351 +44 (0)20 7670 4342 +44 (0)1795 592939 [email protected] [email protected] +44 (0)844 856 0650 (fax) [email protected] 42 Message from our President Publications Manager Unless specifi cally attributed, no Chris Male material in AEROSPACE shall be taken Any member not requiring a print 43 Message from our Chief Executive +44 (0)20 7670 4352 to represent the opinion of the RAeS. version of this magazine, please [email protected] contact: [email protected] 44 Book Reviews Reproduction of material used in this Production Editor publication is not permitted without the USA: Periodical postage paid at 47 Library Additions Wayne J Davis written consent of the Editor-in-Chief. Champlain New York and additional 48 Cody Lecture +44 (0)20 7670 4354 offi ces. Online [email protected] Printed by Buxton Press Limited, Palace Road, Buxton, Derbyshire Postmaster: Send address changes 49 Photo treasure hunt to IMS of New York, PO Box 1518, Additional features and content Book Review Editor SK17 6AE, UK 50 Sir Roger Bone retires are available to view online on Brian Riddle Champlain NY 12919-1518, USA. 52 Diary www.media.aerosociety.com/ Editorial Offi ce Distributed by Royal Mail aerospace-insight Royal Aeronautical Society ISSN 2052-451X 55 Corporate Partners Including: Contemporary press reports from the No.4 Hamilton Place London W1J 7BQ, UK 56 RAeS Elections National Aerospace Library of the outbreak of +44 (0)20 7670 4300 WW1, the aircraft insurance market, RIP [email protected] Boris Island, Taranis UCAV ― the Front cover: Artist’s concept of conventional take-off Skylon orbital www.aerosociety.com aerodynamics challenge. spaceplane. Reaction Engines

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INTELLIGENCE / ANALYSIS / COMMENT

Cockpit No crew size is given but the design does seen to indicate a two-pilot fl ight deck. It also features crew rest areas. Given the BWB Hybrid propulsion fl ying-wing confi guration, it also may be This future cargo aircraft uses a radical hybrid propulsion inferred that fl ight controls would need to be system, with one central-mounted turbofan and two large fl y-by-wire (FBW). ducted electric fans fed by fuselage intakes. Komarov's blue- prints show a large space for batteries on the top fuselage — indicating that perhaps the intention is that the conventional engines recharge the batteries in-fl ight. Though no thrust ratings are given, the design goal is a 4,000km range with a payload of 80t.

NEWS IN BRIEF

?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? Landing gear Maximum take-off weight is 270t. The aircraft ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? features an 18-wheel landing gear with Thrust????? ????? ?????? vectoring eight-wheel double main undercarriage. Designer Komarov has also included thrust vectoring?????? ???? ????in the ??? concept ??? for enhanced short- ????? ????? ?????? fi eld capabilities. The chevron-style engine nozzles?????? ???? from ???? the ??? ???electric ducted-fan engines are????? able ????? to ?????? direct the exhaust/air fl ow to provide additional lift. Furthermore, the top turbofan?????? ???? position ???? ??? ??? between the V-tail would also????? shield????? jet noise to the ground. Alexey Komarov Alexey Komarov

4 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Payload The cargo bay profi le is 7m x 4m square and features a rear loading ramp. Maximum payload would be 90t. Alexey Komarov Military One illustration shows the unnamed BWB in splinter camofl auge, sug- gesting this could be developed as military airlifter too. Alexey Komarov

Wing Fitted with winglets the, wingspan of this aircraft is 80m, giving a wing area of 766m2.

W AIR TRANSPORT Future hybrid cargo BWB A runner-up in a recent design contest from Russia's Volga-Dnepr air cargo group was this concept for a V-tailed blended-wing body (BWB) freighter aircraft from Alexey Komarov, a graduate of Stroganov Moscow State University of Arts and Industry. As well as the BWB confi guration, the concept for the airlifter incorporates a unique three- engine electric-hybrid propulsion concept — with two large electrically-driven fans and a third conventional turbofan. As well as its hybrid-electric green credentials, the design also promises to be ultra-quiet, thanks to chevron-style exhaust nozzles, buried engines and a shielded turbofan.

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DEFENCE TBM 900 Anti-IS coalition begins to coalesce pressure on IS fi ghters in Iraq but based in Cyprus carrying Turkey has only agreed out reconnaissance fl ights loss to allow humanitarian and while the deployment of On 5 September, logistical operations from Chinooks is also under a Socata TBM 900 its NATO air base. The US consideration. crashed into the has assembled a coalition Meanwhile, France has sea off the coast which includes Egypt, Iraq, also begun reconnaissance of Jamaica after Jordan, Lebanon, Bahrain, fl ights with French Air the pilot became Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Force Rafales while incapacitated. The Arabia and the United Arab Australia is to send 600 aircraft, en route Emirates (UAE). US forces personnel to the UAE, from Rochester, NY, have already conducted including six FA-18 Super is believed to have around 160 airstrikes Hornets and support French Ministry of Defence French against IS forces in Iraq aircraft. The US has suffered a loss of A total of 30 countries control large parts of but have currently ruled out promised to send armed cabin pressure and have agreed to support Iraq and Syria. the deployment of ground Cessna AC-208B Combat continued fl ying the US in action against A number of Arab forces. Caravans and other until it ran out of Islamic State (IS) countries have offered Britain has four Tornado support aircraft to Lebanon fuel. militants which currently to take part in air strikes GR4s and a Rivet Joint to counter IS forces. AEROSPACE AIR TRANSPORT Google reveals secret Ryanair launches 737 MAX 200 with UAV project 100-aircraft Google has announced arm, the 1·5m wingspan order that it has been ‘Project Wing’ UAVs developing and could be used not testing UAVs just for product for the past deliveries but two years at a also to carry site in Australia. small objects Irish low-cost carrier Ryanair has placed a $10·4bn order for 100 Boeing 737 MAX 200s Developed by to disaster relief plus 100 options. Due to be delivered from 2019 onwards, the new sub-variant of the the company’s R&D areas. MAX will have 197 seats, eight more than Ryanair’s current fl eet of 737s. Boeing Google NEWS IN BRIEF

Lockheed Martin F-16A/ 4, Intelsat 36, Japan's Malaysian Airlines fl ight ever for the airline, was Airbus has celebrated Bs to the Pakistan Air Sky Perfect JSAT Corp’s MH17 which went down due in part to a A$2·6bn 20 years since the Force. The upgrade work, JCSAT 15, Al Yah Satellite over the Ukraine in July write-down on its fl eet. introduction of the Beluga which began in 2010, Communications Co’s Al broke up in mid-air after The carrier is also facing transport aircraft. includes avionics and Yah 3 and Indonesia's the Boeing 777 was hit increased competition in structural modifi cations. Telkom 3S satellites. by multiple objects at Asia-Pacifi c. Air France-KLM is to high velocity. A total of 25 invest €1bn to expand its Arianespace has Saudi Aviation Flight pieces of metal have been France has reversed an Transavia low-cost carrier. announced six new Academy is to establish recovered from baggage earlier decision to continue The plan is to expand the contracts for commercial an Upset Prevention & and bodies which could the delivery of two Mistral fl eet to over 100 aircraft satellite launches using Recovery Training (UPRT) identify the missile. helicopter carriers to with the creation of up to Ariane 5 rockets. The course with an Extra Russia due to the ongoing 250 new pilots. launches, which are 330LX. Australian fl ag carrier crisis in the Ukraine. The scheduled for 2016 and Qantas has announced French government said Turkish Aerospace 2017, are for KTsat’s Dutch air accident record annual net losses of that conditions are ‘not Industries has delivered the Koreasat 7, Avanti investigators have A$2·8bn from the year to right’ for the delivery of last four of 41 upgraded Communications’ Hylas announced that the June. The loss, the biggest the ships, the fi rst of which

6 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 SPACEFLIGHT AIR TRANSPORT Virgin Galactic schedule slip Airports Commission rules out ‘Boris Island’ Sir Richard Branson has revealed that the fi rst A plan to build a The Commission said a commercial space tourism brand-new airport in Thames Estuary airport fl ights of Virgin Galactic the Thames Estuary to could cost between are now set to begin in address capacity issues £70-90bn, compared February or March 2015. in SE England has been with alternative plans at He has previously said that ruled out by the UK's £30-60bn. The decision the fi rst public sub-orbital Airports Commission. leaves new runways at fl ights would begin by the The Commission, headed either (or both) Heathrow end of 2014. Further test by Sir Howard Davies said and Gatwick airports as fl ights are set to resume that the ‘Boris Island’s plan, the preferred solution. this autumn. Over 700 which is strongly backed The Airports Commission customers have currently by the Mayor of London, is set to publish its fi nal signed up for the $0·25m would be too costly and recommendation after the fl ights. provide ‘uncertain benefi ts’. 2015 General Election. AEROSPACE Virgin Galactic Virgin DEFENCE NASA tests First UK A400M takes electric fl ight tiltrotor

The RAF’s fi rst Airbus Airbus test pilot Ed Defence and Strongman on 30 Space A400M August for a military fl ight lasting transport 5hr 5min. The aircraft has RAF has 22 made its A400Ms on NASA has fl own a concept demonstrator of a tiltrotor electric aircraft. maiden fl ight order, the fi rst Called Greased Lightning, it features ten electrically-powered propellers from Seville. The of which is due for mounted on swivelling wing and tail planes. The fi rst tethered fl ight was aircraft was fl own by imminent delivery. on 19 August and untethered fl ights are planned for later in the year. AirbusDS NASA

was due to sail to Russia in Safety Board (NTSB) show indicated it may retaliate Rolls-Royce AE-1107C, October. a fall in the number of civil against EU countries with the Pentagon is seeking On 13 August a candidate aviation accidents in 2013 a fl ight ban to European manufacturers to come in Brazil’s presidential Scientists working on from 1,539 in 2012 to airlines across its airspace forward with alternate election, Eduardo Campos, Europe's Rosetta comet 1,297. The total number of — blocking routes to Asia. powerplants of 6,100shp+ along with six others died probe mission have GA accidents was 1,222, and able to fi t into the when his Cessna 560 selected a landing site a decrease of 249 from Southwest Airlines has existing nacelles with XLS+ crashed during for the Philae lander on 2012. introduced a new aircraft minimal changes. landing in bad weather at Comet 67P/Churyumov- livery and rebranding Santos, near São Paulo. Gerasimenko. Scientists The EU has announced named Heart. Under its commercial crew say the landing, set additional sanctions programme, NASA has The Airbus Group has to take place on 11 against Russia in the The US military has put out awarded $6·2bn to Boeing announced it is divesting November, has a 70-75% wake of the Ukraine a request for information and SpaceX to develop some of its defence, chance of success. crisis, including defence for replacement ‘drop-in’ their CST-100 and Dragon electronics, securitry and companies and United alternate engines for the astronaut capsules as satcomms businesses in Statistics published by the Aircraft Corporation (UAC). V-22 Osprey tiltrotor. manned crew transports a corporate restructuring National Transportation However, Moscow has Currently powered by the for the ISS. move.

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GENERAL AVIATION AEROSPACE Surf's up for PC-12NG CSeries back in 65-aircraft order in the air California-based US a monthly fee for unlimited private airline Surf 'all you can fl y' fl ights Air is to acquire up to to secondary airports in 65 Pilatus PC-12NG California. With the new turboprops, worth up to aircraft Surf Air hopes to $312m at list prices. expand its membership, The deal breaks down to (which has a waiting list 15 fi rm orders and options of another 350 ready to for another 50 over the join), as well as fl y to new next fi ve years. The private destinations outside its airline, which was launched current Los Angeles/San Some three months after it was grounded due to an engine failure, Bombardier’s CSeries 15 months ago, currently Francisco-based services, airliner has taken to the sky again and resumed test fl ights. The fl ight took place on fl ies three PC-12s for 900 including potential fl ights 7 September at the manufacturer’s facility at Mirabel, Canada. Despite the delay, the

‘airline’ members who pay to other states. company is still reported to be aiming to deliver the fi rst aircraft by the end of 2015. Bombardier DEFENCE AIR TRANSPORT China tests armed UAV MAS to cut 6,000 staff Footage from Chinese Financially troubled workforce by 30% down state TV has shown fl ight Malaysian Airlines to 14,000, long-haul testing of a new Chinese has announced routes are to be armed MALE UAV – the a major reduced and Rainbow No.4/CH-4, restructuring a new chief manufactured by China programme executive is to Academy of Aerospace following the be appointed. Aerodynamics of China announcement MAS, which Aerospace Science and of a quarterly will become Technology Corporation defi cit of $96m completely owned by (CASC). The 18m following the loss of fl ights state investment company wingspan UAV features a MH170 and MH17 earlier Khazanah Nasional which V-tail and has four pylons this year. The carrier is currently owns 69% of the for munitions. to reduce its 20,000 company, announced. Chinese state media NEWS IN BRIEF

targets in Tripoli, Libya, Taiyuan space centre in set to take delivery of its (MAVEN) spacecraft is A Flydubai charter fl ight on 18 and 23 August. northern China. fi rst Airbus A380, after a preparing to enter orbit from Afghanistan to the The attacks are believed three-month delay due to around the Red Planet UAE was forced to land to have been conducted The Japan Nation Police issues relating to the cabin on 21 September after in Iran on 5 September by UAE aircraft operating Agency has ordered an interior. The fi rst three spending ten months after the aircraft was told from bases in Egypt. AgustaWestland AW109 A380s were originally due travelling 442m miles from to turn back after the fl ight Power light-twin helicopter. to be handed over in June. Earth. Once in elliptical plan expired. The aircraft, China has launched an orbit, MAVEN will monitor with 140 passengers intelligence-gathering spy A NTSB report on a fatal India has fi nally reached the upper atmosphere on board including US satellite aboard a Long crash of a UPS Airbus agreement with Russia of Mars to see how it military contractors, landed March 4B rocket on 8 A300-600F cargo aircraft over the development interacts with the solar at Bandar Abbas in Iran September. The Yaogon in Birmingham, Alabama, of its Fifth Generational wind. before it was refuelled and 21 satellite, together with was due to pilot error Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) released. a video imaging Tiantuo linked to fatigue. programme. Europes’s safety regulator, 2 satellite built by the EASA, has certifi cated Two air strikes were carried National University of As AEROSPACE goes to NASA’s Mars Atmosphere Bombardier’s new Learjet out against Islamist militia Defence, lifted off from the press, Qatar Airways is and Volatile Evolution 70 and 75 bizjets.

8 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 GENERAL AVIATION SPACEFLIGHT INFOGRAPHIC: NASA technology spin-offs Goodyear Goodyear commissions fi rst Zeppelin NT US airship operator The 250ft airship, which Ohio. Two more Zeppelin Goodyear has launched a was named WingfootOne airships are due to be new airship designed by and was assembled in the delivered over the next four Zeppelin NT in Germany. US, will be based in Akron, years. Royal Navy to get AIR second carrier TRANSPORT The UK Government has confi rmed it will JAL orders now bring the second CVF aircraft carrier, the HMS Prince of Wales, into service. regional jets The move removes fears that the second Japan Air Lines (JAL) Queen Elizabeth-class carrier would either has ordered 15 Embraer be mothballed or sold off. E170-E1 and E190-E1 regional jets plus 12 options to be delivered AEROSPACE from 2015. The carrier has also signed a letter of intent for 32 Mitsubishi MRJ regional jets which it will put on domestic routes in 2021. ON THE MOVE From 1 October Sir Airbus Michael Arthur is the new Airbus develops ink President of Boeing UK, succeeding Sir Roger jet printer for aircraft Bone. (see p 50) Airbus has developed ink to print designs line ink jet printer technology by line on to aircraft The AeroSpace and to apply highly complex components up to seven Defence Industries liveries to aircraft. square metres in size. The Association of Europe The method was process is currently still in has appointed Vincent developed by engineers the experimental stage but De Vroey as Civil from the A320 paint shop Airbus plan to obtain the Aviation Director and in Hamburg and uses necessary qualifi cations to Dr Burkard Schmitt as an ink jet head spraying begin using it on the fi nal Defence & Security cyan, magenta and yellow assembly line in 2015. Director. Great Business Schools

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he ships have got their act failing to accept the relevance and importance of together” said Tony Tyler, technology change that could ultimately lead to a director general and CEO of paperless system of transit documents, including “ IATA earlier this year, “so we’ve air waybills — customs authorities are equally to got to get our act together”. blame. Tyler wasT referring to the continuing decline in air cargo business and the realisation that, due to a Fleet modernisation interrupted variety of issues, including regulation, customs requirements plus old-fashioned paper-based Another important factor in what is a fragmented systems, it takes far too long for airfreight to reach industry is the very slow progress toward achieving its fi nal destination. ‘open skies’. Outdated and restrictive rules of While air freight has opened up many new ownership, over-zealous regulation and the relatively avenues for international trade over the years, the slow progress toward industry liberalisation, remain fact that it can still take seven or eight days from thorns in the side of air freight. But if the length the time of collection to reach its fi nal destination of time the air freight industry requires to a effect highlights a signifi cant problem that the industry wall-to-wall delivery, combined with higher costs has only recently begun to address. As an caused principally by raised fuel prices, have scarred industry, air freight has been struggling recently the industry, so too, has the cost and impact of and, while part of the blame can be laid at the recession. This appeared mid-way through a period door of the global fi nancial crisis in 2008 (plus when some of the largest air cargo carriers were the subsequent global recession that followed), actively engaged in modernising their aircraft fl eets. other issues, such as airline fuel costs that all but The world fl eet of freighter aircraft currently tripled between 2004-12, can hardly be said to comprises 1,645 aircraft, of which, according to have helped. Airbus, 1,001 are passenger aircraft conversions Another factor is that e-freight, a system and 644 new-build. With rising fuel costs are designed not only to take the paper out of air serious problem, the Airbus forecast data tells us cargo and to replace it with electronic data and that there are still 170 mid-size freighters over 30 messaging, plus assisting in stepping up the years old. Nevertheless, it is true that the fi nancial quality of service and visibility to users, has been crisis impact, magnifi ed by high fuel prices, has slow in being introduced. It also, arguably, has seen numbers of older freighter aircraft replaced raised the overall cost of air freight. Launched to the point that 26% of the total installed cargo in 2006, while e-freight is the future, unless the fl eet today is less than 15 years old. The fi gures whole air freight industry gets its act together also emphasise that in terms of acquiring newer and embraces the new technology available, it will aircraft there is still a long way to go in terms of rightly be accused of choosing to remain in the fl eet modernisation. Indeed, Airbus forecast that 20th century. over the next 20 years the air cargo industry will As a rule of thumb, the cost of using air require over 1,800 converted passenger aircraft freight is roughly ten times the cost of using plus at least 870 new-build freighter aircraft in container ships. While the cost of using air freight small, medium and large sized categories. has risen sharply in recent years, the principle advantage over shipping is one of speed. But Minnows vs whales? in an industry that relies on freight forwarders and where, unlike the airline passenger industry, Air freight may be a minnow in comparison to there are, as yet, few non-competing cargo- container shipping and other forms of maritime based alliances among the carriers, it seems transportation — the fi gures are approximately 43 that, despite efforts to persuade the industry million tonnes carried by air in 2012 compared to to embrace the 21st century technology, the 8·8bn tonnes carried by sea — but it is equally true rationale to do this has passed a large part of the to say that, by value, air transportation accounts for industry by. That said, carriers, freight forwarders, 30% of all world trade carried. Of this, around 60% ground handlers and shippers are not alone in is estimated to be carried on dedicated air freighters.

