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Volume XXXIII, Number 5/6, May/June 2011 (Published October 2012) Pyrethroid Perimeter Sprays in Structural Control

By William Quarles Agurto Diane and Pestec courtesy Photo

ver the last 20 years, there have been significant Ochanges in the methods of structural . For instance, there has been a general switch from spray formulations to baits for pests such as cockroaches. Termite baits have been developed, and sales are currently about 30% of the termiticide market (Quarles 2010; Quarles 2009a). Businesses have evolved a more professional outlook, as reflected by the term Pest Management Professional or PMP in industry publications. This phrase is not just a change of nomenclature. Many companies now emphasize IPM methods that require more knowl- edge and more training (Quarles 2009b). However, a major holdover from Perimeter sprays are not necessary to manage ants. Exclusion, sanitation, earlier techniques is the application habitat management, spot treatments, and ant baits can get the job done. of perimeter sprays outside struc- Here a liquid bait station is being filled with a low borate bait. tures to reduce problems with ants, spiders, and occasional invaders. trol is no longer a problem. The Residual sprays are Natural applied to walls and foundations Food Quality Protection act in 1996 Like many other useful materials, and to the soil and turf to provide a led to a ban of pyrethroids evolved from a natural pesticide barrier completely sur- such as and product. A type of , rounding a building. Unfortunately, for structural pests (Quarles 1996). Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, these sprays are washed off during After chlorpyrifos and diazinon produces . These daisy- rainfall and end up in creeks, were banned, water quality in like dried flowers are called rivers, estuaries and wetlands urban areas of California temporar- (Moran 2010; Meta Research 2010). ily improved. However, perimeter Initially, the problem was mostly sprays continued, and a major con- In This Issue with , sequence of the organophosphate such as chlorpyrifos and diazinon. ban was an increase in the amount Overuse of chlorpyrifos and diazi- PyrethroidSprays 1 of pyrethroids applied, and the non led to toxic contamination of ESA Report 7 California creeks, rivers, and bays introduction of new materials such that put aquatic life at risk as indoxacarb, , and the EcoWiseNews 7 , dinote- (Johnson 2004). Calendar 9 Organophosphate contamination furan, and (CA DPR of water from structural pest con- 2010; Moran 2010). 2 Update

ments is 8-16 months, and it is 21x The IPM Practitioner is published six times more toxic to the aquatic test per year by the Bio-Integral Resource organism, Hyalella azteca, than the Center (BIRC), a non-profit corporation undertaking research and education in inte- often used . Another grated pest management. pyrethroid, , is 29x Managing Editor William Quarles more toxic than permethrin to H. Contributing Editors Sheila Daar azteca (Moran 2010; Johnson et al. Tanya Drlik 2010). Laurie Swiadon Because pyrethroid synthesis pro- Editor-at-Large Joel Grossman duces structural isomers, spray for- Business Manager Jennifer Bates mulations are often complex mix- Artist Diane Kuhn tures. Structural isomers have the same chemical composition, but For media kits or other advertising informa- , C. cinerariaefolium each one has a different three tion, contact Bill Quarles at 510/524-2567, [email protected]. dimensional structure. Some of the pyrethrum, and the dried, powdered isomers are more potent insecti- Advisory Board cides than others. For instance, George , Michigan State Univ.; Sterling flowers were first used as an insec- Bunnell, M.D., Berkeley, CA ; Momei Chen, ticide in the U.S. about 1860 is composed of four iso- Jepson Herbarium, Univ. Calif., Berkeley; (McLaughlin 1973). mers. Beta-cyfluthrin is enriched in Sharon Collman, Coop Extn., Wash. State insecticidally potent isomers and is Most of the insecticidal activity of Univ.; Sheila Daar, Daar & Associates, also more acutely toxic to Berkeley, CA; Steve Frantz, Global pyrethrum comes from natural Environmental Options, Longmeadow, MA; than cyfluthrin (Farinas 2012). Linda Gilkeson, Canadian Ministry of Envir., compounds called pyrethrins. Victoria, BC; Joseph Hancock, Univ. Calif, Flowers can be extracted with sol- Pyrethroids in California Berkeley; William Olkowski, Birc Founder; vents to produce solutions of George Poinar, Oregon State University, Water Corvallis, OR; Ramesh Chandra Saxena, pyrethrins. The natural pyrethrins ICIPE, Nairobi, Kenya; Ruth Troetschler, PTF are useful broadspectrum insecti- Several studies have shown Press, Los Altos, CA; J.C. van Lenteren, cides that are still used in organic pyrethroid toxicity in creeks, rivers, Agricultural University Wageningen, The and wetlands. Much of the contami- Netherlands. farming and structural pest control nation is due to stormwater runoff Manuscripts (Farinas 2012; CA DPR 2010: The IPMP welcomes accounts of IPM for any Olkowski et al. 1991). from structural pest control appli- pest situation. Write for details on format for Pyrethrins are quickly inactivated cations. Water contamination due manuscripts or email us, [email protected]. by sunlight. This quick inactivation to pyrethroids has been found Citations means that there are few water con- throughout California. During win- The material here is protected by copyright, ter storms, more than 50% of sedi- tamination concerns because the and may not be reproduced in any form, ment samples in a 13 km (7.8 mi) either written, electronic or otherwise without pesticides are usually destroyed stretch of the American river are written permission from BIRC. Contact within 3-12 days after they are William Quarles at 510/524-2567 for proper toxic to the aquatic organism publication credits and acknowledgement. applied (Moore 1973). Hyalella azteca. The pyrethroid Subscriptions/Memberships was found in 11 of 12 A subscription to the IPMP is one of the bene- Synthetic Pyrethroids runoff sources into the river fits of membership in BIRC. We also answer pest management questions for our members To make pyrethrins more resist- (Weston and Lydy 2012; Moran and help them search for information. ant to sunlight, however, the syn- 2010). Memberships are $60/yr (institutions/ In a study of 155 sediment sam- libraries/businesses); $35/yr (individuals). thetic pyrethroids were developed. Canadian subscribers add $15 postage. All Examples are permethrin, ples from four Southern California other foreign subscribers add $25 airmail , cyfluthrin, and bifen- bays, estuaries, or marinas, postage. A Dual membership, which includes a combined subscription to both the IPMP thrin. These manmade pesticides pyrethroids were detected in 35% of and the Common Sense Pest Control have half lives of a month or more. the samples, and the highest con- Quarterly, costs $85/yr (institutions); $55/yr They are more potent insecticides centrations were found near (individuals). Government purchase orders accepted. Donations to BIRC are tax- than pyrethrins and have greater stormwater drains (Lao et al. 2012). deductible. acute to mammals. When runoff from residential FEI# 94-2554036. Natural pyrethrins contain only sources around Sacramento, Change of Address carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, but California were monitored for a When writing to request a change of address, pyrethroids can contain in addition year, pyrethroids were found in please send a copy of a recent address label. chlorine, fluorine, and every sample. Bifenthrin was found © 2012 BIRC, PO Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707; (510) 524-2567; FAX (510) 524-1758. groups (Farinas 2012). at levels of 73 ng/liter in water and All rights reserved. ISSN #0738-968X For instance, currently one of the 1211 ng/g in sediments and was of most problematic pyrethroids is the greatest toxicological concern. bifenthrin. It contains fluorine and [The bifenthrin 96 hour LC50 for chlorine atoms that give it longterm mortality to H. azteca is 7.7 stability. Its half life in aquatic sedi- ng/liter.] Stormwater runoff was of