10 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Boeing

Neither can the importance of the air freight have also added to operator costs. But the bottom industry, not just as an alternative to sea-based line and the one that must be seriously addressed freight carriage but, from an economic and jobs is the perception that, unless the industry does a perspective, should not be underestimated. lot more to make itself more effi cient, meaning Even with many cargo aircraft laid up today acceptance that reducing the time taken from the and fewer new cargo aircraft on order than the point of collection to the fi nal point of delivery and manufacturers would like, there are still 197 making more effort to move to a paperless digital- specialist air cargo carriers operating across based system, the air freight industry will likely the world and, as previously mentioned, 1,645 struggle to gain ground. dedicated freighter aircraft. Boeing forecast last year that, while the world Air freight remains a huge market, particularly air freighter share of the total commercial aircraft to shippers of general cargo, food, mail and fleet will decline to around 8%, the total size of express packages. Scheduled air cargo traffi c the worldwide freighter fleet is likely to increase currently accounts for 90% of all world air cargo by over 80% by the year 2032. This forecast is and, while the aircraft used for freight purposes not out of line with that of Airbus but although today are substantially larger than they were 20 the forecasts of the aircraft manufacturers years ago, this should be put in context with the are usually very reliable, I would question fact that the average size of container ships has expectations that demands for air cargo services more than doubled over the same period. Larger are expected to more than double by 2031. Even more effi cient container ships that are better allowing for growth of air freight from China and able to compete on cost have also had a serious potentially also from Africa, current cargo growth impact on the international air cargo market. forecasts look rather too high unless there is Notwithstanding that container ship traffi c a significant improvement in cost and time to growth has far outpaced air cargo growth, it does delivery. What is true though is that if the industry seem likely that, from an admittedly low base and is to be viable then wide-body freighters with UNLESS THE led by growth in Asia, air freight is likely to move their inherent payload and efficiency advantages WHOLE AIR back to its long-term average growth of 3·2% will dominate the future air freight market by FREIGHT in the coming years. While this is hardly exciting then. for an industry struggling to come to terms with IATA estimates that 50% of all air freight INDUSTRY increased competiton, high costs and a seeming carried today is in the belly hold of passenger GETS ITS ACT inability to adapt to change, the real question is aircraft. This is a realistic interpretation of where TOGETHER at what cost growth will be to the industry and we are and I rather doubt that this will change AND that, with aircraft costs rising and permanent signifi cantly over the next ten years. Even so, belly uncertainty over fuel costs, will the air freight load factors of commercial aircraft have declined EMBRACES industry still be viable ten years from now? below 30% over the past four years, albeit that THE NEW this is still substantially higher than it was when TECHNOLOGY Other challenges the fi nancial market crash occurred in 2008. Express services have also proved to be resilient AVAILABLE, IT While the economic downturn and rising fuel costs and I would suggest that they are more likely to WILL RIGHTLY can all be blamed for holding air freight back, it grow rather than contract. BE ACCUSED seems to me that it is the manner in which the The great industry that air freight is and one OF CHOOSING industry addresses other factors that have conspired that will certainly survive but unless it adapts to to constrain growth that will decide its future. internal change at a much faster pace, it is also TO REMAIN Tougher environmental-based regulations, lack of one that would appear to face a constant process IN THE 20TH airport access and tighter security requirements of diffi culty ahead. CENTURY

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LETTERS AND ONLINE

the tanks actually went by aviation ‘bug’. For their part, carrying out simple tests. It Red Bull seemed eager to could be argued that had display aviation prominently, the real reason for the tragic but I discovered early loss of the Nimrod been on that they are far from appreciated the pressure to aviation experts; being cancel the project and leave unfamiliar with UK aviation the UK without a maritime infrastructure, regulation military aircraft might not and organisation. My team have been so great. found ourselves driving the preparations for the display, Tony Blackman FRAeS and using our own initiative to provide options to Reaching the Red Bull continue, as Red Bull, under generation the pressure of airspace I attended the Red Bull Air versus movements, Race on 16/17 August scratched our plans to fl y with a small team from in more aircraft. As a result, Get Into Flying; a small we found ourselves as the organisation relying on only exhibitor at the show volunteers and good will to actively promoting general

RAeS NAL RAeS promote aviation, funded aviation as a leisure activity, The second English Electric P1B Lightning, XA853. from its two editors’ own thankfully supported by pockets. Our team met Kairos Aviation and Cirrus over 2,000 members of Aircraft. Young people in Lightning moments MAA and Nimrod air-to-air refuel, or to carry the public in person, with particular connect to the Ian Black’s article on the Ref the article on the out a modifi cation on the more than 5,000 estimated Red Bull branding and Lightning(1) stirred happy MAA(2) there can be little blow-off valve outlets of to have visited our stand, philosophy; a powerful tool memories. The early 1960s doubt that military air safety tanks 1 and 6 to prevent which comprised of little through which aviation were exciting times at has been improved by the fuel running down the more than an ASG-29 might be cemented in Hatfi eld. We had the 121 the Haddon-Cave Report skin.’ It is remarkable that glider. Few of the crowd their minds as something Trident and 125 prototypes but, unfortunately, it was the BAe warning was had any aviation knowledge inspirational, interesting and under test which, together done unnecessarily at the ignored not only by the or experience, and most ‘cool’. They are an excellent with my prime responsibility, expense of the Nimrod by fi rm itself but also by the were surprised at the means to reach out to an the 110 Sea Vixen Mk2, misidentifying the source MoD. The Haddon-Cave accessibility of gliding in audience that, if those that provided interesting test of the fi re. Sadly nothing Inquiry found this report particular. Being a high- I met are representative, work. Also, we had two pre- can bring the aircraft and but did not understand performance machine, would love to get involved. production P1B Lightnings, the crew back but the fact its implication which many people were also If we want to get their XG325 and XG332, for remains that the Nimrod warned that blow-off surprised at the technology attention though, we must Firestreak and Red Top crashed not by having a fuel might be going into incorporated into the glider. try harder to make aviation clearance with which I was fundamentally bad fuel the pre-cooler intake There was a curious mix relevant to them. Although closely involved. The air fi ring system as suggested in where the temperature of enthusiasm, curiosity not traditional, companies range at Cardigan Bay was the Report but by lack was 400°C and any fuel and naÏvety toward aviation like Red Bull might be the some 180 nautical miles of fl ight testing and not would immediately be set that made our visitors best opportunity we have. west of Hatfi eld. If there understanding the prophetic alight. From the accident almost ideal for those of was any delay at the range warning given by BAe in investigation evidence us wishing to pass on the Jonathan Duke the fl ight back was always a 1985: ‘There may be some which showed that the Red Bull Air Race on 16 August at Ascot Race Course. fuel gauges attention-getter. cause for concern with tail-pack warning occurred My longest fl ight, having regard to the wetted surfaces fi rst followed much later eventually had a successful, caused by a discharge of by the bomb bay fi re but delayed, Red Top fi ring, fuel and it is suggested warning it is clear that that Red Bull was a sphincter-tightening that tests are made in is exactly what happened 1hour 10mins. (In those fl ight using a coloured dye to Nimrod XV230. Had days we logged airborne to study the behaviour the cooling pack been time, not chock-to-chock). of liquid in relation to the switched off the accident Well might Black write: “the various ports and intakes, would never have Lightning’s endurance is particularly the tail-pack happened. There seems poor (abysmal)” but what pre-cooler in the bottom to be universal acclaim for a lovely aircraft to have the of the rear fairing. If the the Haddon-Cave Report privilege to fl y. A joy. liquid is found to enter this but it is interesting that no intake, it may be necessary attempt was made by the Desmond Penrose either to switch off the tail Inquiry to fi nd out where FRAeS pack before commencing the blow-off fuel from

12 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 you imagine the protests? I think even I will buy a tent and I live nowhere near it! In case you haven’t guessed, I am really sorry that the idea fosterandpartners has been dropped. It’ll be back one day but long after i we’ve already destroyed half our country with concrete and railway lines Kenneth P ATM Expert to nowhere. & Business Analyst [On the decision not to continue development of a Thames Estuary airport] It seems self-evident to me that a two-pronged approach is required: Tactical — Concept art for proposed Thames Estuary Airport showing underground rail links. addressing the IMMEDIATE need for increased runway with construction and RMC, British-produced steel high-speed railway with far capacity at a hub airport noise when such grand and other materials — A more obvious benefi ts and and strategic — planning @PeteNorth303: [On solutions and some new lease of life for so many way fewer environmental for a long-term solution defending airliners against foresight, imagination and businesses. issues. Plan B, as in Severn within easy reach of (dare missiles]@AeroSociety optimism could bring so — Create a showcase for Barrage, Middle East I say it) London. If an Your piece on MANPADs much benefi t to all of us. British ingenuity. Currently investors would bite your integrated transport policy last month(3) was really EVERY argument against our showcase airports are arm off for such a long-term useful. Worthwhile insight is to be pursued, then other the estuary airport has been distributed around the globe project. you don’t get from transport elements, such from people with a vested — Why is Amsterdam any — And how about this? mainstream media. as HS2 and Crossrail, need interest in Heathrow. Who more of a problem than Maasvlakte 2? The to be considered in the was the CEO of LHR’s Gatwick or Stansted is to extension of Rotterdam’s mix. There are air traffi c largest property landlord Heathrow? We are aiming Europort making it the @F00_F1ghter [On EU management and air safety who warned that the UK for Eurocontrol anyway, the biggest computerised issues that have been raised sanctions against Russia] would lose £20bn if LHR airspace arguments are a harbour in the world linked I guess the next probable by UK NATS that preclude were to close? Did he total fabrication in my view. into a highly sophisticated a site east of London, as step from Russian gov, if honestly think it would — Involve Europe, the rail distribution system, this will hit UAC, will be well as environmental close and, if it did, would Dutch can reclaim the land, about €40bn I believe. See and infrastructure issues. cut of titanium supplies to it not be snapped up for (they’re good at that) and any fuss over that? The Boeing and Airbus. West of London there is housing, warehousing and they have already done a cost? The location? The the M4 motorway, with its distribution, recreational load of research back in the effect on ship traffi c through associated commercial land? Derelict? Really? Foulness days. the Channel? No, same @davidseall Fascinating activity and the Great The arguments for Boris — Logistics? Anyone notice incidentally as no fuss over #aerosociety Cody Lecture Western Railway which is Island are: that BA bought a refi nery the hundreds of hectares last night by Sir Donald being upgraded, including — Reusing waste or to produce biofuel? Where? of UK territorial waters Spiers on the life and times electrifi cation, as part of the reclaimed land The Thames estuary. Has and land now blighted with of the Harrier. It was both Crossrail project. Also to — Give high speed rail anyone factored in the costs pretty well useless windmills. informative and entertaining. the west, there are several somewhere to go and give of transporting said fuel by — We lack foresight, too disused or abandoned more of UK direct access road to LHR? busy looking at this year’s military airfi elds, offering at to intercontinental fl ights — Finance? Plan A, tell profi t and next year’s @elarastar [On seeing the least a start on any ‘new’ and include a Eurostar hub the banks they owe the election. Where WILL we two Lancasters together] strategic airport project: thereby reducing European nation and should provide be in 30 years? What will Saw them fl y up the Solent Greenham Common is but short-haul fl ying long term. sensible funding — it’s three runways at Heathrow ... so emotional. What an one example of many. — The Thames barrier will actually only about the look like then? Develop amazing sight and sound. soon be unfi t for purpose. same as the proposed Greenham Common? Can Could watch them all day ... Desmond H. Training Build a new one adjacent Captain Boeing 777/787 to airport and capture tidal 1. AEROSPACE, September 2014, p 38, Bolt into the BLUE 2. AEROSPACE, September 2014, p 10, Antenna at British Airways We live power. 3. AEROSPACE, September 2014, p 30, The SAM threat and civil aviation on an island, space and — Utilise new technologies peace have a value to us developed in the UK to all. In this day and age with harness wind power, for the technologies available example, Cross-Flow Energy Online to us why should we be Company (C-FEC). Huge Additional features and content are available to view destroying our environment contracts for the likes of online at http://media.aerosociety.com/aerospace-insight

@aerosociety i Findlinkedin.com/raes us on LinkedIn f facebook.com/raesFind us on Facebook. www.aerosociety.comwww.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 13 SPACE UK spaceports Spaceport UK

The UK Government has announced ambitious plans to open Europe’s fi rst spaceport in the UK by 2018. BILL READ reports on the many challenges that will need to be overcome to make the plan a reality.

Fly into t the 2014 Farnborough Air Show that the UK Space Agency should ‘champion in July, UK Aviation Minister Robert policy and investment to establish a spaceport in space Goodwill and the Chief Executive the UK by 2018 and identify further reforms to from here: of the UK Space Agency Dr David regulation needed to allow commercial space fl ight Parker, announced that the UK in the UK’. governmentA had identifi ed eight potential sites for Scotland a future UK commercial spaceport, six in north Government response Campbelltown and northeast Scotland, one in Wales and one in Cornwall (see left). In response to the Space GAP report, the Airport The announcement of the spaceport sites Government announced the creation of a cross- RAF Kinloss is the latest stage of an ambitious plan to move departmental National Spacefl ight Co-ordination RAF Leuchars the UK to the forefront of the European space Group (NSCG), chaired by the UK Space Agency, to RAF Lossiemouth industry. While the UK’s domestic space industry is take forward spaceplane regulation, investments in Glasgow Prestwick already strong in certain areas, including satellite spaceplanes and the selection of a UK spaceport. Airport manufacture, space systems, rocket motors, high- Simultaneously with the announcement of pressure storage and pumps, low-weight structures the eight spaceport sites came the release of a Stornoway Airport and autonomous control systems, it currently new technical report prepared by the Civil Aviation has no indigenous space launch capability and is Authority (CAA) entitled UK Government Review Wales dependent on launch services in other nations. of Commercial Spaceplane Certifi cation and Llanbedr Airfi eld In November 2013, UKspace — the trade Operations* which sets out the practical steps association of the UK space industry — published needed to achieve the Government’s vision for England the Space Growth Action Plan 2014–2030 (Space developing the UK’s space industry. This technical GAP) setting out growth targets for the sector report has been in preparation for 18 months up to Newquay Cornwall with the aim of increasing the UK’s global space May 2014, after being commissioned from the CAA Airport (formerly economy from its current level of 6·5% to 10% by by the DfT in August 2012 ‘to understand better RAF St Mawgan) 2030, increasing revenues from £9bn in 2012 to the operational requirements of the commercial £40bn in 2030. The Space GAP report identifi ed spaceplane and spaceport industry’. 15 priority space markets, one of which was low- In particular, the report was tasked to provide an cost access to space. The report recommended analysis of a number of key areas:

As well as providing access to space, a UK spaceport could also act as a base for very high speed intercontinental air travel aircraft, such as this artist’s concept of the Long-Term Advanced Propulsion Concepts and Technologies LAPCAT A2 hypersonic aircraft concept based on Reaction Engines’ Skylon spaceplane design. Reaction Engines

14 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Orbital spaceplane THE OPPORTUNITY FOR THE UK enters service AND HOW WE CAN HELP SECURE IT Hybrid engines for commercial aircraft enter testing

Projected date of first CAA Technical Report Technical CAA spaceplane satellite launch from the UK Size of Projected date of opportunity first sub-orbital ● commercial by 2030: an analysis of actual or anticipated key spaceflight £10bn to £20bn from the UK spaceplane operations and their requirements; Government reserves £60m for ● investment in the potential for growth of the spaceplane Reaction Engines to support industry beyond sub-orbital space tourism and development of hybrid 2030 satellite launches; rocket engines ● 2026 the applicability to the UK of procedures and 2020 2018 requirements used by the US Federal Aviation 2013 Administration Offi ce of Commercial Space Projected growth of the UK commercial space sector. Based on industry’s estimated fi gure of Transportation; commercial spacefl ight being worth £1bn per year to UK-based suppliers within 20 years, the ● recommendations for the appropriate regulatory potential benefi t to the UK economy generated from a spaceport could be worth between £10- 20bn over 20 years. framework for commercial spaceplane operations in the UK, include: spaceplane airworthiness; ● airspace and air traffi c management requirements; Anticipating spaceplanes ● fl ight operations, fl ight crew licensing and medical requirements; The CAA has identifi ed a total of eight companies ● regulatory requirements for spaceport operations; currently developing spaceplane designs (Airbus ● recommendations for most suitable locations for Defence and Space, Bristol Spaceplanes, Orbital a spaceport in the UK; Sciences, Reaction Engines, Stratolaunch Systems, ● consideration of the likely environmental impacts Swiss Space Systems, Virgin Galactic and XCOR peculiar to spaceplane and spaceport operations; Aerospace), several of whom, and according to the report, have ● an assessment of the value to the UK of commercial expressed an interest in operating spaceplanes and related technologies. from the UK. Of these companies, only one (Virgin Galactic) has a spaceplane The CAA was chosen as the design that is close to commercial readiness. most appropriate body to oversee However, the report expects this situation to the technical report, as UK and EU change considerably over the next fi ve to legal opinion has determined that horizontally- ten years. For the UK to be considered as a launched spaceplanes are aircraft. Spaceplane launch site for such operations, it will need to have operations would thus fall within the CAA’s both a regulatory regime that permits spaceplane regulatory remit as the UK’s specialist Galactic Virgin operations and a launch capability in the form of a aviation regulator. During the preparation of the spaceport. If work towards both goals begins now, The CAA technical report, the CAA consulted experts from the UK review predicts that the Government anticipates that the UK could be Space Agency, the Department for Transport (DfT) US-based spaceplane ready to host spaceplane operations by 2018. and the Department for Business Innovation and operators Virgin Galactic Skills (BIS). The Ministry of Defence (MoD) also (WhiteKnight2 and Making up new rules participated as an observer. The CAA also talked to SpaceShip2 above) and XCOR (Lynx below) will other regulatory and international bodies involved be the fi rst users of a UK- On the regulatory side, one basic problem to with space activities, including NASA, EASA, ESA based spaceport. be tackled is that there are, currently, no and the FAA (a memorandum of understanding with agreed rules in Europe for the operation of the FAA was signed at the Farnborough Air Show). spaceplanes. As spaceplanes are a new class of The technical report concentrates on the vehicle, they are not covered by existing legislation potential of ‘spaceplanes’ ― reusable winged which only covers aircraft which fl y in the air and vehicles capable of reaching Earth sub-orbit or orbit spacecraft which fl y in space. New international that can fl y as aircraft while in the atmosphere rules need to be developed for the safe operation and act as spacecraft while in space. Some of sub-orbital spaceplanes which include elements

spaceplanes are designed in two parts XCOR Aerspace of both space law and aviation law but there is consisting of a carrier aircraft, which launches a presently no worldwide consensus on what such a smaller space vehicle, while others can operate regulatory framework should include, or a timetable as a single unit. The platforms may by manned * Copies of the UK Government for developing legislation. As it seems very unlikely Review of UK Government Review of commercial Commercial spaceplane certification and operations or remotely piloted. A number of companies are Technical report that any such international legislation will be in place Spaceplane July 2014 currently developing spaceplane systems with Virgin Certifi cation by 2018, the report suggests that a short-term Galactic expected to be the fi rst to begin ‘space and national legislative solution be found that provides Operations tourism’ fl ights. The UK government is interested technical an acceptable level of safety for the ‘uninvolved in the opportunities offered by spaceplanes — not report can general public’ and for other airspace users, without be viewed just for space tourist sub-orbital fl ights but also on: https:// CAP 1189 placing too great a regulatory burden on operators. for cheaper access into space for satellites, cargo www.gov.uk/government/goovoveoververernmennm t/ One option would be to classify UK-operated uploads/system/uploads/em/upload/ds/ and scientifi c payloads and for very high speed attachment_data/fi le/329758/ spaceplanes as exempt from EASA regulations intercontinental travel around the world. spaceplanes-tech.pdf in a similar manner to experimental aircraft.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 15 SPACE US Congress UK spaceports

Arms Export Export Control Act Administration Act Authorises (AECA) (EAA) aspect of a spaceplane operation. There are four major global agreements, two of which are relevant Department of Department of Administrator to spaceplanes: the Missile Technology Control State Commerce Regime (MTCR) and the Wassenaar Arrangement CAA Technical Report Technical CAA International Export (WA). WA covers unmanned spacecraft (including Traffic in Arms Act Administration To administer satellites) while MTCR covers space launch vehicles (ITAR) Regulations (EAR) (SLVs). The UK and the US are signatories to both agreements. Under the current UK interpretation US National United States Commerce of the WA and MTCR control lists, the UK does Which covers Controls Munitions List Control not control manned spacecraft because MTCR specifi cally excludes the control of manned aircraft and so is unlikely to control manned spaceplanes. Wassenaar MTCR Technical Where the items WA specifi cally controls only manned spacecraft Arrangement Annex come from designed or modifi ed for military use. In the US, manned sub-orbital and orbital spacecraft are on Authorisation hierarchy for US export controls. the US Munitions List (USML) and therefore subject to the US International Traffi c in Arms Regulations However, experimental aircraft are not permitted (ITAR). This is because they have a Category I to carry passengers and the rules would need to rocket motor and so are defi ned as MTCR Category be changed to allow them to do so. This could be I systems. achieved through ‘informed consent’ in which safety As the situation currently stands, US spaceplane standards and the risks involved are made clear to manufacturers would not be allowed to export prospective participants who may decide to accept their goods to the UK. ITAR places restrictions the position and proceed to take part. Informed on potential discussions and information-sharing consent would not absolve spaceplane operators between spaceplane operators and non-US citizens. from liability claims. If strictly enforced, it would severely restrict any An alternative option would be to create a ‘ring- commercial opportunities for UK companies to fence’ that would allow spaceplane operations to supply spaceplane operators. It would also limit the be exempt from EASA regulation on the grounds potential for knowledge transfer. that, while the EU has legal competence over Furthermore, the CAA or other UK regulators spaceplanes, it has not exercised that competence, and government agencies would not be able and so member states are entitled to regulate to access comprehensive technical data about nationally. However, this approach would be spaceplane launch mechanisms — important for any politically sensitive and create potential problems safety analysis and regulatory regime — nor would for the future, should EASA develop rules for they be able to gain access to any unpublished spaceplanes which are not the same as those in the data about test fl ights or even potentially initial UK. commercial operations in the US. THE To allow spaceplane operations from the UK The CAA report recommends that the UK GOVERNMENT by 2018 or earlier, the Government must accept Government should seek early expert legal and MUST that spaceplane operations carry a higher degree policy advice on the best way to achieve a common ACCEPT THAT of risk than most normal aviation activities and that understanding with MTCR partners on how to allow SPACEPLANE protecting the uninvolved general public should be the transfer of manned spacecraft, including sub- its highest safety priority. orbital spaceplanes, which may fall within Category OPERATIONS I of MTCR, as interpreted by MTCR participating CARRY A HIGHER The ITAR challenge states. The Government should also begin DEGREE OF discussions with the US to set up a government- RISK THAN Another, perhaps less obvious, problem to be to-government agreement to allow UK regulators MOST NORMAL addressed is the issue of US export controls. The access to relevant industry information and to AVIATION two US companies currently most advanced in obtain appropriate export licences for US-based developing spaceplanes, Virgin Galactic and XCOR spaceplane operators to commence operations ACTIVITIES, Aerospace, have both expressed an interest in in the UK. The operation would also need a AND THAT launching spaceplane operations outside the US, licence from the FAA Offi ce of Commercial Space PROTECTING including the UK. However, US export controls Transportation (FAA AST) and would be subject to THE UNINVOLVED could be a signifi cant obstacle to realising such ITAR. Any US spaceplane operators would have GENERAL PUBLIC opportunities. Because spaceplanes fall under the to satisfy the US Department of State as to the the US International Traffi c in Arms Regulations protection of sensitive equipment and technology. SHOULD BE ITS (ITAR), there are strict controls on the type of If a government-to-government agreement HIGHEST SAFETY information that can be shared with non-US is reached, it is likely that initial commercial PRIORITY companies and on non-US citizens working on any spaceplane operations will be operated on a basis

16 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Stornoway Airport

Kinloss Barracks RAF Lossiemouth

RAF Leuchars similar to a ‘wet lease’ arrangement for aircraft in length of runway it might need, as well as issues of

Glasgow Prestwick Airport which the US operator working in the UK would Campbeltown Airport fuel requirements and fl ight profi les. The spaceport be responsible for the entire operation, Newcastle Airport could also be constructed to offer the additional including the spaceplanes, fl ight crew and Durham Tees Valley Airport option of vertically-launched rockets but only if maintenance staff — all of whom would be RAF Leeming a very isolated site is selected. There would also US citizens. Doncaster Sheffield Airportbe operating and maintenance costs, as well as RAF Scampton RAF Waddington RAF Coningsby training and skills. RAF Cottesmore Llanbedr Airport RAF Marham Because the spaceplane market is Choosing a spaceport RAF Wittering

CAA Technical Report Technical CAA RAF Lakenheath RAF Wyton

RAF Mildenhall RAF Honington still developing, it is not yet possible to Runway length: While all the issues highlighted above RAF Brize Norton estimate the likely scale of the costs Over 3,000m RAF Fairford need to be tackled, most public attention involved in building and operating 2,500m to 3,000m Boscombe Down RNAS Yeovilton has concentrated on the announcement of 2,200m to 2,499m a spaceport but they are likely to be the plan to build the UK’s fi rst spaceport. The Newquay Cornwall Airport substantial and beyond the reach of a Goverment believes that there are great commercial commercial company. To ensure that a spaceport opportunities for the UK if it begins working on a In addition to the eight spaceport is ready for use by 2018 as a European centre for site of its own as there are currently, no spaceplane sites shortlisted, the report also the space industry, the Government proposes that listed other military airfi elds and civil launch sites in Europe, although there is a vertical airports which might be considered construction be paid for through a combination as possible candidates subject launch site at Kiruna in Sweden, and there are plans to MoD agreement and/or the of central and local state funding and private for a spaceport site at Kalamata in Greece. imposition of restricted airspace. investment. When considering suitable spaceport sites The CAA review identifi ed fi ve key within the UK the CAA applied fi ve criteria (see criteria for identifying a suitable Will we have lift-off? panel on right). To make the maximum use of location for a UK spaceport: 1. Runways. A spaceport will need existing infrastructure, the CAA also recommended a large site with a runway that is The Government’s plan to have a spaceport up that sub-orbital operations should begin on a at least, or is capable of being and running within four years is, to say the least, extended to 9,800ft in length. permanent or a temporary basis from either Spaceplane operations would ambitious. As the CAA report admits, there are an existing EASA-certifi cated or CAA-licensed also need to be conducted in many obstacles to be overcome, in particular the segregated special use airspace, aerodrome or an existing UK military aerodrome, 2. Location. To protect the public, creation of safety and operational regulations and spaceports should be located subject to MoD approval. The location (or locations away from densely populated a solution to the issue of US export regulations. as there could be more than one) should have both areas and the CAA recommends a The current shortlist of spaceport sites may have location close to the coast. existing ground infrastructure and services but a low 3. Weather. Regional variations to be revised to exclude Scotland should it vote for level of aircraft movements. in weather conditions may be of political independence. Wales is already actively importance as strong crosswinds Even with existing facilities already in place, and cloud cover could restrict promoting its spaceport site at Llanbedr (see developing a spaceport would require signifi cant spaceplane operations. There may Dragons’ Den, p 38), as is Cornwall. Other, as yet also be commercial considerations, capital investment. As well as the construction of as participants wish to see the unknown, factors are whether a future British Earth from space without clouds. runway extensions, terminal facilities and ground 4. Environment. Environmental Government after the general election in 2015 handling facilities, there may also be a need for issues of noise, air quality and will continue to have the political will to continue the storage and use of hazardous improvements to transport links between the materials need to be considered. investing large sums of money in the spaceport spaceport and key centres of population. Other 5. Economic issues. Good project and, indeed, whether there will be new transport links would be required factors have yet to be determined, including the to make the site accessible. spaceplane designs ready for the projected opening type of spaceplane that might be used and what Employees and visitors would also in 2018 and the demand to use them. require local accommodation.