IPM Practitioner, XXXIII(5/6) May/June 2011 2 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 3 Update

more importance than irrigation are found in stream sediments Agurto Diane and Pestec courtesy Photo runoff in transport of pyrethroids nationwide. A recent study found into urban creeks (Weston et al. pyrethroids in 78% of stream bed 2009). samples from 36 streams in 25 Analysis of outflows from urban states. Bifenthrin was the most fre- runoff, water treatment plants, and quently detected pyrethroid (Hladik agricultural drains in California and Kuivila 2012). Investigation of showed nearly all urban runoff seven U.S. cities found pyrethroids samples were toxic to H. azteca, fre- more often in water samples from quently exceeding toxic thresholds Dallas/Fort Worth than in the other by a factor of 10. Pyrethroids were cities, suggesting a regional varia- also often found in wastewater tion of the problem (Kuivila et al. effluent, but seldom in agricultural 2012). discharges (Weston and Lydy 2010). When 30 creeks in 8 geographical Perimeter Applications locations of California were sampled near sources of residential According to Moran (2010), stormwater outflows, all 30 creeks “reported professional use remains showed toxicity to the aquatic test the vast majority (nearly 90%) of all organism, H. azteca, at tempera- estimated urban high-use pyrethroid use, both in terms of A borate liquid ant bait station is tures of 15°C (59°F). Pyrethroids installed in a planting bed. were found in all sediment samples aquatic toxicity equivalents and in at toxic concentrations. Worst con- terms of total pounds of pesticide tamination was near Los Angeles, active ingredient.” Urban high use et al. 2012). Washoff is greatest Central Valley, and San Diego pyrethroids include bifenthrin, when the pesticide is applied just regions, but creek toxicity was cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, beta- before a rainstorm, but bifenthrin found in all regions tested. cyfluthrin, permethrin and others and permethrin can be measured in Bifenthrin accounted for 67% of the shown to be a water quality prob- rain runoff from concrete 7 months mean observed pyrethroid toxicity lem. after the initial treatment (Jiang et statewide. Cypermethrin and A survey by Meta Research shows al. 2012). cyfluthrin were also important that about 83% of the pyrethroids sources of pyrethroid toxicity used in California structural pest Pest Management (Holmes et al. 2008). control are applied outside. About Awareness 50% of those applications are Pyrethroids Nationwide perimeter applications of pesticides Pyrethroids are currently the made to control ants, spiders, and most commonly used broadspec- Pyrethroids are not only contami- occasional invaders. The average trum, nonfumigant insecticides in nating streams in California. They perimeter treatment is a continuous California structural pest control band application 2 feet up (0.6 m) (CA DPR 2010). And outdoor appli- ht oreyPse n in Agurto Diane and Pestec courtesy Photo on walls and foundations and 5 feet cations of pyrethroids have resulted out (1.5 m) horizontally on soil or in increased contamination of water turf. Hard surfaces such as patios due to pesticide runoff in urban and driveways are often treated watersheds (Moran 2010). during a perimeter application Though water contamination with (Meta Research 2010). pyrethroids continues to be a prob- lem, there are signs of some posi- Pyrethroid Formulations tive changes. Problems with pesti- cide contamination of water led to Problems with water quality can creation of the EcoWise Certified® vary with the pyrethroid formula- Program in California in 2006 tion and with the application sur- (Quarles 2006). An EcoWise face. Applications to impervious Certified Service must adhere to surfaces cause the most problems. EcoWise Standards (see www.eco- The most problematic formulation wisecertified.org). EcoWise Pesticide consists of solid particles suspend- Application Standards are designed ed in a liquid or suspended concen- to reduce pesticide exposures and trate (SC). When different kinds of pesticide contamination of water Carlos Agurto of Pestec points to formulations were applied to turf, (EcoWise 2012). Pest Management an ant trail. soil, or concrete, the greatest Professionals can be trained and washoff was seen with SC formula- certified through an online course tions applied to concrete (Jorgenson (see www.birc.org).