A UK spaceport of the future — but will it be in England, Wales or Scotland? CAA Technical Report Technical CAA

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 17 AEROSPACE Embraer Viva Brazil RICHARD GARDNER reports on Embraer’s progress in the regional jet fi eld and its growing military capabilities aimed at world markets.

ith most of the world’s TV jet market for single aisle aircraft with less than viewers focused on the World 150 seats, is fast growing its sales of corporate jets Cup this summer, few probably and is now entering a completely new sector of the realised that the host nation, market with its KC390 multi-role military jet aircraft. Brazil, is not just renowned for The commercial programme that has brought itsW love of football and partying but is also now a the Brazilian company to the top of the sales leader in the global aerospace market. Earlier this charts is the E-Jet family. While the partners BAE year the company’s annual media briefi ng take place Systems and ATR, comprising Europe’s short-lived with programme update presentations from the AI(R) consortium, decided to walk away from the President and CEO of Commercial Aviation, Paulo regional jet market, Embraer took the very bold step Cesar Silva, and President and CEO of Embraer of launching a new twin-jet covering the 70-130 Artist’s impression of Embraer’s new re-engined Defence and Security, Jackson Schneider. It was an seat sector, complementing its smaller 35-50 seat E175-E2 regional jet due to upbeat occasion, for Embraer has become a giant regional jets. Unlike the previous Embraer regional enter service in 2020. in its own right with a clear lead in the commercial jets with rear-mounted engines, the new model

18 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 adopted a conventional confi guration resembling carriers and 15% to low-cost carriers. However, a scaled-down A320. It ended 1999 with just 60 when the specifi c aircraft family members are E-Jet orders but today the programme’s net total examined it can be seen that the smaller E170 and order-book stands at 1,400 aircraft, with over 1,000 E175 are achieving 88% of sales in the regional delivered to customers around the world. Customers sector, while the larger E190 and E195 have a total 65 airlines in 45 countries. Embraer’s order more balanced market split with 35% going to share of the 70-130 seat sector represents 51%. regional airlines, 38% to full service airlines and Bombardier has 25%, China’s COMAC 7% and 27% to low-cost carriers. This is described by Paulo Sukhoi 6%, with others 11%. In terms of deliveries up Cesar Silva as ‘right sizing’ the family, so maximum to June 2014, the E-Jet has a 62% share. In August effi ciency can be extracted for the appropriate this year Embraer announced an order from Japan route and service structures. The E-Jets not only Airlines for 15 E170s and E190s plus 12 options, arrived at a perfect time to allow the replacement followed on 17 September by an order for 50 E175s of older, heavier and more fuel thirsty jets on short from Republic Airways. However, this was slightly to medium scheduled routes but they allowed 1,400 offset by the simultaneous announcement from UK regional operators to grow services and provide E-Jet order book carrier Flybe that it was scaling back an order placed more comfort beyond the capacity of the 50- in 2010 for 35 E175s down to only 15. seat EMB145 regional jets. As well as starting to develop its own niche in the market, the largest in Right sizing the family — the E195 — also developed signifi cant 65 sales traction as a very effi cient alternative to E-Jet customers A key to the market success of this aircraft is the aircraft such as the Boeing 737 and Airbus A319 way that it provides performance and payload on mainline, mid-density routes and for low-cost options within a family that offers optimised carriers. The E170 and E175 are seen as ‘hub- solutions for so many different customer needs. feeders’ and compete favourably on a cost-per-seat 51% Looking at the customer base by business model, basis with current turboprop aircraft. Embraer’s order- it shows that overall the E-Jet family is selling 61% Over recent years Embraer has introduced a share of 70-130 of its aircraft to regional carriers, 24% to full service number of signifi cant enhancements, including seat market Embraerr

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 19 AEROSPACE Embraer

Embraer compared to the A320neo. There is also a 15% lower maintenance cost associated with the new E2 series which is claimed to offer savings of $1m to $1·5m per aircraft over ten years. The improvements will not compromise family commonality within the E-Jet E2 family and fewer than three days transition training will be required between the current production E-Jets and the new E2 models. The E190 E2 Joint Defi nition Phase (JDP) was completed at the end of May this year. It comprised a wind-tunnel test campaign, the digital mock-up completion, with the expected level of maturity achieved, and the advanced product structure and interfaces defi nition was also completed. The critical design review is due next, in which the product’s maturity will be validated, enabling the production of the prototypes to begin. The company’s engineering E2 cabin interior mock-up featuring a ‘staggered seating’ arrangement. team has already fl own the aircraft through virtual simulations which enable the evaluation of its fl ight an electronic fl ight bag, maintenance and noise characteristics even before the aircraft leaves the reduction improvements, 120 minutes ETOPS ground. and, importantly, steep approach and steep climb Concurrent with these developments Embraer qualifi cation, enabling safe operations from airports has concluded the concept studies of the E175E2 with height restrictions nearby. Examples include This will have different wings and engines to the London City Airport and airports in mountainous E190E2 which will be optimised for the aircraft’s regions. Fuel burn improvements have delivered a size. It will be a distinctly different confi guration. The 6·4% reduction on the E175 through modifi cations E195E2 and E190E2 will have high commonality to the wingtip, tail cone and other minor changes. but the larger E195E2 will feature a new centre fuselage with twin overwing exits Enter the E2 over each wing and a stretched fuselage for The most dramatic change, one destined to higher capacity. boost the E-Jets’ market lead even further, Selected programme

was the announcement in 2013 to introduce suppliers, apart from Embraer a revised family known as the E-Jet E2. This Pratt & Whitney on

captures various improvements brought about the engines, includes E2195. by the adoption of new high Honeywell, Rockwell Collins, THE FUEL by-pass ratio United Technologies, MOOG and BURN PER SEAT engines, Liebherr. The E190E2 is due to enter service in IMPROVEMENTS the PW1700G and 2018, the E195E2, in 2019 and the E175E2 in PW1900G, a new fourth generation fl y-by-wire 2020. Out of the current 400-strong E-Jets fi rm FROM THE control system, new higher aspect ratio wing, order backlog, 200 are for the E2 models, in all NEW GEARED improved avionics featuring the Honeywell Primus three sizes. TURBOFAN Epic 2, improved systems reliability, a new interior ENGINES and a new e-enabled communications system. March of the KC-390 While the totally revised interior with bigger COMPARED TO overhead bins and reconfi gurable modular layout The concept of a new Brazilian twin-engine military THE EXISTING will bring a fresh new look to the cabin, it is the transport started life as a drastically modifi ed ENGINES re-engining that will bring the biggest improvements version of the E-Jet family fi tted with a new large ARE VERY for customer airlines. The fuel burn per seat cross-section, rear-loading cargo fuselage, with improvements from the new geared turbofan a high wing and rugged landing gear. Further CONSIDERABLE, engines compared to the existing engines are very refi nement led to the adoption of a larger high set -16% FOR THE considerable, -16% for the E175E2 and E190E2 T-tail and an all-new wing. Thus was created the E175E2 AND and -23% for the E195E2. The comparison basis for a potential replacement for the Brazilian between the fuel burn of the current E190 and Air Force’s C-130 Hercules transport fl eet. With a E-190E2 AND the A319 is -17% and -23% compared to the huge national land mass, great distances between -23% FOR THE A320. The comparison between the E190E2 bases and many short and basic airstrips across E195E2 and the re-engined A319neo is -19% and -24% remote areas, the motivation for proceeding with

20 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 the project was the realisation that no existing of 470kt) will be suitable for air refuelling of all types military transport aircraft provided an ideal solution of receiver aircraft from fast jets to helicopters. Its to such demanding national requirements. The fuel economy and long endurance with the ability to Hercules was accepted as a fi ne workhorse but carry extra fuel tanks will also enable its capacious it fi rst appeared in the 1950s and has a relatively cabin to be equipped to carry out other operational slow transit speed compared to jet transports. The tasks such as electronic warfare or command and A400M and C-17 were far too big and expensive control. The maximum payload will be 23 tons with for what was needed and the CN295 and C-27J an uncompromised cargo hold with an advanced were too small and slow. What was needed was cargo handling system that can carry bulkier items a jet C-130 but, with the latest fl y-by-wire fl ight than in a C-130 and with a fuselage designed to be controls, modern avionics and communications fatigue resistant and suitable for operations ‘from systems throughout, a rugged airframe built to 21st the Amazon to the Antarctic’. Typical loads include century standards, high-speed transit times and the pallets, helicopters, armoured vehicles or up to 80 capability to carry bulky loads in and out of small fully equipped soldiers. A key claim that perhaps airstrips. A new aircraft design was the only solution will infl uence future military transport procurement for Brazil and if mid-sized, could carry out many decisions in the coming years is the lower operating more roles than just military transport and might and maintenance costs compared to the C-130 and have wider export appeal as a C-130 replacement. the higher productivity made possible by a higher The fi rst prototype KC-390 is now rapidly cabin and higher transit speed. This translates into coming together in fi nal assembly, ready for a fi rst delivering more payload within a given timeframe. fl ight before the end of this year and has been The KC-390 will have a fully integrated mission painted. A second prototype is also in production. As system incorporating the latest avionics and sensors Jackson Schneider explained, the programme is on to give maximum situational awareness. The roomy schedule with around 1,500 people dedicated to it. cockpit features unusually deep windows to give The Brazilian Air Force has ordered 28 aircraft and unprecedented vision when using small or crowded export orders have started to be won. Columbia is airfi elds and will also aid visual surveillance when taking 12, Czechoslovakia is buying two and Chile, operating in a search and rescue role. The company Argentina and Portugal are each taking an initial states that the aircraft will enjoy very precise six aircraft. Embraer has a signed agreement with control which will include full automated envelope Boeing which is to help market the aircraft in certain protection and for self-protection in a hostile regions. environment. An advanced defensive aids suite will also be fi tted. Multi-role platform If the specifi cation is fully met, and previous Embraer programmes have all exceeded the A major international sales campaign is now brochure promises, then this new multi-role military gearing up and Embraer is promoting the aircraft air platform could make a big market impact. Its as a platform for other roles, including: aerial direct turboprop rivals are not only smaller and re-supply, air assault, tactical airlift, fi re-fi ghting, slower but are between 30 and 50 years older air-to-air refuelling, search and rescue and medical in basic design. There are other similar projects evacuation. In the AAR role it will have built-in existing in virtual reality form and as models and provision for carrying two hose and drogue wing mock-ups but the KC-390 is real, and will soon take pods. Its wide speed range (with a max cruise speed to the air.

Production of the fi rst KC-390s has now begun with fi rst fl ight planned before the end of this year. Embraer

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 21 Silicon Carbide semiconductors could TECHNOLOGY be critical in realising More electric aircraft power systems more electric aircraft Hot chips STEVE CLERKIN, Business Manager at Raytheon UK’s Commercial Aviation Power Solutions, discusses projects supporting the development of the more electric aircraft (MEA) and how the company’s business model is changing. These ATI-funded projects involve ten global companies, nine universities and five SMEs. This is an amazing demonstration of UK co-operation towards a common industry objective. One specific n a fast moving industry, with seemingly a project sees Raytheon and UTC Aerospace new term every day, common challenges in Systems, plus others, working together to exploit delivering the airframe of the future are driven emerging technologies in motor drives, composite by the wider need to meet the goals of fuel casings and control electronics. Titled LAMPS, burn effi ciency, noise and weight reductions, Raytheon is developing a revolutionary electrical Iincreased electrical power demands, more reliability power switch module (PSM) utilising silicon carbide and lower operating costs. Innovative technology is (SiC) technology. In a high-density system driving announced regularly and today’s aircraft designers power to major aerospace actuation workloads, are dependent on the early adoption of composite SiC-based PSMs will deliver much greater THIS WOULD materials and high density electronic systems. efficiency and lower switching losses compared NOT ONLY The principles behind the MEA have been around to a silicon equivalent. Offering increased power REPRESENT A for several decades and a key objective is to fi nd delivery in a much smaller package, the thermal where the optimal ‘electric vs pneumatic/hydraulic’ properties of SiC also support higher device gate SIGNIFICANT balance point resides for energy transfer and temperatures without additional cooling required. BREAKTHROUGH distribution. For Raytheon, the MEA focus is fi rmly This harsh environment duty presents a problem ... BUT IT on improving the ratios of size, weight and power for the associated control electronics, as traditional (SWAP) in the electrical power systems. semiconductor circuits have a maximum permitted WOULD ALSO operating temperature of about 120°C. This point PROVE THAT Collaboration — the best way necessitates keeping the control circuitry remote PREVIOUSLY forward and leaves a complex ‘parasitic and control regime’ HEAT-SENSITIVE challenge. Such an objective cannot be achieved by specialists Under the objectives of LAMPS, which officially SYSTEMS CAN working in isolation. Rather, previously unseen started in July 2014, Raytheon aims to resolve BE levels of collaboration will be required; and are this gap. Exploring the use of its proprietary RE-ENGINEERED already forming. For example, earlier this year the high temperature silicon carbide (HiTSiC — see FOR USE IN UK government announced funding (£60m) for panel opposite), which has been demonstrated to seven aerospace projects designed to keep UK operate at 300°C, as a means of embedding the HARSHER plc at the forefront of the industry. The funding was control electronics within the PSM. If successful, ENVIRONMENTS. allocated by the Aerospace Technology Institute this would not only represent a significant POTENTIALLY, (ATI), part of the government’s Aerospace Growth breakthrough in PSM technology but it would also Partnership (AGP), and will see joint public and prove that previously heat-sensitive systems can IT IS A GAME- private investment of £2bn over the next seven be re-engineered for use in harsher environments. CHANGER. years. Potentially, it is a game-changer.

22 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 At the junction To date, the power electronics industry has been dominated by devices fabricated from silicon (Si). As a result, most electronic circuits and modules are limited by the reliability and effi ciency of their traditional silicon material to operate in environments where the device ambient temperature is generally kept well below 125˚C. However, the ability to move beyond the limitations of silicon technology is attracting wide interest for system applications seeking greater levels of performance. One of the key materials enabling this increased capability is silicon carbide (SiC). A growing range of SiC power components are becoming available as viable alternatives. In addition, SiC can also be used for integrated circuits where logic and analogue components can be combined to perform sensing and control functions at much greater temperature extremes. Raytheon has already fabricated, using its proprietary HiTSiC technology, and demonstrated individual transistors at 400°C and digital ICs at 300°C. SiC’s ability to withstand higher ambient temperatures is only part of the story. SiC has a wide ‘bandgap’ and can handle higher temperature than their silicon counterparts. The benefi t of this is less dependence on cooling. High frequency switching speeds are improved too, enabling reduced size (and therefore weight) of a host of other associated components. Accordingly, SiC is right at the heart of our MEA power systems design tool kit.

weight reductions in conjunction with higher power densities while operating in increasingly challenging environments. Here, Raytheon’s in-house access to SiC- based technology, through its proprietary HiTSiC, differentiate the company as it pursues this expanding sector. Indeed, the CAGR for commercial aircraft market is forecast at 4% annually over the next 30 years and the development of the MEA electrical content sees an even sharper growth rate. The market served by the MEA equipment growth is forecast (in an IHS Jane’s report commissioned by Raytheon) to be £10bn by 2027. Much of the value is in Tier 1 integration A ‘systems’ approach which is dominated by a small number of major players. Below this, the market for Tier 2 and Tier As noted, complex systems cannot be effi ciently 3 sub-system and conversion/distribution/control designed in isolation. Two remote engineers systems is expected to be worth circa £2bn. The designing a power system with similar objectives largest portion is in commercial airliners and the will most likely still produce different and competing development of MEA systems for these segments sub-optimal solutions. This interdependent ‘system will give opportunities for new entrants offering of systems’ challenge demands multi-party compelling and disruptive technologies. collaboration, common optimisation rules and cross Raytheon UK's strategy is to address this agency co-operation. market by collaborating with selected partners and A further AGP-supported programme we are deliver advanced power electronics design with partnering to is helping develop gas turbine system Silicon Carbide semiconductor technology. But control technologies which deliver optimisation of there’s something else too. Value, in terms of price the overall performance of the engine. Specifically, but, more importantly, the whole life-cycle spanning an aircraft’s power is derived via an engine ‘off-take’ design to support. while the generators are directly linked through gear boxes to the engine’s shafts. The aircraft’s Comparison electrical load, which fluctuates significantly during of the different phases of flight, manifests itself as a mechanical load on the engine through these conventional shafts and has notable fuel burn impact. Sudden and more power loading can impose stress on the shaft. With electric electrical loads set to grow significantly in light of the MEA, these system ‘events’ must be catered aircraft for when considering the architecture of the power systems conversion systems. architecture.

Red = Electrical Power New markets, new technology Green = Bleed Airpower Blue = Hydraulic Power Raytheon’s involvement in the above projects, and others, is a marked change from the company’s historic defence business, which typically focuses on the design and supply of harsh environment power systems. However, the company’s background in the defence business is undeniably working to its advantage in today’s commercial sector, as the market requires power solutions that deliver

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 23 ROTORCRAFT Offshore ops and automation Technology: friend or foe? TIM ROLFE* Director, Aviation Safety, Bristow Group, speaking at a RAeS Rotorcraft Conference† earlier this year, examines the role of automation in the cockpit of the latest offshore helicopters.

here is a plethora of research from the past four decades focused intensely on automated cockpit environments. We know that automation was originally designed to increase effi ciency and Taccuracy in operations while at the same time reducing workload and training requirements. We know that the increasing application of cockpit technology does not work in concept if it is simply designed to replace the human and that operational weaknesses develop if the human does not know what part they play in the overall system. We know also that the expected benefi ts of automation do not materialise if the designer’s assumptions on intended use do not match the actual use of the system(s). While the immediate attention on CAP1145 focuses on survivability, it contains a commitment Still work to do to focus on operational issues in line with the CAA’s 2011 report highlighting the ‘Signifi cant 7’ with loss So, if we know all of this, does that refl ect in our of control being the top of the list. The fi nal report performance? Eight years ago we were discussing of the Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) THE the challenges presented by the introduction of Flight Deck Automation Working Group released in INCREASING types new to our industry at the time — the EC225, September 2013 raises a number of fi ndings and APPLICATION S92, AW139, EC155 and S76C++. The thrust recommendations which read across to modern OF COCKPIT of the discussion was recognising that operators helicopter operations. faced new issues, such as the interpretation of Flight-path and automation management TECHNOLOGY novel forms of information presented in the cockpit, principles in modern helicopters look pretty similar DOES NOT the need to standardise behaviours associated to those in aeroplanes, most especially in the WORK IN with the use of automated systems and the need offshore IFR environment. CONCEPT IF to update our training programmes to refl ect the The questions we should ask ourselves: Do new skills and competencies required. Clearly we’ve we, in rotary operations, experience loss of control IT IS SIMPLY moved forward but has the move been incremental events? Are we aware of the different skills required DESIGNED TO or of a larger magnitude? Despite a low number of because of the threats associated with automation REPLACE THE accidents and incidents relating to automation and use and of the types of errors made in the modern monitoring, I would suggest that there is still work cockpit? What is required to ensure that our HUMAN to do. crews are given the tools to further enhance their

24 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Cockpit of a Sikorsky S-92 helicopter. Could rotary wing pilots learn from the fi zed-wing community in the introduction of advanced automated fl ightdecks? If so, where is the forum to do so?

a. consistent instructional standards b. a clear understanding of the automation design philosophy, c. appropriate content and focus on automation management principles d. up to date human factors training related to research and delivered by appropriately qualifi ed instructors e. improved simulator access and timely confi guration updates (2.) The development of optimised operating practices a. with SOPs based on a common operating philosophy driven by the OEM b. with clarity on sub-system integration such as TCAS and ground proximity warning systems (GPWS) (3.) Focus on building resilience into crew performance a. including the defi nition of technical and non- technical skills b. appropriate maintenance of manual fl ying skills c. development of monitoring skills d. active feedback from safety systems into the training environment to ensure that emergent risks are trapped and mitigated

Currently operators are trying to achieve these Lagging behind? goals from the ‘bottom up’ and often in isolation. What steps are We should remove barriers and form partnerships needed to bring to ensure that all stakeholders play their part in knowledge levels delivering the co-ordinated and timely provision of relevant information to the appropriate parties. of automation up to a par with Further action needed the fi xed-wing Ian Scott We have the foundations, but to strengthen them, sector? further action is needed: considerable capabilities in accident prevention?  Regulators must require, Across the divide and approved training organisations (ATOs Do we all actively participate in industry forums must commit on loss of control, on the latest human factors to delivering, developments, on focused safety concepts such as consistent line operations safety audit (LOSA) or evidence- instructor based training (EBT), on enhancing our fl ight training and data monitoring (FDM) programmes? Do industry evaluation forums seek input from the rotary world, and are standards we prepared to participate if we are given the — this is the opportunity? cornerstone Our profi ciency lies in the application of of our future technical knowledge, the maintenance of manual success and cognitive skills and the establishment of cultural  OEMs must attitudes. I propose that our future success has inform us of the three main building blocks: design principles applied as each (1.) The provision of robust training programmes platform is conceived which deliver: and built. At the most Airbus Helicopters

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 25 Rotorcraft Offshore ops and automation Mike McDougall

 The subject of CRM training can divide opinion, but the move from current human factors training syllabus to a focused application of threat and error management DO MANUAL (TEM) principles should be embraced. FLYING SKILLS  OEMs should provide a Flight Crew REST IN THE Operating Manual which, in turn, generates a common fl ight crew training manual. Central basic level, crews need to understand if the HAND OR IN to these documents must be a consistent automation philosophy is centred on envelope THE HEAD? language and terminologies for the use of protection or task enhancement. automated systems.  The operation evaluation board (OEB)/  Operators and ATOs should focus on operational suitability data (OSD) process identifying successful technical and non- must be updated and run to ensure continuity technical skills, and defi ne what ‘good’ looks between type rating and operator conversion like. Only then can we objectively assess our training segments — this appears to have fallen crews against the defi ned behavioural standard. between the cracks in Europe.  In recognition of the required skillset, ATO’s  There should be better access to simulators training programmes must be focused on the and more fl exible software confi guration need to use appropriate levels of automation capabilities. It is unacceptable to introduce new by task and a clear understanding of when and aircraft without access to a simulator or plan how crews effectively manage their part in the recurrent training in a simulator with differing control loop. software to the aircraft.  On the continuing concerns over skill fade, I  As the wider industry moves towards would ask the question of operators, regulators performance-based training, the regulation and ATOs — do manual fl ying skills rest in the should afford us use of an alternative training hand or in the head? Is it physical or mental and qualifi cation programme (ATQP) and EBT, practice that is required and could we counter and operators must be prepared to generate Bristow has recently their potential loss through credited use of the required operational metrics to support their introduced the lower level devices such as fl ight navigation programme. AW189 into service. procedure training (FNPT) simulators?  As an industry we need to improve our collective understanding and reinforcement of what constitute effective monitoring skills.