IPM Practitioner, XXXIII(5/6) May/June 2011 3 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 4 Update

Reduction of Pyrethroids The bad news is that applications of the more potent and persistent As we see in Table 1, from 2006 pyrethroids, bifenthrin (-35.6%) and to 2010, total structural pesticide cyfluthrins (-36.3%), that have a applications in California were potent toxic effect on aquatic organ- reduced by nearly one-third, and isms have decreased less than the structural fumigants were reduced overall average for pyrethroids by more than 10%. Structural fumi- (-62.5%). Amounts actually gants account for the major portion increased compared to 2005 levels of applied pesticides in structural (CA DPR 2005; 2006; 2010). pest control. Also, the pesticide use data pre- If we look only at non-fumigant sented in Table 1 is for the whole pesticides, over the four year peri- state of California. Pyrethroid use is od, non-fumigant pesticide applica- not uniform across the state, and tions in CA were reduced by more Pyrethroid perimeter sprays are not percentage applications in some than 50% (-53.4%). Pyrethroid used by EcoWise Service Providers. areas may not have decreased as applications were reduced even much as the statewide number more (-62.5%). There were also Other certification programs such (Weston and Lydy 2012). reductions in new pesticides such as GreenPro Certified® and Green as fipronil (-61.4%) and imidaclo- Shield Certified® also allow compa- prid (-36.9%) that might have an New Label Restrictions nies to provide professionally recog- effect on water quality. The really The California Pesticide Use Data nized services that can reduce good news is that there were large show that IPM certification pro- water pollution (Quarles 2009b). reductions in cypermethrin (-71.5%), grams and voluntary reduction by a pyrethroid with especially high pest management companies have Pyrethroids Peak in 2006 toxicity to aquatic organisms (CA led to reduced applications of most Pyrethroid applications in DPR 2010; 2006; Moran 2010). pyrethroids. However, applications California structural pest control peaked in 2006. And California Pesticide Use Data for 2010, the latest year with available data, show more than a 60% reduction in pyrethroid applications compared to 2006 (see below). Certified services, in part, have led directly to a reduc- tion in pyrethroid applications, but certification programs may have also indirectly raised awareness of the problem. Knowledge of the problem may have led to voluntary reduction in overall pyrethroid use (see below). Some of the reduction seen between 2006 and 2010 might also be due to the economic recession, which may have led homeowners to save money, putting pests at a lower priority. The recession may explain some of the pyrethroid reduction, but the use of some pes- ticides increased, and the percent reduction in pyrethroid applications (-62.5%) is greater than the percent reduction in overall pesticide use (-30.4%). Furthermore, pyrethroids as a percentage of total non-fumi- gant pesticides declined from 34.7% to 27.9%. So there was a switch from pyrethroids to alternative for- mulations (see below and Table 1).