Safety swept up by commercial sensitivities?

As operators, we exist in an intensely competitive environment and anti- trust issues are always a concern. The sharing of safety information may have become confused with intellectual property. Our subject matter experts’ (SME) workload is high and perhaps our participation levels in industry activity are lower as a result. If regulation traditionally takes a decade to update and

Bristow there is no off-the-shelf

26 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 The FBW/glass cockpit Bell 525 Relentless promises to bring even more fi xed- wing cockpit technology to the rotary-wing world. Bell Helicopters solution to these challenges, how can we be clear In the meantime: on our collective objectives in the interim and how might an acceptable vision of the future look?  We are all cognisant of the benefi ts and Our desired future state would: need the support of having a strong regulator working in partnership with industry. Refl ect improved partnerships and present  We need ATOs to lay the foundations for open forums for discussion which involves and continued learning beyond the limited content represents industry SMEs constraints of initial type training programmes. Be an environment where the broad  We need OEMs to provide operators with a sharing of de-identifi ed safety voice in effective forums aimed at improving information — from operators, their products post service introduction. ATOs and OEMs — would be And we need operators to participate. We the accepted norm. cannot recognise these issues and walk away  Lead to common from being part of the solution. operational practices and common training Conclusion solutions centred on clearly defi ned We currently have considerable industry alignment competencies, and interest and are being given the opportunity to particularly in the areas bridge any gaps that may have developed between of manual handling, operators and the technology they employ. To systems management, deliver the desired resilience, let us solidify the technical knowledge and partnerships, agree our objectives and take action. Airbus Helicopters monitoring. We are in this together and together we can unquestionably make the necessary progress A precursor to this future state is the Joint toward safer operations across the industry. Operators Review (JOR), an organisation which came into being last October following consensus † Coming in the wake of the Transport Select Committee’s from the CEOs of Avincis, Bristow and CHC. report into offshore helicopter safety, the Rotorcraft Group’s 2014 conference 'Technology: Friend or foe?' in July dealt with Focused on delivering safety improvements automation in modern complex helicopters engaged in offshore globally, the JOR’s workstreams on automation and operations. It attracted world-wide interest and support from monitoring are very closely aligned with those in the European Helicopter Operators’ Committee, Oil & Gas UK CAP1145 and the CAST FDA WG. The initiative and the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers, together with OEMs, operators and delegates throughout the has spawned Helioffshore, a not-for-profi t trade industry. Mark Swan, Head of the UK CAA’s Safety and Airspace body brought about principally to support the work * The views of this Regulation Group kicked-off the conference which included an of the JOR, representing the interests of the global individual are personal impressive line-up of speakers including Dr Guy Boy, NASA’s offshore operators and other stakeholders. It is only and should not be Chief Scientist for Human Centered Design. The conference was hoped and envisaged that this will be the active and taken as offi cial opinions a call for action for all parties as described by Captain Tim Rolfe of Bristow Group. in this article. A detailed report including summaries of all the effective forum for our industry sector in future. papers is available on the RAeS website.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 27 AEROSPACE Thailand profi le Growing Thais Thailand has real ambitions to grow its aerospace sector to a new level, not through increasing its own operators but in terms of aviation-related services. ANDREW DRWIEGA reports.

ith a population of 67m and through the BoI’s support. The successful expansion a GDP of $365bn in 2013, of Thailand’s automotive sector has made it the Thailand is a country that largest automotive producer in Southeast Asia and offers economic conditions for the ninth biggest worldwide. In 2013 around 2·46m industrial growth and, although, vehicles were produced in-country with a stated theW general belief is that agriculture is one of its capacity of 3m vehicles on schedule to be reached main economic sectors, it only represents a modest by the end of 2015. None of these vehicle makes 12% of the total. are Thai branded but all are globally recognised, THAILAND With the growth of commercial airlines around including the major Japanese, American and Asia, the Government of Thailand has determined European brands (Toyota, Honda, BMW, Mercedes, that it too should grab a bigger slice of aviation’s Volvo, etc). 67m economic pie. However, this ambition is not centred One of the factors behind this manufacturing Population around designing and manufacturing its own brand industry has been the focus placed on the aircraft but rather to build up its Tier 1, 2 and 3 establishment of auto parts manufacturing with over supplier base alongside maintenance, repair and 700 Tier 1 and 1,100 Tier 2 and 3 suppliers. It is $365bn overhaul (MRO) facilities. from this area of manufacturing that the BoI really GDP 2013 Driven in part by the Thai Board of Investment believes it can grow its aerospace sector. (BoI), deputy director Ms Polapat Naphavaranonth, One of the central pillars of the plan to aviation has been heading an international campaign to expansion centres on turning the old Khorat airport, $637m extol the virtues for international aerospace sector 250km from Bangkok, into a new aviation industrial MRO industry companies to base their regional facilities in park. During the Vietnam War, Khorat was the value in 2012 Thailand. According to the BoI’s fi gures, Thailand’s biggest US Air Force base in Thailand but, since aircraft maintenance industry was valued at $637m then, has declined to the point where it is used in 2012, an increase of 20% over the previous year. primarily for military exercises such as the annual Naphavaranonth also points to the establishment of a free trade agreement scheduled for 2015 between the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to be a factor which will boost regional business opportunities. The ASEAN Economic Community member nations currently comprise: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The growth of the automobile sector has fuelled the belief that aerospace can be another of Thai- land’s growth industries, given enough incentives

The interior of Suvarnabhumi Bangkok Airport. Airports of Thailand

28 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Supplied by Author Thai Aviation Industries maintains both civil and military aircraft, including Boeing 747s for Thai Airlines (above) and Royal Thai Air Force C-47 Dakotas converted into Basler BT-67s (left) to carry out air transport and fi re-fi ghting missions. multinational Cope Tiger exercise. The usable provide several levels of maintenance for the Airbus runway length is around 2,100m. A330 including the light maintenance (A-Check), As the government owns the land and wants heavy maintenance (C-Check) and non destructive to develop the site for companies providing MRO test (NDT) inspection, where TAI will provide expert facilities, as well as for lower level aerospace part services and parts for ground maintenance as well and component manufacturing. However, the as hangar area facility. government study is still incomplete and work on Maintaining older types is also within the remit developing the site has yet to be started. of HAI. The organisation is currently rebuilding a Skyvan for the police force and also maintains MRO today around nine Douglas C-47s. In 2004, the Royal Thai Air Force converted some of its C-47s into The need for both internal MRO facilities for Basler BT-67s so that they could not only carry out the military as well as providing a service for the transport tasks but also act as fi re-fi ghting aircraft international aviation community can be witnessed and rain making platforms, sowing dry-ice. in the emphasis being placed on the Rain making spray nozzles have development of Thai Aviation Industries been fi tted along the length of the (TAI), an organisation jointly founded in fuselage to spray down and to the 2003 by the Ministry of Transportation back of the aircraft. and Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) to jointly The cloud seeding requirement assists establish the Thai Aviation Industries agriculture and is also increasingly being linked with Company Limited (TAI). Two major fl ood prevention/management. founding shareholders of TAI are The Offi ce of Small and Medium Higher ambitions Enterprises Promotion (OSMEP), (51%) and the RTAF Welfare One of the more dynamic aspects of Thailand’s fund (49%). aviation sector can be found at the Space Today, TAI maintains the RTAF’s Krenovation Park (SKP) in Chonburi Province. It fl eet of 18 F-16 A/B Block 15 is the home of the Geo-Informatics and Space aircraft and is carrying out the mid life Technology Development Agency (GISTDA). upgrade programme (MLU) under the supervision of According to Dr Arnond Snidvongs, GISTDA’s Lockheed Martin. In January this year, a ceremony Martin Lockheed executive director, it is a state-owned company was held to celebrate the roll-out of the fi rst two but has its own executive board. “We report to the F-16 MTU, an F-16 AM (single-seat) and F-16BM An F-16 painted to Minister of Science and Technology and receive an (two-seat). commemorate the annual budget from the government although we centenary of the Royal Phase 1 involved the upgrade of six aircraft are allowed to create our own income and use that Thai Air Force between FY 2011-2013. Phase 2 will add another for investment and operational support.” six upgraded aircraft between FY 2013-2015 with GISTDA operates Thailand’s one optical satellite, the remaining six being completed by the end of the Thaichote (formerly known as THEOS-1). It was Phase 3, FY 2015-2017. launched in Russia on 1 October 2008 and was built TAI also upgraded eight of the RTAF’s C-130Hs by Astrium (now part of Airbus Group). It houses a to include the Rockwell Collins Flight2 avionics high resolution panchromatic and a wide multispectral system. Rockwell Collins completed the fi rst four camera, weighs 750kg and orbits at an altitude of then TAI was responsible for installing the avionics 822km. It has an onboard memory of 51Gb. on the remaining aircraft. At the SKP, GISTDA has two ground-receiving In February this year TAI signed a memorandum stations where it receives data from Thaichote as of understanding (MOU) with Thai Air Asia X to well as several other satellite sources, including in

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 29 AEROSPACE Thailand profi le

know space engineering and satellite management. “We have to get the engineers and scientists with this background,” affi rmed Snidvongs. “During the manufacturing of the satellite we had an agreement with the French government, so that over 100 engineers were eventually trained in France.”

Astrium/Airbus Defence & Space Personnel exchange

The organisation continues to exchange personnel with other countries. “We have an annual programme to send staff for training with India and China ― and with various universities,” he said. There is also co-operation with Japan but, increasingly, they would like to network with other ASEAN countries and universities. In terms of expanding Thailand’s national space sector, Snidvongs said that he believed that there were many SMEs that had the potential to get involved in the space industry but that they did not have the knowledge to do so. “So we regularly set up trips for them to China, Europe and the US to Thailand’s THEOS-1 satellite, seen here under construction, was launched into orbit in 2008. allow them to discover how SMEs got involved. The fi rst few trips were for Thai companies but, now RADARSAT1-2, COSMO- SkyMed and LAND-SAT we are in ASEAN, we hope to encourage this on a 8. GISTDA has 300 people based largely at SKP wider basis.” and there are many routine functions that require By working with the commercial sector he regular operations. But Snidvongs states that the believes that knowledge can be shared and organisation has ambitions to grow its services and encouragement given. “We have some examples launch a new satellite. THEOS-1 was launched of how we work with industry in trying to provide with an expected lifecycle of fi ve years, hence a certain spare part. One task was the design the urgency is growing to fi nd the funding for and of a new six metre antenna. We modifi ed and launch a second more modern satellite, THEOS-2. redesigned one working with a German institute. He explains that, while the Thaichote can We also have our own programmers working in provide fundamental data and that his services are The Netherlands with Dutch companies who are relatively inexpensive in the provision of this kind developing satellite mission control programmes. of data, he recognises that quality is increasing in But we are bringing those skills back so that we can the international space imagery market. Thaichote develop the programme here and test it using the provides geo-referenced images nationally and to simulator for our satellite.” foreign customers who use them for agriculture, While this is not a volume business, he said, it environmental monitoring, cartography, land use. does have tremendously high value. Another area forestry management and coastal monitoring among that some of GISTDA’s engineers are exploring is others. the development of composite products. “We hope “In the past two to three years we have realised to bring them in to make space-related components, that providing images is not enough — there is working with such companies in Thailand as more competition now with the expectation of users Triumph and Cobra. We do not have a big laboratory getting ever higher. They want something ready for testing products here which is one area where to use. We realised that we needed to focus more working with industry can be useful.” on custom made products and services and other Current services provided by GISTDA AGRICULTURE HAS applications,” said Snidvongs. “We have to work have recently included fl ood monitoring for the ALSO BENEFITED more with technology providers which is why the government. During the 2011 fl oods in Thailand, the THROUGH Space Krenovation Park was established to make images revealed that the fl ooding was much bigger THE REGULAR use of clustering. We have more than ten companies than the authorities had initially realised. Snidvongs (SATELLITE) based here including ones from Canada and China. said that the graphic images helped to change MONITORING OF They bring capabilities including modelling and high the attitude of people towards the problem ― and level image processing, a better resolution than our helped to fi nd solutions: “It led to a big change RICE GROWING more standard product.” regarding how to manage the water. In certain areas AREAS ON A One of the more signifi cant problems faced by the water had actually been managed as a result WEEKLY BASIS GISTDA is the recruitment of qualifi ed staff who of a raised highway, which meant that the waters

30 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 did not fl ow beyond that point. That is useful in of investment going into infrastructure projects, designing or redeveloping roads in the future.” including building an accommodation block. Satellite monitoring of fl oods also contributed Snidvongs said that GISTDA must be clear on towards how people were compensated for fl ood why this satellite is required. For large investment damage. The task of deciding who qualifi ed for to be forthcoming nationally it will probably have to fl ood compensation was traditionally diffi cult, as have dual-use between civilian customers and the inspectors often arrived some time after the fl oods military, although he adds that no decision has yet had receded. Checking through the volume of been made on that. claims received was assisted by having extensive He added that, once ready, the satellite would imagery ready and archived, which will serve to cut again be launched through an agreement with a down the level of dishonest claims being made. foreign organisation as launching was neither in Agriculture has also benefi ted through the GSTDA’s capability or current plans. With the cost regular monitoring of rice growing areas on a of the project estimated at around $200m, together weekly basis. “When it starts to become green, we with launch plan and ground infrastructure, GISTDA can accurately predict the harvest day and this leads is looking to partner with similar international us to be able to estimate the yield.” This is taking agencies who are developing along similar lines. over from the ‘man on the ground’ where people “If we rely on the Airbus Astrium solution it would have traditionally been employed to monitor over be very expensive so we are collaborating with 10,000 districts country wide. Even low-resolution the National Space Agency of Taiwan who have a is suitable for this although better resolution would similar satellite.” allow the service to improve further. There are also marine applications. When an Outlook oil spillage occurred off Thailand’s coast GISTDA used images from one of its partner satellites, While there is a serious desire to grow the aviation COSMO SkyMed 4, to monitor the dispersal of sector, particularly fuelled by the enthusiasm of the the pollution, which was important to Thailand’s BoI, there is uncertainty among some of Thailand’s coastal tourist industry. The organisation industrial base about when the focus on Khorat currently has ten downlink contracts with will take place. The location is barely developed various suppliers. and infrastructure needs to be put in place. Whether the location away from the centre of Towards THEOS-2 aviation in Bangkok will cause a concern remains to be seen. Snidvongs admits that support for the There is also national, political instability. A development of the space sector has been on coup by Thailand’s military on 22 May this year an opportunistic basis and what the business came after months of protests and deadlock really requires is long-term sustained investment. in the government about who should rule the It is important to ensure that the Thailand Earth country. General Prayuth Chanocha declared Observation System Phase 2 (THEOS-2) is martial law and a curfew, the latter of which was compatible with what they already have, but is still a Supplied by Author quickly relaxed due to its damaging effect on the leap ahead in the technology it will utilise. tourist industry. Tourism has declined since the coup GISTDA’s aim is not just to purchase a which, although not violent, has damaged relations replacement satellite but develop a comprehensive internationally. The European Union and the US roadmap to upgrade their Earth observation Dr Arnond Snidvongs, have put in place limited sanctions which potentially capability beyond the national requirement to one Executive Director of could be extended (EU trade with Thailand was that could serve the the ASEAN community as Thailand’s Geo-Informatics worth around €32bn ($43·3bn) in 2013). well. Explained Snidvongs: “We cannot just buy one and Space Technology Also, in June the US downgraded Thailand to the satellite and hope it can do everything. We need to Development Agency lowest Tier 3 level in its Human Traffi cking report, discuss with several technical providers the whole (GISTDA). risking possible sanctions connected to a potential concept of THEOS-2, from downstream working reduction in US support in vital institutions such as upstream, to see what our priorities need to be. We the International Monitary Funds and World Bank. want compatibility and not duplication with what we Balancing this, however, is the US need to keep already have. THEOS-2 development should take Thailand within its sphere of infl uence as it continues four to fi ve years and we believe that it should then to see China as its major challenge in Asia. last for another 10-15 years.” These wider factors could act as a brake on The Thai space programme began around 30 international corporate commitment to founding years ago and currently, according to Snidvongs, new industries in Thailand, although the balance of has an annual budget of around $10m, although a large labour pool and positive government incen- investment fl uctuates from year to year. Currently, tives for foreign companies may still be too hard to the focus is to build the SKP with around 70% resist.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 31 MANUFACTURING NDT testing of composites

he advantages of using carbon fi bre Total composite Quality control reinforced polymer (CFRP or composite) material used when manufacturing structural elements in aerospace in But the manufacturing of structural components within aircraft signifi cantly increased with composite material demands the application of its use in the new aircraft programmes 1984 meticulous quality controls to ensure the absolute Tof aerospace manufacturers. This, together with absence of defects, both on the surface and across the growing demand of aircraft, has boosted an 1,000t the entire volume of parts (delaminations, disbonds, important technological evolution in the area of porosities or foreign bodies). Non-destructive ultrasonic inspection that has to be carried out as testing (NDT) and especially ultrasonic testing (UT) part of the manufacturing process of components. Total composite is a must in two situations within the life of structural The advantages of composites has driven material usage components: once the fabrication is fi nished to Airbus and Boeing to construct over 50% of their predicted for ensure integrity and quality and during its life in A350 and 787 airframes of composite material service to detect incipient failure derived from the and 30-37% of new types. from Embraer and aerospace in use of the structure. For the time being, ultrasound Bombardier. 2019 is, on a regular basis, the only testing method to Composite consumption growth in aerospace ensure reliable and quality detection, location, is shown by the 1,000 tonnes of composite 18,100t characterisation and sizing of fl aws. This is why it is material used in 1984, when the application of this the method applied by all manufacturers. material to primary structures of the aircraft started, In this scenario, where composites are increased to 7,250 tonnes in 2010. Current outlook increasingly being used and considering that for composites demand is to increase to 18,100 all structural components manufactured in this tonnes by 2019 due to the fabrication of the A350, material must be inspected by ultrasound, the cost the 787 and the new types of other manufacturers. of this checking process involves up to 30% of its Naturally, we have to consider that this trend fabrication, we therefore understand the importance towards increasing the volume of composites within and significance of any technological evolution of aircraft is occurring simultaneously with substantial this inspection process. growth in the annual demand and manufacturing Initial inspection must guarantee the structural volume of these aircraft. integrity of the component, that is, it must guarantee ANTONIO TANARRO APARICIO, Industrial Manager, Tecnatom, explains What how the new generation of carbon-fibre airliners are driving improvements in lies non-destructive testing (NDT). beneath Airbus

32 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Tecnatom the lack of failure arising during the manufacturing Laser ultrasonics process. The main goal of inspection is to verify proper adhesive joints, the lack of porosity and The incorporation of the phased array technology Tecnatom’s delamination of sandwich structures with internal to the pulse-echo technique, already in the robot-based core junctions. So NDT’s prime challenge is to Airbus A350, entailed a new leap in the system including guarantee detection, characterisation, size and automation process, as faster inspection can ultrasonic location of defects within 100% of the component now be performed, reducing cost and time. volume. Later, in the course of the life in service Simultaneously, the old Cartesian systems, such as technology to of the component, new inspection techniques are gantry-type apparatus, have been replaced by new produce pulse- bound to be applied to detect new flaws arising from robotic inspection equipment adding flexibility and echo inspections the use and mechanical requirements to which the better maintenance. for local structure is submitted, such as impacts and cracks Automation is arriving to all phases during or the growth of pre-existent defects, tolerated the inspection process, from teaching-probing, immersion probes below acceptable design limits. positioning, scan path generation, to the acquisition, If we focus on the manufacturing process, evaluation and reporting of results, passing by we have to consider ultrasonic methods. In the ultrasonic calibration and data storage. beginning, this kind of inspection used to be applied Finally, what seems to be the future of manually, so quality and reliability of testing relied ultrasonic inspection for composite materials are on operators skills and expertise. Even today, in ultrasounds generated by laser. Although this some occasions, due to the size and geometrical technology has been applied in the US (Lockheed complexity of some components inspection is Martin) for some years, it has only recently been performed this way. available for other manufacturers. Laser ultrasonics (LUS) incorporate significant advantages, The need for automation especially as they can ensure inspection for small and complex geometry parts that today can only be In response to the growing demand for aircraft, inspected manually. manufacturers are immersed in integrating In addition to providing completely automated processes and industrialising projects within the inspection and registering resulting data, LUS manufacturing processes. Logically, inspection is systems eliminate water as acoustic couplant required to have more automation, in-line execution and avoids physical contact of the auscultation and integration within other processes. device with the surface of the part to be inspected. The application of through transmission In traditional systems, including both through techniques (by means of water jet on a regular transmission and pulse-echo techniques, once basis, as water facilitates ultrasound signal transfer) generated, ultrasounds must be loaded in an outer is a very important first step in the automation of piezoelectric element. inspection. Naturally, to perform an ultrasound With this method, water jet or humid contact, transmission adequately, both water jets must excite is required to ensure satisfactory coupling, while in perpendicularly both faces of the part, so they have LUS systems, ultrasound is generated directly on to be well aligned. This requirement restricts its the surface of the part, which is excited by the laser application to both flat and contoured components beam. If we consider that parts can be inspected and generates difficulties to test the edges of parts with a very high tolerance relative to the angle of C-scan image when there are some surface imperfections, such as the incidence, we can understand the possibilities from Laser spatter, that prevents a proper ultrasound, 'dirtying' for this technology to be used more widely in the C Scan displays, which report on the inspected future of inspection during the fabrication process ultrasonic component. These systems, intensively used in the of composite materials. application and fabrication of the A320, although more sophisticated processing than the first designs, have been limited to sandwich Conclusion structures in new programmes, since the most software important recent advance comes from the wider The demand for industrialisation within aerospace, developed by application of the pulse-echo technique. the growing use of carbon fi bre composite material Tecnatom. Even though first the pulse-echo contact and the inevitable need to rely on ultrasound to probes were performed manually, the Airbus ensure the quality of the manufacturing process A380 programme saw its intensive application in of components in this material, are fostering the an automatic way. The automation of ultrasonic evolution and development of the necessary inspection by pulse-echo encouraged higher methods, processes and tools for its application. integration of the mechanical control of gantry-type Quality assurance, with increasingly complex devices, on a regular basis, with the data acquisition condition, and the need for cost reduction open the equipment and the development of the storing, doors to new solutions such as LUS which demand

processing and analysis software. higher levels of robotisation and automation. Airbus

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 33 AEROSPACE Future concepts Future projects MIKE HURST from the RAeS Loughborough Branch committee describes how local students presented a series of imaginative future aerospace concepts.

he 2013-14 Branch programme, based The 55 students considered the challenges on a traditional nine-event timetable, posed by the requirements for four diverse received strong attendances and was set air-vehicle applications. Their work represented to conclude with some 1,500 attendees one-quarter of the fi nal year assessment and the throughout the diverse sessions but applied tutoring objectives had encouraged the Tan additional session was announced and, on 10 exploration of design to conceptual design stage, June, the Branch collaborated with Loughborough the selection of a confi guration and further work University’s Department of Aeronautical and into preliminary design to generate evidence Automotive Engineering by adding a tenth event justifying the project’s claimed technical and that combined with the fi nal year MEng students fi nancial viability. Each team was allocated 20 presentations. As a university event this has always minutes for their presentation and ten minutes for included an exhibition supported by presentations question and answers. The breadth of coverage and, by conducting this in the evening, the traditional was unquestionably broad and exhilarating. The audience was extended by some 80 RAeS Branch four future concepts envisioned by the students are members and friends and members of the public. described in the following panels:

ODYSSEY — high-speed transport

Odyssey is a complete transport system concept in which the integration of transportation modes ensures that the airborne phase is as seamlessly harmonised as possible with ground-based phases on journeys with a large number of departure and arrival locations. This project investigated ways of eliminating time lost in inter-modal transfers, and considered a tilt wing/rotor air-vehicle and railway-compatible ‘pods.’ This sought to provide a ‘no seat change’ rapid transport between a large combination of monorail stations, and to minimise land space, as well as end-to-end journey time. Presentation covered analysis of the system in the US north-east region, the staged development of the infrastructure and aircraft/pod fl eet and provided a comprehensive illustration of the challenge that aviation can present to equivalent surface-transport options.

34 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Aircraft for Africa

This low-cost autogyro is designed to be easily manufactured and maintained in a low- technology environment, and will carry small and high-value payloads, such as medical supplies and specialist personnel, in and out of the remotest imaginable locations.

This team reviewed the logistical problems created by poor ground transportation University Loughborough and weather conditions in Africa, and concluded that conventional aircraft on low-volume services provide a benchmark that can be bettered by developing a low-cost air-vehicle that fulfi l equivalent needs, and can be sourced and supported from a local factory. They chose a two-seat autogyro based on low-cost material and off-the-shelf (OTS) items to minimise cost and parts count, attaining a 115-part (95% OTS), £7,900 aircraft meeting ‘ultra-light’ certifi cation requirements. Analysis showed that it attained adequate performance to meet the application needs, and they illustrated an outline plan for a South Africa-based factory.

VIPER — lunar resource exploration

Several elements, each a project of signifi cant scale, are illustrated in this artist’s impression, derived from the conceptual design work conducted to defi ne a system that would effi ciently and effectively convey mined

Loughborough University Loughborough resources from the Moon to Earth. This far-reaching project investigated how high- value resources mined or created on the Moon could be conveyed to the Earth, and included consideration of support facilities and manpower needs. It envisaged a three-part vehicle system. First — the transporter module had two levels that carried two to six passengers on the top deck, and up to 3t of cargo on the lower deck. Second — an Earth orbit to lunar vehicle, titled ‘Envoy’ was envisaged, to be constructed and maintained/refuelled in space. It used ten existing high-performance rocket engines within a 25m-diameter frame. The engine and fuel tanks surrounded a central area that accommodated the transporter module and the frame periphery had a large solar panel array. Third — the project ‘Horizon’ was a ‘Skylon’-like earth to low-Earth orbit vehicle. It was emphasised to be very different airframe but based on the same SABRE engine concept. This would carry the transporter module internally. Both its ground-based needs, and the typical orbital-insertion trajectory, were explained. The concept was summarised as offering much more economical performance than existing support systems, as used by the International Space Station (ISS) programme.

OVERWATCH — swarm and search

A full-scale demonstrator, developed from existing components, was used to assess the assumed capability of this small-scale unmanned air-vehicle project which, in operation, would use a number of these low-cost units Loughborough University Loughborough to operate as a swarm to provide surveillance in remote locations. The fi nal presentation addressed the problems facing a mountain rescue organisation. It was designed to scour large areas, in inclement weather, and against Loughborough University Loughborough a timescale on which survivability depended. They chose to use small UAVs and built a full-scale proof-of-concept vehicle and catapult-launch mechanism. Films of trials were shown during the presentation and included footage from aerial cameras. As it was proposed to use collaborating aircraft operating as a ‘swarm’ vehicle design included ensuring that ten disassembled units would fi t on two Landrover roof-racks, and that assembly of each took just two minutes. Simulations suggested that a ground-party search of 4·5 hours could be completed in 74 minutes and, while the team had achieved a great deal, they highlighted that such aspects as target recognition and collision avoidance still needed investigation.

Through swelling the audience, the university employment, well in their subsequent careers. The welcomed the extra impetus the public-platform 2014-15 Branch programme already includes the gave to students. The RAeS Branch Secretary, Colin date for next year’s meeting. It has proved to be Moss, expressed his own pleasure at the quality an event that shows how Branch and community and substance of the presentations and wished can be integrated to meet common objectives that the students, all of whom had already secured enhance the quality and breadth of local activities.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 35 CAREERS Education and training Training the next generation

ROSALIND AZOUZI, RAeS Careers & Education Manager, looks at the challenge of future skills shortages facing the aerospace industry.

utumn marks a crucial moment Working Group and the Aviation Industry Skills for those involved in skills and Board (AISB), are going some way to address the training. Schools, colleges and need for clear entry routes into the sector. universities start the new academic year, graduate recruiters begin Trailblazing the way theirA online recruitment processes for graduate schemes starting the following year and it’s the The Aerospace Trailblazer group is taking height of conference season, both for research and forward the UK Government’s desire for development fi elds, party politics, trade unions and, industry-led apprenticeship frameworks and is increasingly, on skills-related issues, including the successfully bringing together employers from Society’s own Education and Skills Conference. manufacturing, SMEs, airlines, business aviation In aerospace and aviation, the issues of skills operators and MRO providers to work together shortages are not going away. In the recent Channel on apprenticeship routes. The AISB also recently 4 series, Worst Place to Be a Pilot, the narrator used announced its fi rst Trailblazer programme, a new the words: “As there are no aviation jobs in Europe” Airside Operations Apprenticeship framework to explain how many low-hour pilots from the UK led by UK airports, to support the specifi c skills who had recently gained their commercial pilot’s needs of this fi eld. The space industry has also licence had come to be in Indonesia fl ying local announced a new Higher Apprenticeship in Space airlines’ Cessna Grand Caravans in often precarious Engineering with Loughborough College. Many situations. They were willing to fi nd any way to build more apprenticeships are being developed, the up their fl ying hours to make themselves more MSc Aerospace Bursary programme has now employable to major European airlines. However, been running successfully for two years and aviation commentators point to the aircraft delivery new secondary education developments are forecasts of manufacturers such as Airbus and receiving direct support from aerospace and For more Boeing as an indication of pilot shortages to come, aviation employers. These include the University information as self-fi nancing of commercial pilot training Technical Colleges (UTCs) (a new Heathrow becomes the principal entry route, lower numbers of Aviation Engineering UTC opened in September, contact careers@ military pilots and current pilots reach retirement age. the Elutec UTC at the Centre for Engineering aerosociety.com In engineering, the skills shortage is still acutely and Manufacturing Excellence (CEME) has been felt by employers and 2014 saw a real focus on announced) and a new Space Studio school in or look at: addressing the issue at the Farnborough Air Show. Banbury, Oxfordshire, recently welcomed 75 Futures Day received support from aerospace students. Therefore, in future years, it can be www.aerosociety. employers, including GKN, Rolls-Royce and Safran, expected that it will be easier for employers to com/ to put on a programme of inspirational activities to fi nd young people with the right skills, training and coolaeronautics attract 5,000 young people to careers opportunities motivation to work in the industry. in aerospace and aviation. Nevertheless, the Society’s careers team still www.funkidslive. The work of industry groups, such as the works with many young people who have already com/amyaviation Aerospace Growth Partnership (AGP) Skills embarked on training programmes, such as degrees

36 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 and college programmes, who want to get into engineering but encounter obstacles. Together Important visitor registration information with service leavers who are not always easily able to transfer their skills to roles in the sector. Furthermore, the record-breaking visitor numbers CAREERS IN AEROSPACE at the Society’s annual recruitment fair, Careers in LIVE 2014 Aerospace LIVE, in 2013 had queues stretching down Hamilton Place, prompting local taxi drivers to Friday 7 November 2014 ask if celebrities were coming. For this year, a new No.4 Hamilton Place, London W1J 7BQ, UK booking system has been put in place (see panel on right) to ensure all visitors have the chance to meet The only UK recruitment fair dedicated to aerospace and aviation, Careers in recruiters. Aerospace LIVE is aimed at those seeking employment in the aerospace and aviation sectors. Following the unprecedented interest in the 2013 event, we Also, with the Society investing signifi cant have put in place new procedures for 2014: resources into providing outreach and careers ● While the fair will be open both to members and non-members of the support for all stages of young peoples’ Society as in previous years and in line with our charitable aims, ALL development — from the success of the Cool VISITORS MUST NOW PRE-REGISTER. Aeronautics primary school events, the Amy Aviation ● The event has a brand new format and will be run over two sessions, one radio and YouTube series, the Boeing-supported morning and one afternoon. When you book you will be asked to choose either Schools Build-a-Plane Challenge making history a morning or afternoon session. YOU MAY ONLY ATTEND ONE SESSION. this summer at Farnborough, and delivering ● All group bookings must be made via the Group Booking form which can be university and college workshops across the UK — requested by emailing: [email protected]. Only group bookings with thanks to the support of members, the Foundation a valid confi rmation email which has been authorised by the Society may and Corporate Partners, it is increasingly important attend the event. that resources are targeted in the right way with the ● Individual visitors must pre-book online and may only attend the event with complex landscape of skills education, training and a valid confi rmation email which has been authorised by the Society. outreach programmes. ● All places will be allocated on a fi rst-come, fi rst-served basis.

Targeting resources For more details, contact [email protected] Therefore, the Society’s Education and Skills Committee is particularly delighted that Jenny Body, RAeS Immediate Past President, has recently Cool Aeronautics 2014 been appointed to chair the committee. The ESC’s second conference, on 1 October, focuses on how With over 22 speakers, 16 employers and four stakeholders can work together and the Society aims universities supporting the 2014 events, so far, to play an active role in the co-ordination and which would not be possible without the communication of the work taking place wonderful support from industry, across the sector to develop early charities and educational partners. interest, skills and retain talent. Our thanks to all those who Furthermore, the have given up their time to committee’s next goal will support a new generation be to develop a Skills of aviators and engineers. Roadmap for the industry Thanks also to the that will, for the fi rst time, supporters of the RAeS provide guidance on Foundation and a key skills forecasts to ensure private donor, without investment is targeted which the programme appropriately, building on would not be possible. the work of the Technology We welcome new venues Roadmap which helped drive and speakers and will be looking Government support for UK to hold further Cool Aeronautics aerospace OEMs. events in December and are also Attendees at the conference will be invited looking to 2015. If you would like to take part to contribute to the Skills Roadmap to ensure it is or host an event in your area or company, please refl ective of a wide range of skills needs, be they contact [email protected] for aerospace engineering, maintenance, aviation Don’t forget our other Foundation-supported operations or fl ight training, and across civil, military, programme for children and families, the Fun Kids defence and space. It is essential that these inputs Radio series Amy Aviation, with series 2 now on air come from industry, education, academia and and both series 1 and series 2 available on YouTube those who work with young people, to ensure the with fantastic animations! roadmap is relevant.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 37 INDUSTRY Innovation in Wales Dragons’ Den After the high-profi le NATO summit, TIM ROBINSON reports on how innovation in the aerospace and defence sector is aiming to keep Wales on the global map.

hink of Wales and aerospace and your fi rst Tthought might probably be of Airbus and North Wales — where its Broughton site last month celebrated its 75th anniversary — having begun its connection with aerospace and aviation constructing Vickers Wellingtons in 1939. those in Wales However, that is only part of the story. Last concerned with investment month saw the world's eyes on Wales as the and business potential are keen to stress its stability West's military alliance, NATO, descended on as a region that is closely tied to the rest of the UK Cardiff for a historic (and given current events, BCB's Artemis and not contemplating leaving any time soon. The extremely signifi cant) summit. With such a high- Welsh Government is rightly proud of its aerospace profi le international event having taken place in quadcopter now fi rms — its biggest industry sector — with, of course, South Wales, representatives of the Welsh regional in development Airbus being the jewel in the crown. However, government are hoping that this focus will linger, is aimed at a EU the aerospace and defence sector in Wales also and create a ‘bow wave’, enabling them to fl ag requirement for includes some six out of the world's top ten up the region’s strong but arguably overlooked aeropace and defence companies. Below this are aerospace and defence sector. a maritime sur- over 150 SMEs in the supply chain. veillance/border If North Wales is the Europe's biggest wing A solid partner patrol UAV. factory, South Wales is a major hub for the MRO sector — with British Airways and GE Aviation There is also, another, less overt undercurrent as operating major overhaul facilties in Cardiff. well that emerges when visiting south Wales. As this There are also big plans for MRO in the future is being written, the UK is on the brink of its biggest too. As well as Bruce Dickinson's MRO and constitutional decision in 300 years — the Scottish training venture, Cardiff Aviation, there are also Referendum (which for better or worse, depending plans to develop the former RAF Tornado deep on your viewpoint) promises huge changes. maintenance superhangar at St Athan, turning it But, while Scotland is thinking of breaking free, into a commercial MRO centre. This, it is hoped, will BCB International

38 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Automated NDT of a fanblade using robots at TWI TWI expand Cardiff/St Athan's reach even further and Space (AirbusDS) which specialises in secure attract new MRO business. communications, cybersecurity, mobile networks and UAS R&D. Space tourism and UAVs The company's secure communations products will be at the heart of NATO's boost to As well as MRO, Wales is also aiming for the its rapid reaction capability that was announced future in space and unmanned aerial vehicles. at the summit. AirbusDS recently supplied DCIS Llanbedr airport, on the west Wales coast received (Deployable Comunication & Information Systems) a boost when it was shortlisted in July for the UK — a mobile communications system for NATO's Government's selection of a British spaceport (see Rapid Reaction Force. Essentially an ‘offi ce in the Spaceport UK, p14). Llanbedr is competing with fi eld’, this mobile, encrypted system allows NATO seven other locations in the UK (six in Scotland) HQs and forces to share secret and unclassifi ed to be developed into a spaceport able to host information, wherever they may be. This modular sub-orbital fl ights and low-cost orbital access by communications system is also extremely rugged, 2018. Privately, those promoting Llanbedr see its soldier-proof and quick to deploy and can be set up strong position only enhanced if Scotland votes for within 48hrs and be fully operational in 72hrs. independence — effectively taking those locations While this DCIS system, developed to upgrade out of the running. Detailed tenders from these NATO's deployable command and control links, spaceport bidders are due in by December. supports expeditionary and humanitarian operations Wales is also a key location in the development such as in Afghanistan — events closer to home in and exploitation of UAVs in the UK. Parc Aberporth, Crimea and Ukraine, along with the commitment in West Wales for example, already hosts testing of from the alliance for new rapid reaction forces Thales' Watchkeeper UAV. Furthermore, there is an means this new capability is extremely timely. aspiration to support larger UAV operations. A link AirbusDS in Newport has also developed, with Newquay Cornwall Airport under the banner (as part of the UK's ASTRAEA UAV technology THE REGION IS of the National Aeronautical Centre (NAC) sets the programme) a unique airborne (or mobile) ad-hoc ALSO A HOTBED foundations for larger, more complex UAVs to be network. Called MobileIP, this provides a robust, tested. secure reconfi gurable 'network in the sky' that OF INNOVATION In addition, the region is also a hotbed of constantly is searching for the best signal, whether THANKS innovation thanks to close industry links with terrestial or relaying from another airborne node. TO CLOSE universities and decision-makers in the Government. This adaptable seamless 'WiFi' network is thus a For example, the Airbus Foundation Wales provides key technology for developing robust, low-latency INDUSTRY £1·8m of annual joint funding from AirbusDS/Welsh communications for UAVs in manned airspace. LINKS WITH Government to quickly respond to small, early R&D Crucially , it also has AirbusDS's encryption UNIVERSITIES projects needing ‘pump priming'. Let's take a look at technology built-in too. AND DECISION- just three companies involved in the leading edge of As well as these, AirbusDS is also researching innovation in South Wales. high-speed optical communications technology for MAKERS IN THE UAVs under a project called DAZZLE. Using lasers GOVERNMENT. Airbus Defence and Space refl ected from the UAV, these could see data rates as fast as 100Mb/s a second — a breakthrough If North Wales is famous for Airbus wings, for downlinking HD video. The system could also Newport in South Wales is also home to another have applications in allowing lightweight HALE part of Airbus Group, Airbus Defence and pseudo satellites (such as AirbusDS's Zephyr 7) to

@aerosociety i Find us on linkedin f Find us on facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 39 Industry Innovation in Wales

Under a joint programme with GKN, Rolls-Royce and Bombardier, TWI is researching next-generation NDT testing with robotics. This project, called IntACom, is aiming to deliver a four-fold increase

QinetiQ in the speed of inspection by using robots able AirbusDS's DAZZLE optical to automatically scan large components such as communications technology share (securely) massive amounts of data or act as composite winglets. could provide a lightweight, airborne relays — above the clouds. Automation promises faster, more precise and secure data transmission more consistent results — although TWI notes that solution for high-altitude pseudo-satellites, such as the A visit to Q-Branch the biggest barrier may be a cultural one — as the company's own Zephyr UAV. task of skilled human operators in NDT moves from Also based in Cardiff is BCB International, a an active to a supervisory role. A major driver for company which provides equipment for military, law this automation is speed, says TWI, as very often enforcement, special forces and survival sectors. the NDT department can be the bottleneck in While many of its products might be classifi ed as manufacturing process. practical but low-tech, such as camoufl age cream, or Even further in the future, the specialists at TWI aircrew combat survival kits, it also has a dedicated are also in the early stages of considering how to R&D section — with equipment that rivals 007's adapt NDT to parts that are 3D printed/additive fi ctional Q-Branch. Among IED-resistent kevlar manufactured (AM). One exciting possiblity is that underwear and devices to stop drug smugglers/ laser metal deposition AM parts could be NDT'd as pirates' boats, the company is also now working on they are being laid-down, layer-by-layer. Checking small quadcopter UAVs for military/law enforcement parts for imperfections as they are actually being and civil applications. Its SQ-4, for example, built would make 3D printing even more effi cient. features search lights and a loudspeaker for search and rescue missions. Meanwhile, a development Conclusion of this, the Aggressor, BCB bills as the world's fi rst ‘antidrone drone’ — a high-speed (60mph) This article can only, of course, give a brief snapshot unarmed quadcopter intended to take other small of activity in the aerospace and defence sector quadcopters down by colliding with them. in Wales. Can the Welsh Government exploit However, BCB's biggest and most innovative the spotlight of the NATO Summit to attract UAV being developed is Artemis — a quadcopter more investment and companies to do business concept with four hours endurance aimed at there? Or will this brief time on the global stage maritime surveillance and border patrol missions for quickly be forgotten about? What is true is that the European Union. these companies are right at the very forefront of Interestingly — Artemis, powered by hydrogen aerospace and defence technology — not only in fuel cells is being designed so that it can land on the UK but the world. water and even recharge its batteries through wave motion while fl oating. To be able to fl y from land or BCB's quadcopter UAVs —bottom: the SQ-4 Aggressor sea platforms, BCB forsees multiple Artemis being top: sub-scale Artemis demonstrator. An example of the latest in used in reconfi gurable ‘swarms’ to conduct border, NDT imaging — a 30gigabyte- maritime and SAR operations. The ventral sensor size 3D image of the inside of turret, in BCB's literature could also potentially a highly complex composite be replaced with a dipping sonar or hydrophones structure — a wasp's nest. arrangement, potentially opening up ASW missions as well. Currently in development with a smaller, battery-powered version, BCB expects the full-size (2m x 2m) Artemis to be ready in 2017.

Next gen NDT at TWI

Meanwhile, Port Talbot in South Wales is also home to a TWI (The Welding Institute)'s R&D centre. This TWI Technology Centre is focused on advanced methods of non-destructive testing (NDT) — particularly with automation, phased-array ultrasonic sensors and full matrix capture (FMC). Today, with NDT becoming ever more specialised, TWI is helping its member companies remain at the very edge of this fi eld. TWI BCB International

40 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Afterburner www.aerosociety.com

Diary 22 October Munich Branch One-day Symposium 40 Jahre Erstfl ug MRCA-Tornado

Two Tornado GR4s of 13 Squadron Royal Air Force based at RAF Marham over western Scotland. Crown copyright/Sgt Jack Pritchard RAF.