IPM Practitioner, XXXIII(5/6) May/June 2011 4 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 5 Update

of bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, and beta- Agurto Diane and Pestec courtesy Photo Alternatives to Perimeter cyfluthrin have not been reduced Sprays enough in some areas to solve the problem. The problem has been New pyrethroid label restrictions addressed by reevaluation of are good news for aquatic crea- pyrethroids by regulatory agencies tures, but pyrethroid perimeter and new label restrictions on sprays were too entrenched in the pyrethroid applications (CA DPR pest management business model 2012). to be eliminated by regulators. New pyrethroid labels by the EPA Perimeter sprays evolved as a busi- and the California Department of ness model along with the explosion Pesticide Regulation generally pro- of suburban development in the hibit applications in rainstorms and 1950s. The market was driven by to standing water on turf and soil. homeowners who saw pest free sur- Applications to impervious surfaces roundings as an essential part of have been restricted, but perimeter good property management. Pest applications to soil surfaces are still control companies were hired to permitted. provide often unneeded calendar California regulations were effec- sprays as a preventive measure tive starting July 19, 2012 and (Quarles 2009c). cover 17 pyrethroids that are But pests can be managed with- applied by California pest manage- out perimeter sprays. An IPM pro- ment businesses. Applications to gram of exclusion, sanitation, habi- vertical surfaces such as walls, Carlos Agurto installs a large KM tat management, spot treatments foundations and fencing are gener- Ant Pro® liquid ant bait station. with pesticides, and ant baits can ally limited to spot treatments, be effective in managing ant inva- crack and crevice treatment, pin sions. Spiders can be discouraged impervious surfaces and granules stream treatment of one-inch (2.54 by destroying their webs and con- cm) wide or less. But perimeter applied to soil, turf, mulch, gravel or groundcover must be swept off if trolling their food supply (Quarles band treatments “up to a maximum 2007, Hedges 1997; Klotz et al. of two feet (0.6 m) above the grade they land on impervious surfaces. 1997). level” are still allowed on vertical Prohibited Applications surfaces (CA DPR 2012). Conclusion Applications during rainstorms, Horizontal Surfaces applications to horizontal surfaces Pyrethrins and pyrethroids can be useful tools for a pest management Applications to horizontal sur- with standing water, to sewers, professional when they are used faces such as soil surface, mulch, storm drains or gutters, and to responsibly as part of an IPM pro- gravel, lawn, turf and groundcover drainage systems that link to sew- gram. However, perimeter applica- are limited to spot treatments, pin ers and storm drains are prohibit- tions of pyrethroids with long last- stream treatments, or a continuous ed. However, applications under- ing residuals and high toxicity to perimeter band treatment “three neath eaves are allowed during aquatic organisms have become a feet wide (0.9 m) or less from the rain. problem. The problem has been base of the building outward.” The Applications to horizontal sur- addressed by IPM certification pro- perimeter band treatment, however, faces that drain toward aquatic grams, voluntary reduction in appli- cannot be applied to any impervi- habitats less than 25 feet (7.6 m) cations, and new labels that pre- ous surface in that area. away are prohibited. Application to vent the most damaging applica- Broadcast treatments are not plants, shrubs and trees is prohib- tions. IPM alternatives to perimeter allowed within two feet (0.6 m) of ited if there is standing water in the sprays are available, and IPM any impervious surface. Broadcast dripline or perimeter of the plants. Certified Services in California are termiticides used in construction Preconstruction termiticides cannot leading the way. pretreatment must be covered with be applied within 10 ft (3 m) of a waterproof covering before rain- storm drain downgradient from the storms. application. Applications to windows, doors, Subsurface injections into soil, William Quarles, Ph.D., is an IPM and horizontal impervious surfaces injections into structural materials, Specialist, Executive Director of the are limited to spot treatments, rod and trench termiticides, appli- Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC) crack and crevice treatments, and a cations to underground nests, and Managing Editor of the IPM pin stream treatment of one-inch baits, foggers, and applications Practitioner. He can be reached by wide (2.54 cm) or less. Granular underneath eaves are exempt (CA email,[email protected]. formulations cannot be used on DPR 2012).

IPM Practitioner, XXXIII(5/6) May/June 2011 5 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 6 Update