42 Message from RAeS 44 Book Reviews 52 Diary - President British Experimental Combat Aircraft of World Find out when and where around the world the War II, NASA Mission AS-508 Apollo 13 1970, latest aeronautical and aerospace lectures and “In my fi rst Comment in June, I mentioned that one Aeromedical Psychology and Speedbird. events are happening. of my themes would be membership. The Council has enthusiastically endorsed this theme and has 55 Corporate Partners agreed the terms of reference for a review of 47 Library Additions Three new members join the Society’s Corporate membership to be led by the Membership Services Books submitted to the National Aerospace Library. Board over the next two years.” Partner Scheme. 48 Cody Lecture - Chief Executive 56 Elections The life and times of the Harrier. New Society members elected in the past month. “Statistics from the Engineering Council advise me that the numbers of new registrants from the 49 Photo Treasure Hunt Society have increased by 50% in the fi rst half of the year when taken in comparison with the same A selection of unidentifi ed photographs from the period in 2013. Good news indeed!” Society’s photographic library. 50 Sir Roger Bone Retires Sir Roger Bone, President of Boeing UK, looks back at Boeing’s partnership with the UK.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 41 Afterburner Message from RAeS OUR PRESIDENT

Bill Tyack In my fi rst Comment in June, I mentioned that one of a Corporate Partner of the Society and it is well my themes would be membership. The Council has worth a visit. It has an eclectic collection and it runs enthusiastically endorsed this theme and has agreed an extensive education programme. This extends the terms of reference for a review of membership to into France because during the fi nal year of WW2 be led by the Membership Services Board over the Elvington was the base for two French squadrons next two years. The objective of this major review is and over 2,000 French personnel. At a time when to develop and initiate a plan to increase signifi cantly we are remembering WW1, it is good also to spare the Society’s membership without compromising our a thought for the tens of thousands of young men professional standards. It will involve a great deal of all nations who lost their lives in the skies during of consultation. We are developing a communica- WW2. tion plan to ensure that you have the opportunity Next I was on home territory at the Farnborough to contribute and that you are kept informed. There Branch where Sir Donald Spiers HonFRAeS, Branch will be more information in AEROSPACE and on the President and Society Past-President, delivered the website over the next few months. However, I do not Cody Lecture on ‘The life and times of the Harrier’ need a review to tell me that the Society’s strengths (see p 48). Sir Donald was the scientist in charge of include the energy and enthusiasm of our members, the tri-national (Germany, UK and USA) evaluation and the diversity of the activities in which they are of the Kestrel — a pre-Harrier short take off and involved, as illustrated by some of the visits I have vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft — that proved the made over the past few days. concept of dispersed operation by STOVL aircraft. At the beginning of September I was in So he was in at the birth of the Harrier and was then Southampton to welcome delegates to the 40th involved in one way or another throughout most of European Rotorcraft Forum. I stayed for two days of its service. This was history told by a participant, who I DO NOT NEED the fi ve-day conference and I was struck by the cali- was able to explain the concepts, the detail and the A REVIEW TO bre of the delegates from all over Europe and from politics; so it was compelling. The story was embel- much further afi eld, and the quality of the papers lished by comments from others in the audience TELL ME THAT presented. Congratulations are due to the who had been involved, including Sir John Charnley. THE SOCIETY’S international organising committee led by Dr Richard Two days later I was a guest of the Cambridge STRENGTHS Markiewicz FRAeS. In addition the other members Branch for a lecture by David Stewart from Hybrid of the Rotorcraft Group and the Society’s staff Air Vehicles on the Airlander project (see below). INCLUDE THE played major roles in delivering a successful event. I This is a fascinating scheme to develop modern ENERGY AND have no doubt that their efforts have enhanced the lighter-than-air vehicles for transport, surveillance or ENTHUSIASM Society’s reputation. communications, which use a combination of OF OUR On Sunday 7 September I visited the Yorkshire aerostatic, aerodynamic and vectored thrust lift. Air Museum at Elvington for the annual Allied Air Last month I mentioned the President’s Confer- MEMBERS, Forces Memorial Service (see p 54). This was a ence on ‘The Strategic Choices for Space’. I have AND THE memorable occasion attended by local dignitaries since discovered that, by pure serendipity, this is DIVERSITY OF and ex-Service organisations, a very smart being held during World Space Week, 4 to 10 THE ACTIVITIES contingent from the Air Training Corps, and October, which was established by the United Nations representatives of the air forces of Australia, in 1999 “to celebrate each year at the international IN WHICH THEY Canada, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand level the contributions of space science and technol- ARE INVOLVED and the USA, as well as the RAF. The museum is ogy to the betterment of the human condition.”

CAMBRIDGE BRANCH INAUGURAL SEASON LECTURE

On 11 September, after an opening address by the Society’s President, Air Cdre Bill Tyack, an audience of nearly 200 at the inaugural lecture of the new season at the Cambridge Branch heard the fasci- nating story of how the Hybrid Air Vehicles Airlander Right: From left: Dave project is evolving at Cardington. The sole surviving Whitehead, Cambridge example of the US Army’s LEMV project, cancelled Branch Vice-Chairman; Air Cdre Bill Tyack, RAeS after only one fl ight, has been reassembled there President; David Stewart, and re-infl ated. David Stewart, HAV’s Head of Flight Head of Flight Sciences, Sciences, outlined the preparations to return this HAV; and Mike Hawkins, unique vehicle, part-airship, part-aircraft, to fl ight and Cambridge Branch Chairman. Robin Aveling, Cambridge Branch gave an intriguing insight into their plans to develop Photographer. and employ these craft.

42 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 OUR CHIEF EXECUTIVE

Simon C Luxmoore  Howard Wheeldon’s commentary which has choosing from either a morning or afternoon been made available to Members and Fellows, session — and all group bookings must be has been very well received as being both authorised through the Careers team to ensure topical and thought-provoking. Clearly it does we can safely accommodate you all. For full not seek to project the Society’s position on details please turn to pp 36-37 and help us the issues of the day, however, to have an make this our best fair yet. independent analyst of Howard’s stature provide  August and September are important months us with the opportunity to gain some insight on for planning our activities in 2015. We have topical matters is something I consider to be discussed a whole range of topics and speakers of value. We do not automatically issue all of for our Corporate Partner briefi ngs prior to Howard’s mostly daily commentaries, limiting establishing a calendar of events. This year A 3% GROWTH circulation to those which have some relevance we will not be organising the annual half-day to our broad industry interests. seminar in the month of January, opting instead IN OUR PAYING  Statistics from the Engineering Council advise to hold an additional two briefi ngs during the MEMBERSHIP me that the numbers of new registrants from the course of the calendar year. HAS BEEN OUR Society have increased by 50% in the fi rst half  August is also the period during which we have TARGET IN 2014 of the year when taken in comparison with the copious departmental budget meetings which same period in 2013. Good news indeed! forms the basis of the submission to the Finance AND WE HOPE  We have had great interest from industry once Committee and, following consideration, to the TO ACHIEVE again in attending Careers in Aerospace LIVE Board of Trustees. BOTH THAT 2014 and visitor registration is now open.  A 3% growth in our paying membership has TARGET AND A Following the unprecedented visitor demand been our target in 2014 and we hope to achieve in 2013, we have put into place a new event both that target and a similar target for 2015. SIMILAR TARGET format and registration procedure for 2014 But this is a challenging target when competing FOR 2015 and all visitors will need to pre-book online — against many alternative opportunities.

RAeS 2015 MEMBERSHIP SUBSCRIPTIONS

Membership Grade 2015 Notes Subscription Rate 1. CPI Rate — Average 12 months to July 2014 — 2%. £2. 2015 Membership Subscriptions increased by CPI (rounded up/down to Fellow or Companion 338 nearest £). Fellow or Companion — 20% discount 269 3. Members who have or will be reaching normal retirement age in 2015 are Member 228 entitled to pay subscriptions at the Baseline Rate. Member — 20% discount 183 4 Members who have or will be retiring during the course of the year can apply Associate Member 141 for the 20% discount on their subscriptions. Note — if the 20% discount takes Associate 130 the subscription below the Baseline Rate then the Baseline Rate will apply. E-Associate 46 5. Members have the option to pay their subscriptions by Direct Debits either in Affi liate 117 one sum in January 2015 or in ten monthly instalments from January 2015. Student Affi liate 0/44 Apprentice Affi liate 44 Baseline Rate 117

Administration Fees Grade Application Transfer Note 1: Please note the admin fees are paid in advance and are non-refundable. Fee Fee Note 2: Employees working for companies which belong to the Society’s Fellow or Companion £142 £52 Corporate Partner Scheme have the Entry and Transfer Admin Fees waived — All other grades £72 £52 check www.aerosociety.com/Corporate for details.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 43 Afterburner Book Reviews BRITISH EXPERIMENTAL COMBAT AIRCRAFT OF WORLD WAR II

supression and competition from other types. The book shows that all of the British aircraft companies, regardless of their eminence, were responsible, occasionally, for producing a ‘lame duck’. However, it would appear from the list that some established companies more than others came up with designs destined for the breakers yard. It is fair to say, in their defence, that these fi rms such as Blackburn, Boulton Paul, Gloster and Fairey had heavy commitments during this period, producing parts and sub-assemblies for other companies under the Ministry of Aircraft Production sub-contract programme. A few small little-known companies played their part in producing these ‘aerial failures’. I had never heard of the Hillson company (F Hills & Son) of Manchester. Also the Heston organisation which produced the Napier-Heston Racer may come into Prototypes, Research Aircraft Above: The fi rst prototype this category. This sleek looking machine, originally Blackburn B-48 carrier-borne designed for an attempt on the world speed record, and Failed Production Designs strike aircraft, RT651. Below: The fi rst Vickers incorporated some novel features and, although it By T Buttler Windsor bomber, DW506. completed a number of test fl ights, the machine Bottom: Hawker Tornado, never made it to the production stage. Martin- Hikoki Publications, 1a Ringway Trading Estate, HG641, powered by a Bristol Baker, of ejection seat fame, produced a machine Shawdowmoss Road, Manchester M22 5LH, UK. Centaurus radial. with the lines of a pre-war racer — completed with RAeS (NAL). 2012. 268pp. Illustrated. £34.95. ISBN 978-1- spatted undercarriage. A study of the specifi cation 902109-2-44. and photographs shows why this machine would However, it would never have matched up to its contemporaries the The author states in his introduction that the object appear from the Hurricane and Spitfi re. of the book is to discuss ‘one off aircraft — little list that some The book unearths some little known facts. known and unsuccessful’ from the period pre to For example, the Gloster company, famous for post WW2. In this challenge, unlike the subjects of established producing the fi rst British jet aircraft to fl y, the the book, he has been admirably successful. companies more E.28/39, also designed two further gas turbine The book gives a history of the aircraft from than others came powered fi ghters the E.5/42 and the Rocket before specifi cation to test fl ight. Reasons, whether up with designs going on to produce the very successful Meteor. technical of other, for their failure or non- Both these aircraft designs were abandoned. acceptance by the customer, usually the Air Ministry destined for the The book’s title could be somewhat misleading. or Admiralty, are explored and the book illustrates breakers yard Of the 40 or more aircraft designs discussed, nicely why these particular machines did not excluding those illustrated in an appendix, only ten progress to the production stage. or so were designed expressly for experimental From the late 1930s as the war became purposes. Most of the types were intended for active imminent, all areas of the British aircraft industry service — although some were subsequently used in — including, research, design, test and production test programmes. Some of the chapters would have — were expanded but of these functions, design benefi tted from a little more detail. For example the and production took priority. This situation was to Blackburn B20 and B40 fl oatplane bombers — a be expected during a wartime economy where the description of the retracting mechanism would have overriding effort in both funding and manpower been an interesting addition. was directed towards the production and further However, these are minor points in an otherwise development of existing successful models. The excellent publication. The book is packed with book shows how many of these aircraft were photographs, sketches and plans to support the subjects of this dilemma — a choice between the narrative and presents an interesting insight into this known and unknown. little known corner of the British wartime aircraft The rationale behind the demise of these industry. aircraft is discussed. These include unrealistic specifi cations, confl ict between customer and H J Murray designer, reappraisals, company sluggishness, Affi liate

44 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 NASA MISSION AS-508 APOLLO 13 1970 (INCLUDING SATURN V, CM-109, SM-109, LM-7)

An engineering insight into The story of the Apollo 13, the ‘problem’ and dramatic events in bringing the crew safely back to how NASA saved the crew of Earth have been well documented in print and on the crippled Moon mission. fi lm. Many of us will also remember fi rst hand how the Lunar Landing Module (LM) was turned into a Owners’ Workshop Manual lifeboat to allow the astronauts to survive the six- series day journey around the Moon and back. Dr Baker’s By D Baker book is a sequential, blow-by-blow account of the whole journey. It is full of fascinating technical detail about the spacecraft systems, the tank rupture in Haynes Publishing, Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset the Service Module and how the LM was utilised in BA22 7JJ, UK. 2013. 204pp. Illustrated. £21.99. a way never envisaged to take over the life-support, ISBN 978-0-85733-387-2. power and rocket systems that had to be shut down in the Command Module. It is a story of great Haynes Publishing is well known for car manuals, Astronaut John L Swigert, ingenuity and determination in the face of potential beloved by all those who have ever had to carry Jr, Apollo 13 Command disaster, which should be an inspiration to anyone Module Pilot, holds the out their own car repairs. My Mk1 Ford Escort involved in fl ying and controlling spacecraft. ‘mailbox’ a jerry-rigged copy was essential reading as a student, when I arrangement which the Apollo If I had a criticism, it is that occasionally the strict could not afford the services of the local garage. In 13 astronauts built to use the time-line of events and high level of technical detail recent years, publications have branched out into Command Module lithium gets in the way of the dramatic human narrative. hydroxide canisters to purge other technical areas, including the NASA space However, this is intended to be a technical book and carbon dioxide from the Lunar programme, resulting in a series of publications Module. its target audience will know what to expect. Overall, that mimic the style of the old car repair books but NASA. this is an important piece of work, which tells the presenting more technology and narrative of the complete story and should be on the bookshelf of projects concerned. This publication on the Apollo anyone with an interest in the Apollo programme. 13 mission is a good example of this approach, written by Dr David Baker, who worked for NASA from 1965 to 1990 and was involved in Mission Professor Martin Barstow Control during the fl ight. It would be hard to fi nd a Professor of Astrophysics and Space Science, more authoritative source. University of Leicester

AEROMEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Edited by C H Kennedy and tasks are now in their domain. As the nature of the G G Kay aviation task becomes more complex, the aviation Much of the medical fraternity does need help in the various well-written Ashgate Publishing Limited, Wey Court East, Union areas outlined in this book. In a number of the Road, Farnham, Surrey GU9 7PT, UK. 2013. 363pp. chapters, there is a bit of them — the pilots — and and easy to £65. ISBN 978-0-7546-7590-7. us — the psychologists — which is unfortunate, read content, as we all have to work together and not all pilots would help the This is the fi rst book of its kind, it is very interesting, worldwide look upon the medical profession as its informative and it is American. The historical aspects enemy. world aviation are therefore missed out on many of the early Much of the well-written and easy to read psychology contributions in WW1 by the English, German and content, would help the world aviation psychology family come French aviation medical writers. It would also have family come together and form much needed together and benefi ted from a comparative chapter about the common ground in standardisation and regulation. I difference in attitudes and psychology practices in therefore commend this book to be read by all those form much the EASA member states. concerned and interested in harmonisation, across needed The book in some chapters overruns the borders the international aviation medical and psychological common of psychology and strays into a great deal of spectrum. ground in psychiatry and aviation medicine. The psychologist cannot seek to replace the medically qualifi ed Dr Ian Perry standardisation aviation medicine specialist, many of whose original FRAeS and regulation

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 45 Afterburner Book Reviews SPEEDBIRD

The Complete History of Professor Higham was given unprecedented In producing, access to all the relevant BOAC papers and has and eventually BOAC made excellent use of Government records with the By R Higham result that we are given a deep insight into how the successfully philosophy of air transport in Britain came about; publishing, this I B Tauris & Co Ltd, 6 Salem Road, London W2 from the early years of Clive Pearson, the brittle extraordinarily 4BU, UK. 2013. 492pp. £30. ISBN 978-1-78076- relationship with the RAF (and Tedder in particular) 462-7. and leading up to the formation of RAF Transport detailed Command and the subsequent resignation of history of an The British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) four of the fi ve members of the BOAC Board in airline which was conceived as the clouds of war were gathering March, 1943. The somewhat ludicrous aircraft will probably over Europe and came into being on 1 April 1940, procurement policy of the immediate post-war years some eight months after war had been declared. That is well documented and one quickly realises that it be best 1 April was also April Fools’ Day did not go entirely mattered little whether the Government of the day remembered unnoticed but the fact that, within two months, the was from the left wing or the right; mistakes were as a pioneer continent of Europe would be overrun by German always made and frequently repeated. of jet airliners, forces probably distracted the wags of the day. The Government policy that the airline should Even the origins of the new Corporation were operate aircraft designed and produced in Britain Robin Higham as a result of unhappy events. Imperial Airways did no favours as we see with the Tudor and the has brought to (IAL) with its undisguised preference for developing Hermes which resulted in uneconomic fl eets. light a unique the Empire routes to Africa, India and beyond to There was a brief time of sunshine during the early history of the Far East and Australia had invested little in 50s with the ill-fated Comet 1 and the airline was its European route structure and a new airline by fortunate to have in its fl eet a relatively modern Government the name of British Airways Ltd was able to make collection of Argonaut and Constellations available. and Air successful inroads into the northern part of the Delays to the Bristol Britannia meant the purchase Transport continent from 1935. Poor labour relations at IAL, of the DC-7C and the Comet 4 was not an particularly with the pilot force, led to questions economic match for the B707 at the start of an era Policy over the in Parliament and the Cadman Report of 1938 of mass air transport. The purchase of the VC10 is 40 years from which made a recommendation (among others) always guaranteed to provide a good argument. 1940 to 1980 that British Airways Ltd should be given full rein in And yet, the airline survived to be merged Europe and, crucially, that the two airlines should with BEA, Cambrian and Northeast to form a new consider forming a single company to operate British Airways, though there were a few tremors between London and Paris. At no time did Cadman there as well until privatisation under the Thatcher recommend the formation of a joint airline overall, Government. nor did he propose any form of public ownership. In producing, and eventually successfully It was in fact the new Chairman of IAL, Sir John publishing, this extraordinarily detailed history of Reith, who took the two airlines into a merger to be an airline which will probably be best remembered named BOAC and it would appear to have been his as a pioneer of jet airliners, Robin Higham has decision alone (albeit with the acquiescence of the brought to light a unique history of Government and Government) to make it a public corporation, thus Air Transport Policy over the 40 years from 1940 laying down the restrictions and ethos under which to 1980. I commend it to anyone interested in air BOAC would struggle for decades to come. transport history in general and British air transport The origins of this book are equally interesting. in particular. Robin Higham, already author of Britain’s Imperial Air Canadair C-4, G-ALHK, Routes (London: G T Foulis) was, in 1960, invited by Capt Dacre Watson Atalanta, of BOAC. Sir Basil Smallpiece to place on record the history FRAeS RAeS (NAL). of BOAC since the beginning in 1940. However, circumstances changed in 1964 and it was decided that the history should not be published until further notice, and it was not until 1974 when the BOAC Board voted once again to have the history written by the same author. Though this was ready by 1978 a further delay on publication was imposed which remained for a further 26 years until 2004. Quite extraordinary bearing in mind the history written by Winston Bray (The History of BOAC 1939-1974 [Camberley: The Wessex Press]) in about 1984 and who proved to be so helpful to the present author.