References off-target transport of pyrethroid insecti- cides from urban surfaces. J. Agric. CA DPR (California Department of Pesticide Food Chem. 60:7333-7340. Regulation). 2005. 2005 Annual Klotz, J.H., L. Greenberg, H.H. Shorey, and Statewide Pesticide Use Report Indexed D.F. Williams. 1997. Alternative control by Commodity.www.cdpr.ca.gov strategies for ants around homes. J. CA DPR (California Department of Pesticide Agric. Entomol. 14(3):249-257. Regulation). 2006. 2006 Annual Kuivila, K.M., M.L. Hladik, C.G. Ingersoll et Statewide Pesticide Use Report Indexed al. 2012. Occurrence and potential by Commodity. www.cdpr.ca.gov sources of pyrethroid insecticides in CA DPR (California Department of Pesticide stream sediments from seven U.S. met- Regulation). 2010. 2010 Annual ropolitan areas. Environ. Sci. Technol. Statewide Pesticide Use Report Indexed 46(8):4297-4303. by Commodity. www.cdpr.ca.gov Lao, W.J., L. Tiefenthaler, D.J. Greenstein et CA DPR (California Department of Pesticide al. 2012. Pyrethroids in Southern Regulation). 2012. Department of California coastal sediments. Environ. Pesticide Regulation announces new Toxicol. Chem. 31(7):1649-1656. restrictions to protect water quality in Mallis, A. 1997. Handbook of Pest Control, urban areas. CA DPR Press Release, 8th ed. Mallis Handbook and Technical July 18, 2012. Training Company. Cleveland, OH. 1453 www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/press- pp. rls/2012/120718.htm McLaughlin, G.A. 1973. History of Casida, J.E. 1973. Pyrethrum, the Natural pyrethrum. In: Casida, pp. 3-15 of 329 . Academic Press, New York. pp. 329 pp. Meta Research. 2010. California 2009 urban EcoWise. 2012. EcoWise Certified Standards pesticide use pattern study. Meta for IPM Certification in Structural Pest Research and Pyrethroid Working Management. Version 2.2, February 5, Group. 19 pp. 2011. 40 pp. Bio-Integral Resource www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/registration/reev Center, PO Box 7414, Berkeley, CA aluation/chemicals/pyrethroids 94707. Moore, J.B. 1973. Residue and tolerance www.birc.org/EcoWiseCertified.htm considerations with pyrethrum, piper- Farinas, G.R. 2012. Analysis of Pyrethroid onyl butoxide and MGK 264. In: Casida, Residues in Sediments from San Diego pp. 293-306 of 329 pp. County Streams using Liquid Moran, K. 2010. Pesticides in urban runoff, Chromatography Triple Quadrupole wastewater, and surface water. Annual Mass Spectrometry. MS Thesis, San Urban Pesticide Use Data Report 2010. Diego State University. 67 San Francisco Estuary Partnership. 38 pp.http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bit- pp. stream/handle/10211.10/2437/Farinas www.up3project.org/documents/up3use _Grace.pdf?sequence=1 2010_Final.pdf Hedges, S. 1997. Ants. In: Mallis, pp. 503- Olkowski, W., S. Daar and H. Olkowski. 599 of 1453 pp. 1991. Common Sense Pest Control. Hladik, M.L. and K.M. Kuivila. 2012. Taunton Press, Newton, CT. 715 pp. Pyrethroid insecticides in bed sediments Quarles, W. 1996. Food Quality Protection from urban and agricultural streams Act. IPM Practitioner 18(10):10-12. across the United States. J. Environ. Quarles, W. 2006. EcoWise Certified, an IPM Monitoring 14:1838-1845. certification program. IPM Practitioner Holmes, R.W., B.S. Anderson, B.M. Phillips 28(1/2):11-13. et al. 2008. Statewide investigation of Quarles, W. 2007. IPM for the Argentine ant. the role of pyrethroid pesticides in sedi- Common Sense Pest Control Quarterly ment toxicity in California’s urban 23(2/3):8-20. waterways. Environ. Sci. and Technol. Quarles, W. 2009a. IPM reduces pesticides, 42(18):7003-7009. cockroaches, and asthma. IPM Jiang, W.Y., D. Haver, M. Rust and J. Gan. Practitioner 31(9/10):1-8. 2012. Runoff of pyrethroid insecticides Quarles, W. 2009b. Mainstream pest man- from concrete surfaces following simu- agement and IPM (Green) certification. lated and natural rainfalls. Water IPM Practitioner 31(1/2):1-6. Research 46(3):645-652. Quarles, W. 2009c. Rethinking the American Johnson, M., B. Luukinen, J. Gervais et al. lawn. Common Sense Pest Control 2010. Bifenthrin technical fact sheet. Quarterly 25(1):3-10. National Pesticide Information Center, Quarles, W. 2010. Baits or Barriers? Field Oregon State University Extension. 12 efficacy of subterranean termite treat- pp. ments. IPM Practitioner 32(9/10):1-9. http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/bitech.p Weston, D.P., R.W. Holmes and M.J. Lydy. df 2009. Residential runoff as a source of Johnson, W. 2004. Diazinon and pesticide pyrethroid pesticides to urban creeks. related toxicity in bay area urban Environ. Pollution 157(1):287-294. creeks: water quality attainment strate- Weston, D.P. and M.J. Lydy. 2010. Urban gy and total maximum daily load and agricultural sources of pyrethroid (TDML). San Francisco Regional Water insecticides to Sacramento-San Joaquin Quality Board, 1515 Clay St., Oakland, Delta of California. Environ. Sci. 94612. 120 pp. Technol. 44(5):1833-1840. www.waterboards.ca.gov/.../urbancrks- Weston, D.P. and M.J. Lydy. 2012. diazinon/b_final_staff_report Stormwater input of pyrethroid insecti- Jorgenson, B.C., C. Wissel-Tyson and T.M. cides to an urban river. Environ. Toxicol. Young. 2012. Factors contributing to the Chem. 31(7):1579-1586.