46 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Library Additions BOOKS

HISTORICAL An informative review aircrew in the RFC, RNAS 2010’). Illustrated. $110. ISBN Cambridge University Press, over 12 papers of the evolution and RAF — Second edition. 978-0-87703-607-4. The Edinburgh Building, Fabulous Flying Boats: of the Bristol Aeroplane C G Jefford. Grub Street, The history of the Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK. a History of the World’s Company — from its origins 4 Rainham Close, London International Academy of 2014. 771pp. Illustrated. £75. Passenger Flying Boats. as the British and Colonial SW11 6SS, UK. 2014. 384pp. Astronautics (IAA), Swedish ISBN 978-1-107-04178-3. L Dawson. Pen & Sword Aeroplane Company founded Illustrated. £40. ISBN 978-1- Interplanetary Society, ISAS Aviation, Pen & Sword Books, by Sir George White on 19 909808-02-7. (Institute of Space and UNMANNED AERIAL 47 Church Street, Barnsley, S February 1910 — and the A welcome enlarged and Aeronautical Science) in VEHICLES Yorkshire S70 2AS, UK. 2013. major role its aircraft, engines revised edition of this major Japan, the Maruca/Masurca 320pp. Illustrated. £25. ISBN and missiles made to the reference work recording in C series of surface-to-air 978-1-78159-109-3. RAF and the defence of detail the development of missiles, the Dassault TAS Britain. The history of Bristol’s the different aircrew roles spaceplane project, Abir Concorde: a Designer’s fl ying schools, the Blenheim within the Royal Flying Corps (Knight) satellite programme, Life — the Journey to operations of No. 45 Squadron (RFC) and the Royal Air the space policy of the Nixon Mach 2. T Talbot. The History and the company’s Cold War Force (RAF), the evolutionary and Ford administrations, Press, The Mill, Brimscombe project designs are among the changes in status between the the early rocketry designs Port, Stroud, Gloucestershire subjects discussed. different roles and the training of Conrad Haas and the GL5 2QG, UK. 2013. 264pp. requirements involved. contributions of Ernst Illustrated. £14.99. ISBN 978- The Canberra in the RAF. Stuhlinger, A V Cleaver, Ary 0-7524-8928-5. Royal Air Force Historical SPACE Sternfeld, Miguel Sanchez Reminiscences of the Society. 2009. 160pp. Pena, Vasily Sergeievich evolution of the Concorde Illustrated. ISBN 0-9530345- Spacecraft Thermal Budnik and N F Gerasyuta are supersonic airliner (including 3-4. Control. J Meseguer et al. among the subjects discussed. the aircraft’s fl ight-test The evolution, operations Woodhead Publishing Limited, programme conducted in and multiple variants of the 80 High Street, Sawston, Tangier) and of the personnel famous multi-role English Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK. involved are vividly described in Electric aircraft are reviewed. 2012. 382pp. Illustrated. £160. this informal memoirs. The ‘Aries’ fl ights to the ISBN 978-1-84569-996-3. Drone Warfare: the North Pole, reconnaissance Development of Douglas F3D Skyknight. operations, FEAF and the Unmanned Aerial Confl ict. J Fernandez and P Skulski. Canberra PR9 are among the D Sloggett. Pen & Sword Published by Stratus, Poland, subjects discussed. Aviation, Pen & Sword Books, on behalf of Mushroom Model 47 Church Street, Barnsley, S Publications, 3 Gloucester The Coming of the Aerial Yorkshire S70 2AS, UK. 2014. Close, Petersfi eld, Hants War: Culture and the Fear 236pp. Illustrated. £19.99. GU32 3AX, UK (www. of Airborne Attack in Inter- ISBN 978-1-78346-187-5. mmpbooks.biz). 2014. 136pp. War Britain. M Haapamaki. Illustrated. £13.99. ISBN 978- I B Tauris & Co Ltd, 6 Salem Unmanned Aircraft 83-61421-70-2. Road, London W2 4BU, UK. Systems Innovation Incorporating numerous 2014. 255pp. £58. ISBN 978- at the Naval Research photographs, colour views and 1-78076-418-4. Guidance, Navigation and Laboratory. J Gundlach and 1/72 scale line arrangement Control 2014: Proceedings R J Foch. American Institute of diagrams, this is a detailed PAPERS of the 37th Annual AAS Rocky Aeronautics and Astronautics, pictorial survey of the carrier- Mountain Section Guidance 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, based all-weather fi ghter The X-11 Project. R G and Control Conference held Suite 500, Reston, VA 20191- aircraft and its variants which Procter. Published by the 31 January – 5 February 4344, USA. 2014. Distributed saw service in both the Korea author. 2010. 6pp. Illustrated. 2014, Breckenridge, Colorado. by Transatlantic Publishers and Vietnam wars. A concise history of the American Astronautical Group, 97 Greenham Road stretched variant of the BAC Analytical Mechanics of Society (AAS) Advances in the London N10 1LN, UK (+44 1-11 compiled by a member of Space Systems — Third Astronautical Sciences Series (0)20 8815 5994; E mark. the design project team. edition. H Schaub and J L Vol 151. Edited by A J May. [email protected]). 485pp. Junkins. American Institute of Univelt, PO Box 28130, San Illustrated. £53 [20% discount SERVICE AVIATION Aeronautics and Astronautics, Diego, CA 92198, USA. 2014. available to RAeS members on 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, 956pp + CD-ROM. Illustrated. request]. ISBN 978-1-62410- Military Aircraft Insignia Suite 500, Reston, VA 20191- $215. ISBN 978-0-87703- 259-2. of the World. J Cochrane 4344, USA. 2014. Distributed 609-8. and S Elliott. Crecy Publishing, by Transatlantic Publishers ‘Missions Considerations Flight Dynamics and 1a Ringway Trading Estate, Group, 97 Greenham Road for Direct Transfer to a System Identifi cation for Shawdowmoss Road, London N10 1LN, UK (T +44 Distant Retrograde Orbit’, Modern Feedback Control: Manchester M22 5LH, UK. (0)20 8815 5994; E mark. ‘Space Launch System Avian-inspired Robots. 2014. 142pp. Illustrated. [email protected]). 853pp. Implementation of Adaptive J A Grauer and J E Hubbard. £14.95. ISBN 978-0-95542- Illustrated. £84. ISBN 978-1- Augmenting Control’, ‘Adaptive Woodhead Publishing Limited, 687-2. 62410-240-0. Augmenting Control Flight 80 High Street, Sawston, Alphabetically arranged Characterization on an F/A- Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK. by country, a compilation of SYMPOSIA 18’, ‘DICE: Challenges of 2013. 138pp. Illustrated. £120. colour reproductions of over Spinning Cubesats’, ‘Navigation ISBN 978-0-85709-466-7. Seeing from Above: the 500 different military aircraft History of Rocketry and Design and Analysis for the Aerial View in Visual markings used by the world’s Astronautics: Proceedings of Orion Cislunar Exploration Culture. Edited by M Dorrian air forces and how they have the 44th History Symposium Missions’, ‘Spacecraft Hybrid and F Pousin. I B Tauris & Co changed over the decades. of the International Academy Control at NASA’ and ‘Fault Ltd, 6 Salem Road, London of Astronautics, Prague, Czech Recovery Strategies for A Pictorial History of W2 4BU, UK. 2013. 312pp. Republic, 2010. American Autonomous Parafoils’ are For further information £16.99. ISBN 978-1-78076- Luftwaffe (1910-1960): Vol Astronautical Society (AAS) among the subjects discussed 461-0. II — 1916-1917; Vol III — History Series Vol 41. Edited over the 65 papers included in contact the National 1918. H J Nowarra. Intyprint/ by K Dougherty. Univelt, PO this proceedings. Aerospace Library. The ‘Bristol’ Connection. Intyrama, Genoa. 1964-1967. Box 28130, San Diego, CA T +44 (0)1252 701038 Royal Air Force Historical 231pp; 223pp. Illustrated. 92198, USA. 2014. 446pp + THERMODYNAMICS or 701060 Society. 2011. 184pp. DVD Supplement ‘Interview E hublibrary@aerosoci- Illustrated. ISBN 978-0- Observers and Navigators: with Dr Leslie (Les) Shepherd Heat Transfer Physics — ety.com 9530345-4-3. and other non-pilot by John Becklake — June Second edition. M Kaviany.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 47 Afterburner Society News FARNBOROUGH BRANCH CODY LECTURE The life and times of the Harrier

On 9 September, Sir Donald Spiers, President of the Farnborough Branch and a Past-President of the Society, delivered the 2014 Cody Lecture in the presence of Air Cdre Bill Tyack, current President of the Society and an audience of 110, at the BAE Systems Park Centre in Farnborough. In his lecture, entitled ‘The life and times of the Harrier’, Sir Donald focused particularly on the Tripartite Kestrel Evaluation Squadron of the early 1960s, which involved eight Kestrel aircraft (the prototype forerunner of the Harrier) and pilots drawn from the Above: Two Hawker Siddeley RAF, US and the German Airforce. He described the Kestrel FGA1s, XS689 and various different take-off and landing techniques XS695. RAeS (NAL). Left: Sir Donald, centre, with that were investigated, generally from unprepared Bill Tyack, left and Branch fi elds or woodland clearings. He illustrated these, Chairman Tim Cansdale after using rare cine-fi lm footage taken during the trials, the lecture. which was probably new to almost everyone in the audience. The result of the trials programme was a clear demonstration that the Kestrel/Harrier concept as a fast jet VSTOL aircraft was viable and practicable in military and operational terms. It led to the fi rst orders for the Harrier being placed by the RAF and USMC in the late 1960s, since when the same basic Harrier design has gone through successive developments and up-grades and has and Royal Navy, it is still very much in service with proved its worth and capability in the Falklands the US Marine Corps, who envisage continuing to confl ict and many other operational situations. Sir operate it perhaps as far out as 2030. After the Donald concluded by remarking that, while the lecture the Society President, Bill Tyack, proposed Harrier has been taken out of service with the RAF the vote of thanks.

NEW HON TREASURER FOR THE AUSTRALIAN DIVISION

The Australian Division has a new Honorary Air Cdre Noel Schmidt AM Treasurer. John King FRAeS has been appointed FRAeS, Australian Division President (left), presents the by the Council of the Division to take over from Mr Fellowship citation to John John Napier who resigned from the post. King FRAeS during a meeting The appointment of Mr King is an example of of the Australian Division the Presidential invitations working in practice. Mr Council. King who is a highly respected and experienced fi gure in the Australian aviation scene was made a Fellow under the scheme last year and shortly afterwards took the opportunity to play a more direct role in the administration of the Division by assuming the Hon Sec role. Mr King has over 20 years’ experience in defence, aerospace and other industries. He served in senior executive roles within Qantas engineering over many years including Qantas Defence Services. operations for Hawker Pacifi c. He is currently a He was the head of business development for senior aviation management consultant to the Cobham Aviation Services Australia and VP industry.

48 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Society News PHOTO TREASURE HUNT Can you help?

Who, where and when? RAeS (NAL). Two balloons alongside a railway but who, where and when? RAeS (NAL).

The Royal Aeronautical Society’s photographic library contains an ever-growing collection of well over 100,000 photographs and slides covering all aspects of aviation and aerospace from the early days of ballooning right through to the present day. Many have never been catalogued. Some 12,000 of these images have been scanned into a high- resolution digital archive over the past few years and given explanatory captions but some remain to be fully identifi ed. As the fi rst in an occasional series, here are a few currently refusing to give up their secrets. Can you help?

If you can shed any further light on these photo- graphs, please contact: Chris Male, Publications Manager, E [email protected] An Australian light aircraft but what, where and when? RAeS (NAL).

Two photographs from the same packet of negatives. A Wright Model B but who, where and when? RAeS (NAL).

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 49 Afterburner Society News SIR ROGER BONE RETIRES Growing, growing, gone

As Sir Roger Bone retires after nine years as citizens, to more than 1,700 people, with fewer than President of Boeing UK, he looks back on a period 70 ex-pats, during my time at Boeing. More than of growth and expanding partnerships between his 1,000 of those employees work in the defence side company and his country. of our business, supporting the UK’s Armed Forces with platforms and their related services on the As I retire from Boeing I can look back, as well as likes of Chinook, Apache and C-17 alongside other forward, and appreciate the signifi cance of the crucial work, such as with Support Chain Information partnership between the UK and the world’s leading Services. Our defence colleagues also support the aerospace and defence company. The past has US forces in the UK and those of our allies from been fi lled with many memorable achievements other nations too. and the future looks very bright. I have been with But it has not been all quiet on the commercial Boeing for nine years but the partnership is steeped front, with UK airlines continuing to choose Boeing in much greater history than that. It was particularly aircraft to meet their needs, the most recent being pleasing to be in this role last year as the company a commitment for the 737 MAX from Monarch. celebrated 75 years of partnership with the UK. We have already announced that GKN will supply From the deal to supply the Air Ministry with 200 Advanced Technology winglets for the 737 MAX Harvard training aircraft from our legacy company programme while QinetiQ’s wind tunnel tested North American in 1938, through to the delivery the 787, 737 MAX and 777X during product of the fi rst 787 for a UK airline, Thomson Airways, development. We have delivered 777s and 787s to and the fi rst fl ight of the Boeing-Royal Aeronautical British Airways and Virgin Atlantic is soon to be the Society Schools Build-a-Plane Challenge aircraft European launch customer for the 787-9. Ten UK and our refurbishment of the Bill Boeing Lecture operators fl y around 330 Boeing aircraft with more Theatre at No.4 Hamilton Place, 2013 in the UK still on the order book. was a year to remember. Boeing’s employees, customers, suppliers and The growth of Boeing Defence UK under the research partners in the UK have achieved amazing leadership of Mike Kurth and, since 2012, David things. Research in 2012 from Oxford Economics Pitchforth has signifi cantly boosted our locally- found that the $1·2bn that we spent with the UK hired employee base in the UK. We have gone from supply chain that year supported 55,700 UK jobs. fewer than 500 people, most of them expatriate US In 2013 that spending had risen to $1·6bn. As we ramp up production of our commercial aircraft and seek to do more to support the UK’s Armed Forces the UK economy will continue to benefi t even more Above: Sir Roger Bone, strongly from our partnership. President, Boeing UK & I now look forward to watching with interest Ireland. Boeing. Top: Boeing 787, G-TUIB, of as Boeing continues to grow under the leadership Thomson Airways. of Sir Michael Arthur and colleagues. The bond RHL Images. between Boeing and the UK is long-standing and Left: Rans S6 ultralight, strong. Long may it continue. G-YTLY, of the Boeing- sponsored Schools Build-a-Plane Challenge. Sir Roger Bone Alfonso Serrano Alcala. President, Boeing UK & Ireland

50 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Society News RAeS FOUNDATION Supporting the Royal Aeronautical Society Foundation

The Foundation was established in June 2006 to the Society at no extra cost to them. organise and co-ordinate fundraising for the Society’s charitable activities, initially the SELF ASSESSMENT GIVING Centennial Scholarship Fund and the National Aerospace Library (NAL) or other future projects as Individuals can donate any tax refund (plus GA) on directed by the Trustees. their Self Assessment Return to the Foundation.

The Foundation has supported various Society GIVING STOCKS/SHARES charitable activities, including Cool Aeronautics (educational programme aimed at primary schools), This is a tax-effective way of supporting the printing educational/career material for schools and Foundation. Gifts of shares/securities, etc. are free universities, conference for apprentices, creating of capital gains tax and can be also offset against online access for the Society’s Lectures and taxable income (both standard and higher rate) — continued its support of the Centennial individuals can deduct from tax the market value of Scholarship Fund and National Aerospace Library the shares/securities at the date of disposal (plus (NAL). The Foundation will continue this support, incidental costs). as well as supporting new initiatives encouraging young people (and the general public) within the UK LEGACIES and overseas to learn more about aviation and the Society. A member can support the Foundation by leaving a Legacy; if they have already made a Will and then Members (and non-members) can help the Society decide to bequest to the Foundation they can do so through the Foundation in a number of different by means of a Codicil. ways: LIVING LEGACIES GIFT AID Members can opt for a Living Legacy whereby they By fi lling in a Gift Aid (GA) declaration a member agree to bequeath a certain amount to the (UK only) can let the Society claim GA on their Foundation but make an annual contribution with current and past (four years) membership the proviso that the residual amount (if any) will subscriptions and any donations given to the be due from their estate on death. Note — any Society. The Society/Foundation will be able to bequests to the Foundation are exempt from claim 25p in every £1 donated. inheritance tax.

DONATIONS COVENANTS

Members can donate either by monthly or annual Members can set up a Deed of Covenant (minimum THE instalments with/through normal annual four years) to support the Foundation activities or FOUNDATION subscriptions and, if they also sign a GA declaration, give them a choice to support specifi c activities (i.e. a further 25p for each £1 donated can be claimed the purchase of 4HP, Centennial Fund, NAL/other WAS from the HMRC. activities etc). Members/donors can get tax relief on ESTABLISHED their payments. IN JUNE 2006 TO EASYFUNDRAISING If you require more information please contact ORGANISE AND By shopping online via easyfundraising (http://www. either the Finance Director or Subscriptions CO-ORDINATE easyfundraising.org.uk/causes/royalaeronautical- Department at the Royal Aeronautical Society or society) individuals can support the Foundation/ check the Society’s website (http://aerosociety. FUNDRAISING Society by purchasing their goods through this com/About-Us/raes-foundation). Also, if you FOR THE site. Whatever they need to buy, from their weekly want to know more about tax effi cient ways of SOCIETY’S grocery shop or fashion must-have, to their business supporting the Foundation/Society go to the travel, offi ce supplies or mobile phone, by buying it HMRC website at CHARITABLE via easyfundraising they will be raising money for www.hmrc.gov.uk/individuals/giving/basics.htm ACTIVITIES...

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 51 Afterburner Diary

EVENTS www.aerosociety/events LECTURES www.aerosociety/events

1 October Education and Skills Conference 2014

1 October Cierva Lecture: myCopter Prof Dr Heinrich H Bülthoff, Director, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Rotorcraft Group Named Lecture

7-9 October 4th Aircraft Structural Design Conference Structures and Materials Group Conference Queen’s University, Belfast NASA

A Red Arrows Hawk. A year with the Red Arrows will be described by Wg Cdr Ross Priday at Cosford on 16 October. Crown copyright/SAC Ben Stevenson.

BEDFORD piloted air system (RPAS) delivery? Prof Keith Hayward, ARA Social Club, Manton operations and integration in RAeS Head of Research. Joint Lane, Bedford. 6.30 pm. civil and military airspace. Dr lecture with IMechE. Marylyn Wood, T +44 (0)1933 Stuart Gilmartin. 30 October — The CV-22 353517. 25 November — Overview Osprey. Lt Col James Peterson, 8-9 October 8 October — The evolution of current fast jet fl ight test USAF. The Strategic Choices for Space of fl ight training. Dan Norman, activities. Flt Lt Young. 12.15 13 November — Attack of President’s Conference QFI. pm. the Zeppelins. Dr Hugh Hunt, 12 November — Rotorcraft 9 December — Puma University of Cambridge. handling qualities engineering: HC Mk2 — Life Extension Lecture at 6 pm, followed by 13 October managing the tension between Programme — a fl ight test buffet supper. Aerospace Medicine Group Lecture safety and performance? Prof view. Adrian Neve, Jon Hughes 11 December — The rise and Gareth Padfi eld, Emeritus and Dave Marsden. fall of the Hawker Siddeley 21 October Professor of Engineering, P1154. Dr Michael Pryce. Alternative Fuels and Propulsion Systems — Reducing Universiy of Liverpool. BRISTOL Marshalls, Cambridge Airport. Aviation’s Impact on the Environment 10 December — 55 years of Pugsley Lecture Theatre, Visitors are required to register Greener by Design Conference, held jointly with the RAeS fl ying fun. Clive Rustin. Queens Building, University of their attendance in advance Propulsion Group Bristol. 6.30 pm. Prof Jonathan with the Branch Sec at BIRMINGHAM, 24 October Cooper, T (0)117 954 5388. [email protected] or WOLVERHAMPTON AND 22 October — X-HALE: +44 (0)1223 373229. Civil Aircraft Technology Services — A First Step Towards COSFORD a very fl exible UAV for Achieving Maintenance Credits RAF Museum Cosford. 7 pm. nonlinear aeroelastic tests. CANBERRA Air Transport Group Workshop Group Chris Hughs, T +44 (0)1902 Carlos Cesnik, Professor ADFA Military Theatre. 6 pm. 29 October 844523. of Aerospace Engineering, Jon Pike, Yesterday’s Weapons for Tomorrow’s Operations 16 October — A year with University of Michigan. E [email protected] Weapon Systems & Technology Group Conference the Red Arrows. Wg Cr Ross 14 October — Restoration QinetiQ, Farnborough Priday, previously Senior BROUGH of a CA-12 Boomerang. Jim Engineering Offi cer, Red Cottingham Parks Golf & Whalley. 30 October Arrows. Country Club. 7.30 pm. Ben 11 November — Branch AGM. Outsourcing Aircraft Support = Abdicating the Airworthiness 20 November — Airbus Groves, T +44 (0)1482 Accountability A400M fl ight test programme. 663938. CHESTER Airworthiness & Maintenance Group Half-Day Workshop Anthony Flynn, Test Pilot, 8 October — Understanding The Auditorium, Customer Airbus Defence & Space. GPS without the mathematics. Support Building, Airbus UK, 31 October 18 December — The Hybrid Prof David Allerton. Chester Road, Broughton. Safety Symposium 2014 Air Vehicles Airlander project. 12 November — The Royal 7.30 pm. Keith Housely, T +44 David Stewart, Head of Flight Air Force, Battle of Britain (0)151 336 1805. 3-5 November Sciences, Hybrid Air Vehicles. Memorial Flight — Maintaining 8 October — Flying and Research Aircraft Operations historic aircraft. WO Kev Ball. operating the Hawk TMk2 Flight Operations Group Conference BOSCOMBE DOWN 10 December — Bird strike Advanced Jet Trainer. Sqn Ldr Lecture Theatre, Boscombe and airframe design. David K J Terrett, OC B Flight, IV(R) 5 November Down. Refreshments from Coldbeck — A350 Stress Sqn, RAF Valley. Brabazon Lecture: Yesterday — Today — Tomorrow: How 5 pm. Lecture 5.15 pm. Lead PRA and Test Spirit 12 November — Born to Heathrow can keep Britain at the Heart of the Global Economy Visitors please register at AeroSystems (Europe). Hull survive. Sqn Ldr Allan Scott, John Holland-Kaye, Chief Executive Offi cer, Heathrow Airport least four days in advance University, Robert Blackburn WW2 fi ghter pilot, test pilot Named Lecture (name and car registration Building. 7 pm. and display pilot. required) E secretary@ 10 December — Aircraft fi re 6 November BoscombeDownRAeS.org CAMBRIDGE and evacuation. Prof Edwin Young Persons Annual Conference 2014 14 October — Sir Henry Lecture Theatre ‘O’ of Galea, Director, Fire Safety Tizard Event. F-35 fl ight the Cambridge University Engineering Group, University 7 November testing. Sqn Ldr Jim Schofi eld, Engineering Department, of Greenwich. Careers in Aerospace LIVE 2014 F-35 Requirements Manager. Trumpington Street, Ticket only. Cambridge. 7.30 pm. Jin-Hyun CHRISTCHURCH All lectures start at 18.00hrs unless otherwise stated. 28 October — Antarctic Yu, T +44 (0)1223 373129. 7.30 pm. Roger Starling, Conference proceedings are available at helicopter operations. Lee 9 October — Unmanned E rogerstarling593@btinternet. www.aerosociety.com/news/proceedings Evans. 12.15 pm. air systems — the future of com 11 November — Remotely aerial combat and parcels 16 October — Sir Alan

52 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Cobham Lecture. Project 19 November — Aircraft Hörsaal 01.12. 6 pm. Richard of fl ight simulation. Gp Capt (0)1634 377973. Bloodhound SSC — an landing gear. Mathew Sexton, Sanderson, T +49 (0)4167 Gordon Wooley RAF Retd. 15 October — Henry’s war. engineering adventure. Wg VP Airworthiness, SAFRAN 92012. HIGHLAND Henry Lancaster. Cdr Andy Green. Bournemouth Messier-Bugatti-Dowty. 16 October — Aircraft fi re The Gallery, Elgin Library. 19 November — John University, Lecture Theatre and evacuation simulation. Prof 7.30 pm. Alex Gray, Shepherd Lecture. Helicopter KG01, Kimmeridge House. FARNBOROUGH Edwin Galea, Director, Fire T +44 (0)1224 319464. controls. Simon Ransom. Pre-booked ticketholders only. BAE Systems Park Centre, Safety Engineering Group, 12 November — Typhoon 10 December — The Royal 27 November — Adventures Farnborough Aerospace University of Greenwich. capability brief. XO 6 Sqn. RAF Naval Air Service. Air Cdre Bill of an aerospace journalist. Centre. 7.30 pm. Dr Mike 7 November — Visit to Lossiemouth. Croydon, RAF (Ret’d). Ian Parker. Cobham Lecture Philpot, T +44 (0)1252 Rolls-Royce Dahlewitz and Theatre, Bournemouth 614618. Deutsches Technikmuseum. LOUGHBOROUGH MONTREAL University, Fern Barrow, Poole, 14 October — TAG 25 November — Annual Room U020, Brockington ICAO Headquarters, 999 Dorset. Engineering and TAG Aviation. Christmas Dinner and Building, Loughborough University Street, Montréal, 18 December — Quiz Night. Greg Hoggett, MD TAG Lecture. Anglo-German Club, University. 7.30 pm. Colin Quebec. 6 pm. Dylan’s Bar (Student Union), Engineering. Farnborough Harvestehuder Weg 44, Moss, T +44 (0)1509 4 December — Assad Bournemouth University, Fern College of Technology. 20149 Hamburg. 239962. Kotaite Lecture. Capt Don Barrow, Poole, Dorset. 18 November — Marshall of 4 November — UK Apache Wykoff, President, IFALPA. Cambridge: past, present and HATFIELD operations in Libya 2011. John COVENTRY future. Terry Holloway, Marshall Room A154, Lindop Building, Blackwell, Defence Helicopter MUNICH Lecture Theatre ECG26, Group Support Executive. University of Hertfordshire, Flying School. Ehrensaal, Deutsche Museum, Engineering and Computing University of Surrey, Guildford. Hatfi eld. 6 pm. Maurice James, 18 November — A history of Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Building, Coventry University. 9 December — Green T +44 (0)7958 775441. the Merlin Engine (1929- München. 7 pm. 7.30 pm. Janet Owen, T +44 Lecture. The cabin 22 October — The e-Go 1945). Peter Maynard, 22 October — 40 Jahre (0)2476 464079. environment and crew aircraft project. Giotto Castelli, Aeronautical Historian. Joint Erstflug MRCA-Tornado. One- 15 October — John Boyd performance. Prof Michael co-founder, Director and Chief lecture with Loughborough day DGLR/RAeS symposium. Dunlop Lecture. Ejection seats Bagshaw, Kings College Designer, e-Go aeroplanes. (University) Alumni. Universität der Bundeswehr — state of the art. London. 19 November — F1 9 December — Development München. 10 am. 13 November — Annual aerodynamics. Steve Fenwick, of Heathrow Airport capacity. 29 October — Willy dinner and talk. Historic GLOUCESTER AND Head of Full Size Car CFD, Capt Jock Lowe, former BA Messerschmitt Lecture. Coventry. Hazel Noonan, Lord CHELTENHAM Lotus F1 Team. Captain and former President Flugsimulation — eine Säule Mayor of Coventry. Holiday Messier-Bugatti-Dowty, 17 December — Great RAeS. Joint lecture with der Sicherheit. Dr-Ing Holger Inn, London Road, Ryton on Restaurant Conference Room, Canadian aircraft re-born. Loughborough University Duda, Leiter Flight Dynamics Dunsmore, Coventry. off Down Hatherley Lane. Dave Curtis President and Velocity Society. and Simulation beim DLR in 10 December — Aircraft 7.30 pm. Peter Smith, T +44 CEO, Viking Air Ltd, British Braunschweig. conservation — The Dornier (0)1452 857205. Columbia, Canada. MANCHESTER 6 November — Facing 21 October — 17. Darren Priday, Manager Living with Newton Building, Salford the unexpected in flight HEATHROW Conservation Centre, RAF the bomb — operational with University. 7 pm. Bryan Cowin, — what must we do? Museum Cosford. the V-Bomber force. Alan Community Learning Centre, T +44 (0)161 799 8979. Jean Pinet, Engineer and 15 October — Macdonald. Jet Age Museum, Waterside, Harmondsworth. Apache Experimental Test Pilot, CRANWELL Meteor Park, Cheltenham Road 6.15 pm. For security helicopter operations. Staff Sgt Doctor of Psychology and East, Gloucester. 6.30 pm for Rooms 64 & 66, Whittle purposes please contact David Chris Phipps, RAF Shawbury. Ergonomics, former Head of museum, 7.30 pm for lecture. Beaumont, T +44 (0)7936 18 November — 3D printing Hall, RAF Cranwell. 7.30 Aeroformation/Airbus Training. 18 November — 55 Years of 392799. in aerospace. Phil Beard, BAE pm. Prof Trevor Kerry, E Technical University Munich, fl ying fun. Clive Rustin. 9 October — A history of Systems. Joint lecture with [email protected] Garching — Ernst Schmidt- 16 December — Salvaging Farnborough’s Royal Aircraft IMechE. Venue TBA. 6 October — I used to be an Hörsaal. crashed aircraft from the water. Establishment. Dr Graham 3 December — Atmospheric RAeS Branch Chairman — So Ian Collins, Salvage Offi cer, Rood, FAST. research aircraft. Alan Foster. what happened next? Gp Capt OXFORD Salvage and Marine Ops, 13 November — Venue TBA. Andy Tait. The Magdalen Centre, Oxford Abbey Wood. Developments in aviation 3 November — Apache ops Science Park, Oxford. 7 pm. medicine over the last 25 MEDWAY in Afghanistan. Maj Simon Nigel Randell, E HAMBURG Years. Prof Mike Bagshaw, Staff Restaurant, BAE Wilsey, OC 664 Sqn AAC. oaktree.cottage@btinternet. Hochschule für Angewandte Professor of Aviation Systems, Airport Works, Daedalus Offi cers’ Mess, RAF com Wissenschaften Hamburg, Medicine. Marconi Way, Rochester, Kent. Cranwell. 7 pm. 18 November — Berliner Tor 5 (Neubau), 11 December — The future 7 pm. Robin Heaps, T +44 Jet 1 December — Trenchard engine research at Oxford Lecture. A debate on the University. Prof Peter Ireland, future SDSR. Chaired by Paul A CV-22 Osprey from the 8th Special Operations Squadron. Lt Col James Peterson will describe Donald Schultz Professor of Stoddart. 7 pm. the CV-22 at Cambridge on 30 October. USAF/Airman 1st Class Jasmonet Jackson. Turbomachinery and Fellow of St Catherine’s College. CYPRUS Bank of Cyprus HQ, Ayia PRESTON Paraskevi (near the Hilton Personnel and Conference Hotel), Nicosia. 7 pm. Centre, BAE Systems, Warton. Antonakis Mavrides, 7.30 pm. Alan Matthews, T +357 99426499 or T +44 (0)1995 61470. E [email protected] 8 October — Additive layer 22 October — Occurrence manufacturing. Mike Murray, reporting in aviation. Marios Head of Airframe integration, Panteli, Airworthiness Air Platform, MAI, BAE Inspector, Cyprus Department Systems. Canberra Club, BAE of Civil Aviation. Systems, Samlesbury. 22 October — Wind power. DERBY Edward Green, Head of Nightingale Hall, Moor Lane, Service Sales, EMEA North. Derby. 5.30 pm. Chris Sheaf, 12 November — Reaper T +44 (0)1332 249474. operations. Wg Cdr Andrew 22 October — Aerodynamic Jeffery, UTAS. challenges of gas turbine 10 December — Flying combustion systems. Prof the A-10 Thunderbolt. Nat Jim McGuirk, Loughborough Makepeace, Experimental Test University. Pilot, BAE Systems.

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PRESTWICK TOULOUSE The Aviator Suite, 1st Floor, Symposium Room, Airbus Terminal Building, Prestwick SAS/HQ, B01, Campus Airport. 7.30 pm. John Wragg, 1, Blagnac. 5 pm. Contact: T +44 (0)1655 750270. [email protected] for 13 October — Strathaven a security pass. Airfi eld. Colin McKinnon, 21 October — Training for Chairman, Scottish Flying resilience. Capt David Owens, Club LP. Airbus Senior Director Flight 10 November — Joint lecture Crew Training Policy. with IMechE. 18 November — Experiences 8 December — Loganair. when fl ying vintage aircraft Scott Grier. — Spitfi re to Bf109. AM Cliff Spink. SEATTLE William M Allen Theater, WASHINGTON DC Museum of Flight, 9404 East British Embassy, 3100 Marginal Way, South Seattle, Massachusettes Avenue, NW, Washington. 6 pm. Washington, DC. 6 pm. 15 November — Joe Sutter 9 October — New military Black Tie Dinner and Lecture. and commercial UAV Leadership, Command and technology. A panel discussion Control — The Dowding factor. moderated by Graham The Battle of Britain 75th year Warwick, Technology Managing remembrance. Mike Lavelle. Editor, Aviation Week & Space Technology. A Sopwith 2F1 Camel leaves the fl ightdeck of HMS Pegasus. Cdr Simon Askins will describe SHEFFIELD 6 November — Destination Knowledge Transfer Centre, RNAS WW1 operations at Southend on 14 October. RAeS (NAL). asteroid. Advanced Manufacturing Park, Brunel Way, Catcliffe, WEYBRIDGE Rotherham. 7 pm. and Technology — Aerospace, Airbus Defence and Space, Licence/Passport). Advise Brooklands Museum, 28 October — Airfi x — Rolls-Royce. Gunnels Wood Road, attendance preferably via email Weybridge. 6.45 pm. Ken Scaling down reality. Simon 6 November — Landing Stevenage. 6 pm. Matt Cappell, to [email protected] or Davies, T +44 (0)1483 Owen, Airfi x. gear — ‘What goes up must E [email protected] Branch Secretary Colin Irvin, 531529. 9 December — The come down!’ Mathew Sexton, 14 October — Joint lecture T +44 (0)7740 136609. 15 October — Future future of safety in air traffi c VP Airworthiness, SAFRAN with IMechE. 6.30 pm. 1 October — The evolution propulsion. Prof Riti Singh, management. Sam Espig, Messier-Bugatti-Dowty. 4 November — Olympus of the Tornado aircraft. Cyril Cranfi eld University. NATS. satellite 25th anniversary Mannion. 5 November — The future SOUTHEND lecture. Alistair Scott and 5 November — Flight of air traffi c control. Richard SOLENT The Royal Naval Association, Steve Price. simulation. Ian Strachan. Deakin, Chief Executive, NATS. Southampton University, 79 East Street, Southend-on- 4 December — RAF Halton 3 December — Military 26 November — R K Pierson Murray Lecture Theatre. 7 pm. Sea. 8 pm. Sean Corr, T +44 fi rst landing. Francis Hanford. applications for hovercraft. Lecture. The 2014 Longitude Chris Taylor, T +44 (0)1489 (0)20 7788 0566. Prize, an aeronautical 445627. 14 October — RNAS SWINDON SYDNEY contribution. Prof John Allen, 8 October — Innovation and operations in World War 1. Cdr The Montgomery Theatre, Club Burwood, 96 Shaftesbury Fellow of the Science Museum. developments in air traffi c Simon Askins, RN. The Defence Academy of Road, Burwood. 6 pm. E control. David Hawken, Eng 11 November — Cosford the United Kingdom, Joint [email protected] YEOVIL Director, NATS. Southampton Lecture. Flt Lt Phil Sampson, Services Command Staff 1 October — Sir Charles Dallas Conference Room 1A, University, Main Engineering RAF Cosford. College, Shrivenham. 7 pm. Kingsford Smith Lecture. AgustaWestland, Yeovil. 6 pm. Lecture Theatre. 9 December — Stow Maries Anyone wishing to attend Airservices transformation to David McCallum, E david. 21 October — Advance World War 1 aerodrome. Ivor must provide details of the meet the aviation demands Mccallum@agustawestland. the state of the art: future Dallinger, Curator Stow Maries. vehicle they will be using not of the future. AVM Margaret com developments in propulsion later than fi ve days before Staib, CEO, Airservices. 20 October — Space debris. technology. Alan Newby, Chief STEVENAGE the event. Photo ID will be 10 December — Branch Prof Richard Crowther, UK Engineer Future Programmes The Lunch Pad Restaurant, required at the gate (Driving AGM. Venue TBA. Space Agency.

YAM ALLIED FORCES MEMORIAL DAY

On 7 September, the Yorkshire Air Museum at A Service of Commemoration Elvington hosted its annual Allied Forces Memorial was held in the Canadian Memorial Hangar in front of Day. This year saw a number of major anniversaries the museum’s restored Halifax to be commemorated, including the centenary of bomber. the beginning of WW1, 75 years since the start of Bill Read. WW2, and the 70th anniversary of both the D-Day landings and the French squadrons which operated from RAF Elvington. The event included a VIP reception and lunch, a parade by 100 members of local service associations, a service and lowering of ensigns. Guests included Lord Crathorne, Lord Lt of North Yorkshire, defence representatives from France, The Netherlands, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the USA, RAF Linton-on-Ouse; from the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight and the RAF Fylingdales, RAF Leeming and RAeS Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum followed by President Bill Tyack. Highlights of the day included a planned appearance from the BoBMF Hurricane Bill Read an unscheduled fl ypast by the two Lancasters and Spitfi re in the afternoon. Affi liate

54 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Corporate Partners NEW PARTNERS EVENTS

Please note: attendance at Corporate Partner Briefi ngs is strictly The Royal Aeronautical Society would like to exclusive to staff of RAeS Corporate Partners. Unless otherwise welcome the following as Corporate Partners. advised, registration for Corporate Partner Briefi ngs is at 16.30 hrs.

Monday 20 October 2014 / London Industry and SDSR 2015 Corporate Partner Briefi ng by Sir Peter Luff MP Sponsored by UTC Aerospace Systems LITTLE BLUE PRIVATE JETS LTD 7 Clarence Parade, Cheltenham, Glos GL50 3NY, Wednesday 26 November 2014 / London UK The Outlook for the British Economy E [email protected] Corporate Partner Briefi ng by Dame DeAnne Julius, Non-Executive Director, W www.littleblueprivatejets.com Deloitte UK, Roche and Jones Lang LaSalle Contact Judith Milne, Managing Director www.aerosociety.com/events For further information, please contact Gail Ward Little Blue Private Jets is an aviation consultancy E [email protected] or T +44 (0)1491 629912 advising on aircraft sale and purchase, business jet import, registration and management. We also run a private members club for business jet charter services. THE AIM OF THE CORPORATE PARTNER SCHEME IS AirLand Textron TO BRING GENERAL SIR JOHN KOTELAWALA TOGETHER DEFENCE UNIVERSITY ORGANISATIONS Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kotelawala Defence University, TO PROMOTE Kandawala Estate, Ratamalana, Sri Lanka BEST PRACTICE T +94 11 263 5268 WITHIN THE E [email protected] W www.kdu.ac.lk INTERNATIONAL TEXTRON AIRLAND LLC Contact AEROSPACE 5800 E Pawnee Bldg 88, Wichita, Kansas 67218, Sqn Ldr Jeevani Abeygoonewardene, USA Senior Lecturer SECTOR W www.scorpionjet.com Contact The only tri-service defence university in Sri Lanka Charles Gummow, Vice President with a history of 30 years, the Kotelawala Defence University (KDU) has been the pioneer in providing Textron AirLand, LLC, is a joint venture between undergraduate level education in aeronautical Textron Inc and AirLand Enterprises, LLC, engineering for over 20 years. The department focused on rapidly designing and manufacturing of Aeronautical Engineering has produced many an affordable, multi-mission tactical military competent young aeronautical engineers to the jet platform using commercially available nation to respond on the requirements of the technologies and processes — the Scorpion. nation and evolving technologies used within The realisation that a signifi cant gap existed the Sri Lanka Air Force. In keeping in par with between turboprop light attack and 4th and 5th the national policy of elevating Sri Lanka into Generation Multi-Role Strike Fighters was the an Educational and Aviation Hub in the South impetus for creation of both Textron AirLand and Asian Region, the KDU opened its doors to Scorpion. Truly a multi-role aircraft, the Scorpion civilian students as well. The department ensures offers extensive ISR/strike capabilities and a multidisciplinary learning environment for its Contact: exceptional value. The Scorpion can affordably students who range from locals as well as Africans Simon Levy execute numerous missions such as irregular and other Asian countries. Corporate Partner Manager warfare, close air support, border patrol, maritime E [email protected] surveillance, emergency relief, counter narcotics T +44 (0)20 7670 4346 and jet training. www.ScorpionJet.com

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 55 Afterburner Elections

FELLOWS Ini-Abasi Udofi a Lucas Pawsey Daniel Turner SOCIETY OFFICERS Debra Barber ASSOCIATE Douglas Wood MEMBERS President: Air Cdre Bill Tyack Ian Doubtfi re President-Elect: Martin Broadhurst Jeremy Graham James Fletcher AFFILIATES Phillip Hamblin Nikhil Sachdeva BOARD CHAIRMEN Nicholas Hartley Darren West Jose Caiado de Sousa Kevin Hiatt Simon Eddings Audit and Compliance Chairman: Carl Loller Priya Jaswal ASSOCIATES Prof David Allerton Paul Margis Stavros Karamitsos Learned Society Chairman: Prof Graham Roe Adrian Read Victoria Brown Christopher Manighetti Membership Services Chairman: John Schibler Ryan Davie Muthucumaru Dr Alisdair Wood Andrew Sephton Daniel Felton Saanthakumar Professional Standards Chairman: Paul Shakespeare Rohit Kumaran Taurayi Watyoka Prof Chris Atkin John Williams Emma Parry Clive Smith STUDENT AFFILIATES DIVISION PRESIDENTS MEMBERS Andrew Tortolano Pavel Vrana Jendi Kepple Australia: Air Cdre Noel G Schmidt Michael Baker New Zealand: Gp Capt Frank Sharp Maria Botha E-ASSOCIATES APPRENTICE Pakistan: AM Salim Arshad Anthony Burrows AFFILIATES South African: Prof Laurent Dala Hugh McDonald Susan Buckle Haddow Hamish Connechen Akshay Duvana Kevin Roffey Joseph Coppin Portia Foulkes-Williams

Recent elections to Engineering WITH REGRET The RAeS announces with regret the deaths of the Council Registration following members:

CHARTERED Sacheev Darshan Jennifer Ann Whitby Peter Brian Berry MRAeS 75 ENGINEERS Hanoomanjee Chris Matthew Leavitt Richard Bolt AMRAeS 91 James Peter Harrison Colin John Cruickshanks AFC FRAeS 69 Steven Patrick John Jody Paul Hopkins ENGINEERING Blunden Nicholas Andrew TECHNICIANS Eleanor Lettice Curtis FRAeS 99 George Bostock Joscelyne Philip John Briggs Julie Larkman Nicholas James Hood Robert William Foster AMRAeS 94 David Christopher Cormac James Glenn Hodgkiss Albert Sydney Lashmar CEng MRAeS 94 Cowley McFarlane Helen McMullan Basil Lockwood-Goose Gemma Jane Dore Christopher James Stephen James O’Brien CEng FRAeS 87 Matthew Keith Fraser Murphy Peter Lyons Affi liate 67 Evans Mark David Quick INCORPORATED ENGINEERS John Robert Percival Markham Affi liate 75 Eloise Jayne Fowler James Christopher Carl George Ennis Robson Martin Jewell Kenneth Douglas Sadd CEng MRAeS 87 Garvie Cameron Stephen Ian James Andrew Jason Andrew Green Deborah Suart Hawkins Michael Oliver Hales Ian James Turner Robert James News of members ADVERTISING Lt Col Lance Annicelli USAF CAsP FAsMA FAsHFA FRAeS has assumed To advertise in any of the Royal Command of the 9th Physiological Support Squadron (PSPTS), Beale Air Force Base, California. This specialised squadron is responsible for the physiological Aeronautical Society’s publications, support and training for all U-2 aviators conducting high-altitude worldwide website or e-media please contact: intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions. The squadron also acts as the Western Regional Training Center for mission-specifi c physiological and Emma Bossom performance optimisation training for DoD, NASA, and FAA aircrew, high-altitude parachutists and support personnel. Additionally, the 9th PSPTS is responsible T +44 (0)20 7670 4342 for full pressure suit (FPS) maintenance and support to the 9th Reconnaissance E [email protected] Wing, DoD and NASA as the USAF FPS depot maintenance and supply centre.

56 AEROSPACE / OCTOBER 2014 Society NewsNEW

ROYAL AERONAUTICAL SOCIETY No.4 Hamilton Place An international conference LONDON W1

and tradeshow for the civil The Proprietors again beg to inform the Nobility, Gentry and Public of the aviation training industry Aerospace & 10-11 February 2015 Incheon, Republic of Korea Aviation Book Fair Monday, 17 November 2014 11.00-18.00 AAETS aims to develop professional A great opportunity to browse and buy from a range of training and educational support aviation booksellers and publishers. programmes for safer and more Visit the National Aerospace Library stand selling a efficient operations in commercial large range of new/secondhand books and journals. aviation, airport and air traffic management. Partake from the RAeS merchandise range. FREE ADMISSION For more information visit halldale.com/aaets Please contact the Conference and Events Department to RSVP: T +44 (0)20 7670 4345 E [email protected]

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Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com OCTOBER 2014 57 The Last Word

COMMENTARY FROM Professor Keith Hayward RAeS Head of Research

The truth is out there

I spent some fun days this summer in the National Some of these failings were caused by the Archive where documents reveal ministers and pressures of Korean War rearmament, and the offi cials desperate to explain, if not to cover earlier failure to push ahead with more advanced up, procurement failures. Reading the stark jet-engined aircraft in the late 1940s. It was also a contemporary record of issues and events one case of far too many projects with limited prospects. realises just how often we tend to view British aviation in the 1950s through a rose-tinted lens. Tailoring airliners and ignoring world markets Just how many aircraft of that era can be Trident and VC10 were tailored too closely to regarded as commercial or technical successes, or nationalised airline requirements — a payment for capable of matching world standards? Not many. government-required launch orders — to make The Viscount, Canberra and Hunter: these were much headway in world markets. The Vickers VC7 all worthy of the word success. The V-bombers might have matched Boeing and Douglas, had the — perhaps one too many — came in on time and government put money into the project and if it roughly on price to do what they were specifi ed to could have delivered the seat-mile economies of the do. So did the Lightning. But not many others: some 707. And had the government, pressed to save de performed as specifi ed and did a job for the UK Havilland from the Comet disaster, been prepared armed services but not many were sold overseas. directly to support the project once the RAF had And, in today’s money, the cost was over £35bn for turned down the V-1000 fast support transport — a military aircraft development and production alone. project that had already cost £75m in today’s money. Not something from a Conservative administration Swift by name but not in procurement terms looking to retreat from direct funding for civil aircraft What was obvious from the public record of the was prepared to do, although it would sanction a 1955 procurement crisis — two years before the ‘buy British’ policy for the nationalised airlines. notorious Sandys White Paper — is that the UK had too many poorly conceived, poorly managed And Plowden to follow and economically unsustainable projects. The Supermarine Swift came to personify the era: So where are we now? Just short of 50 years rushed into production before fully developed, from the Plowden Report that sought to draw a unacceptable to the RAF until the sixth version and line under the 1950s. This was not a particularly then only in a marginal role. At what cost? Well, half prescient view of the future, and its unilateral a billion in today’s money, perhaps the bronze medal abandonment of national airframe development of UK procurement failures. (not engines — that took a bankruptcy to deliver The silver medal goes to the TSR-2 lobby some hubris) undermined the UK’s position in emerging collaborative negotiations. Nevertheless, THE SHIFT FROM projects — a wonderful aircraft axed before its time, according to its hindsight advocates. Yet, the shift from a national to a European perspective A NATIONAL TO with its avionics unproven and other equipment was ultimately the UK’s salvation: from TSR-2, the A EUROPEAN under development and a billion pounds already Tornado, and from Trident the Airbus. Not complete PERSPECTIVE spent on an order of less than 200, this was not aircraft but economically sensible. A sad but more WAS ULTIMATELY sensible economics. For the record, gold goes to realistic experience. As one industrialist once told THE UK’S later versions of the solid Nimrod ASW platform, me: “Better to have 30% of something than 100% SALVATION including the egregious Nimrod AEW. of nothing.”

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