IPM Practitioner, XXXIII(5/6) May/June 2011 6 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 7 Conference Notes ESA 2011 Annual Meeting Highlights By Joel Grossman The RESCUE! stink bug trap is low corn root trap; a yellow panel available in hardware stores such trap; a green ACP trap; and a green hese Conference Highlights as Ace, Costco, Wal-Mart and Home panel trap. Yellow traps captured are from the Nov. 13-16, Depot. Local and national TV and the most ACP adults in urban T 2011, Entomological Society radio news coverage has featured areas. Traps were more effective of America (ESA) annual meeting in the trap. when placed in lemon or lime trees Reno, Nevada. ESA’s next annual than in kumquat trees. meeting is November 11-14, 2012, Urban Citrus Psyllid Traps Microbe Dispenser in Knoxville, Tennessee. For more “Current detection methods for information contact the ESA (10001 Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Controls Asian Citrus Derekwood Lane, Suite 100, Diaphorina citri, in urban areas Psyllid Lanham, MD 20706; 301/731- rely on the use of yellow sticky Asian citrus psyllid is a vector of 4535; http://www.entsoc.org traps,” said Kris Godfrey (CDFA, greening disease (Huanglongbing), 1220 N St, Sacramento, CA 95814; which can lead to discolored, bitter, Indoor-Outdoor Stink Bug [email protected]). “However, unmarketable citrus fruits and Trap two new traps with a slightly more eventual tree death, said Andrew Traps have been used for moni- greenish hue have been introduced Chow (USDA-ARS, 2413 E Hwy 83, toring and mass trapping stink and have captured more ACP adults Bldg 200, Weslaco, TX, 78596 bugs since at least 2002, said Qing- in some commercial citrus set- ;[email protected]). [See He Zhang (Sterling International, tings.” July/August 2010 IPMP, New Inc., Spokane, WA 99216; qing- In urban Los Angeles, California Invasives Threaten California Crops [email protected]). In 2010, and on lemons in Weslaco, Texas and Ornamentals] In California, ACP capture was compared for four Sterling International began design- Florida, and the Rio Grande Valley commercial traps, including: a yel- of Texas, agricultural areawide ing prototype stink bug traps for the larger consumer market using elements of existing RESCUE!® EcoWise News Japanese beetle and yellowjacket The EcoWise Certified program is working with EPA on environmental traps. By January 2011, after going expanding. The latest addition to the stewardship.” through 10 designs, the company list of EcoWise Service Providers is According to Hearts CEO Gerry produced a reusable RESCUE! stink the Anaheim branch of Western Weitz, “Hearts is growing at an 11% bug trap catching 50 stink bugs per Exterminator Company. Keith rate via “organic company growth” day per trap. The high-tech design Willingham, a longtime champion of with a 25% rate of growth in green lures stink bugs in, but prevents IPM methods and green pest man- branded services.” them from getting out. agement will be in charge of the Gerry said, “Hearts Pest Multiple lures are available for EcoWise service. Western Management is constantly looking baiting the trap to catch multiple Exterminator Company’s San Jose outside the traditional box of IPM Branch was certified last year. toward a new and exciting role in the stink bug species. Traps are sold A list of EcoWise Certified natural balance of our habitat. with a two week supply of attrac- Practitioners can be found on the Expanding the envelop of IPM, we tant pheromone; seven week website at www.ecowisecertified.org. are currently experimenting with pheromone supplements are also Newly certified EcoWise IPM indoor deep cleaning and allergen available. In early spring, instead of Practitioners include Herminio Lopez service, focusing on those areas of pheromone an attractive blue light of Pestec and William Denison of the the home that your cleaning crew can be used on top of the trap. The Dewey Pest Control Branch in doesn’t reach.” blue light is also effective indoors, Pacheco. “We now have on staff a company and there is no odor. Hearts Pest Management down in blogger, Donna Walker, who has Recommended trap placement for San Diego has reason to celebrate. extensive experience as a park early summer is in deciduous trees, They have just joined the EPA’s docent and the San Diego with only the bottom fins of the PESP (Pesticide Environmental Archeological Center. She regularly Stewardship) program. According to writes about insects and arachnids trap touching vegetation. Mid- to the EPA’s Frank Ellis, “PESP is an with great passion and respect.” late-summer, traps are placed on exciting, voluntary program to Hearts has a blog at www.heart- posts with only the trap fins touch- reduce the risks from the use of pes- spm.com/blog where you will find a ing the posts. Late winter, indoor ticides. I am pleased that your com- recent article about Mud Daubers traps capture stink bugs migrating pany is taking a leadership role, and a most unusual article on pre- into homes where they like to spend along with our other members, in historical pests. the winter.

IPM Practitioner, XXXIII(5/6) May/June 2011 7 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 8 Conference Notes

ht oreyMcalE Rogers E. Michael courtesy Photo which results in abnormal juice adult ACP mortality. Dried soap Asian citrus psyllid, D. citri flow and dry fruit, and for which provided little residual control. there is no cure, said David Hall The soaps killed 100% of ACP (2001 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, nymphs. Egg survival was better: FL 34945; [email protected]). 2% soap provided 63% egg mortali- ACP was in Florida in 1998; green- ty. Unfortunately, about 80-90% of ing disease arrived by 2005. By the adult parasitoid Tamarixia radi- 2001, the pest reached Texas. Now ata were killed by the soaps. The soaps were relatively nontoxic to a ACP is in all the Gulf States, lady beetle predator, killing only 5- Arizona and California. 15%. Since “soap costs much less Two insecticidal soaps (50% con- than conventional pesticides,” soaps centrations of potassium salts of are an alternative for organic citrus fatty acids) labeled for home use groves and urban landscapes. were tested against ACP and two of its natural enemies. M–Pede® and Earthworm Compost Safer® Insecticidal Soap Boosts Bumble & Concentrate were equally effective spray programs need augmentation against adult ACP: 0.8% concentra- Pollination for infestations in residential tions killed about 90% of adults; “Soil quality enhancement with orchards and backyards, trailer 2% concentrations provided 100% earthworm compost increases parks, and other non-agricultural locales. In California CDFA uses foliar Insecticides Cause Evolutionary Changes sprays and soil drenches for small residential ACP infestations that One of the hot research topics brevivitella. Protection of the plants might spread to agricultural citrus. right now is the relationship between with insecticide led to a genetic ecological interactions and evolution. change toward early flowering within In Florida, where ACP is more wide- Usually, we think of evolution as a three generations. spread, biological control agents slow process involving many life- Suppression of insects on evening such as the parasitoid Tamarixia times. When genetic changes are primrose had other consequences. radiata are released around private seen, it is often in bacteria that have Where insects were suppressed, residences. very fast generation times. evening primrose was outcompeted Asian citrus psyllid adults are Cornell University researchers by dandelion, Taraxacum officinale. attracted to the odor and color of have recently published an article The insects that were feeding on citrus flushes. Besides a phototactic that shows evolutionary changes can evening primrose were even more response to color, the pest has a occur in plants in as little as three damaging to dandelion. Where insect thigmotactic (touch) response to generations. The article also shows suppression occurred, populations of texture. These responses are used that apparently even negative dandelion exploded. to design attract-and-kill devices or processes are needed to maintain This experiment has rather pro- dispensers to attract ACP and dis- the biological world order. found implications. Food we eat gets seminate insect-killing pathogens Insects eat plants and most gar- some of its taste from defensive com- such as Isaria fumosorosea for ACP deners and farmers see this as a bad pounds produced by plants. Using control on residential and organic thing. The Cornell University calendar sprays of insecticides to citrus. researchers wanted to measure constantly keep plants insect free The USDA (Peoria, IL) has formu- changes in plants that occur as a could lead to changes in taste if lated insect pathogens such as result of exclusion of insect herbi- seeds from protected plantings are Isaria fumosorosea into dispensers vores. The pyrethroid insecticide reused each year. which infect individual psyllids that was used to prevent Also, if evolutionary changes can spread the pathogens throughout insect attacks on stands of evening happen in three generations, plants the pest population, potentially cre- primrose, Oenothera biennis. The might be able to compensate for ating epizootics. In South Texas protected stands were compared to some of the negative consequences tests of the USDA pathogen dis- controls where insect attacks were of global warming. Evolutionary penser, an Isaria fumosorosea allowed. changes might be fast enough to Plants protected by insecticides keep up with the swift climate strain isolated from whiteflies killed changed genetically over the course induced ecological changes in some 93% of ACP adults and nymphs in of three generations. Protected O. cases. four days. biennis stopped producing defensive Agrawal, A.A., A.P. Hastings, compounds such as ellagitannins. M.T.J. Johnson, J.L. Maron and J.P. Soap Cleans Up Asian Changes also occurred in plant phe- Salminen. 2012. Insect herbivores Citrus Psyllids nology. Unprotected plants have a drive real-time ecological and evolu- Asian citrus psyllid is a vector of defensive strategy of late flowering to tionary change in plant populations. Mompha Science 338:113-116.—BQ greening disease (Huanglongbing), avoid attacks of the moth,

IPM Practitioner, XXXIII(5/6) May/June 2011 8 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 9 Conference Notes Calendar attractiveness of flowers to pollina- tically significant. Even further, B. October 17-20, 2012. Pestworld, Annual Meeting tors,” and boosts bumble health impatiens colonies confined to for- National Pest Management Association (NPMA), and fertility along with pollination, age on plants from either treatment Boston, MA. Contact: NPMA, 10460 North St., said Yasmin Cardoza (North for 30 days, lost significantly less Fairfax, VA 22031; 800/678-6722; 703/352- Carolina State Univ, Campus Box weight and had lower pathogen 6762www.npmapestworld.org 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695; incidence when foraging on plants November 1, 2012. New Regulations and IPM [email protected]). When grown in VC soil. Thus, soil quality for Ants. Sponsored by UC Irvine and Santa cucumber soils were amended with enhancement has significant Clara County IPM. Isaac Newton Center, 70 West earthworm compost, bumble bees, impacts on plant-pollinator interac- Hedding St., San Jose, CA. Contact: Les Bombus impatiens, found the first tions and can directly influence pol- Greenberg, 951/827-3217 cucumber flowers faster and visited linator nutrition and thereby, over- November 4-10, 2012. Biocontrol of Bacterial longer. As well as bumble bees, all performance and health. Plant Diseases. Agadir, Morocco. Contact: cucumbers in soils amended with www.lavcha.ac.ma/biocontrol2012 vermicompost also had more of Alyssum Lowers Lettuce other native pollinators. November 11-14, 2012. ESA Annual Meeting More than an NPK soil nutrient Knoxville, TN. Contact: ESA, 10001 Derekwood “We investigated the effects of flo- Lane, Suite 100, Lanham, MD 20706; 301/731- availability effect was involved, as 4535; http://www.entsoc.org flowers had more sugars and pro- ral resources on suppression by the hoverfly Eupeodes fumipen- teins for pollinators. “It is possible December 6-8, 2012. Acres USA Conference and for plants grown in organically nis (Syrphidae) in California lettuce Trade Show. Louisville, Kentucky. Contact:800- fields, where hoverfly larvae play a 355-5353; www.acresusa.com key role in suppression of the let- tuce aphid, Nasonovia ribis-nigri,” January 7-12, 2013. 25th Advanced Landscape said Brian Hogg (Univ of California, IPM Short Course. University of Maryland, College Park. Contact: Avis Koeiman, Dept. 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley CA Entomology, 301/405-3913. email 94720; [email protected]). [email protected] “Results link alyssum to reduced crop damage, as aphids are prima- January 23-26, 2013. 33rd Annual EcoFarm rily a contaminant of lettuce.” There Conference. Asilomar, Pacific Grove, CA. were over 80% fewer lettuce aphids Contact: Ecological Farming Association, 831/763-2111; [email protected] when alyssum was interplanted with lettuce. “Although numbers of February 4-7, 2013. Annual Meeting Weed hoverfly larvae were low overall, Science Society of America. Baltimore, MD. they were far higher in the presence Contact: www.wssa.net of alyssum (flowering alyssum + water) on day 18 of the experi- February 14-17, 2013. Annual Meeting Association Applied IPM Ecologists. Hyatt ment,” compared to the control Regency, San Francisco, CA. Contact: Bumble bee, Bombus sp. (water provided) and nectar provi- www.aaie.org sion (water + honey solution) field cages, said Hogg. February 21-23, 2013. 24th Annual Moses “Increases in hoverfly fecundity Organic Farm Conference. La Crosse, WI. Contact: Moses, PO Box 339, Spring Valley, WI were primarily responsible for amended soils to be better hosts for 54767; 715/778-5775; www.mosesorganic.org effects on aphids,” said Hogg. pollinators,” perhaps by better floral “Nectar alone may not be sufficient March 4-6, 2013. California Small Farm resources boosting nutritional to enhance hoverfly fecundity.” Conference. Fresno, CA. Contact: www.californi- value, said Cardoza. Moreover, Adding floral resources to lettuce afarmconference.com bumble bee workers fed flowers fields means hoverflies have more from plants grown in vermicompost June 18-23, 2013. 70th Annual Convention, Pest energy for reproduction, as they (VC) had significantly more and Control Operators of CA. Harrah’s, Las Vegas, waste less energy traveling to dis- NV. Contact: www.pcoc.org larger ovarioles (egg tubes), as well tant pollen sources. as a higher number and larger August 4-9, 2013. 98th Annual Conference oocytes (ovary cells), which are “a Buckwheat Living Mulch Ecological Society of America. Minneapolis, measure of nutritional quality.” MN. Contact: www.esa.org “Pollen and nectar fractions of for Florida Whiteflies flowers from plants grown in vermi- “Living mulches including buck- August 10-13, 2013. Annual Conference American Phytopathological Society (APS). compost were found to have higher wheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, Austin, TX. Contact: Betty Ford, protein concentration compared to have been reported to suppress [email protected] or www.apsnet.org those plants grown in control soil,” adult whiteflies on zucchini squash said Cardoza. Nectar sugar content plants, as well as attract beneficial November 17-20, 2013. Annual ESA Meeting. also tended to be higher in VC flow- insects to the cucurbit crop,” said Austin, TX. Contact: ESA, 10001 Derekwood ers, but differences were not statis- Janine Razze (Univ of Florida, PO Lane, Suite 100, Lanham, MD 20706; 301/731- 4535; http://www.entsoc.org

IPM Practitioner, XXXIII(5/6) May/June 2011 9 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 10 Conference Notes

Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611; dropped from a seasonal average of needed. Barley and eggplant were [email protected]). “Zucchini squash, 36.6% to 13.6%.” the only plants not flowering Cucurbita pepo, is a high value veg- throughout the experiment. etable crop in Florida. Plant physio- Greenhouse Companion Natural enemies such as lady logical disorders and insect-trans- Plants beetles, minute pirate bugs, and mitted diseases associated with the parasitoids were most numerous on feeding of immature silverleaf “Companion plants can provide sticky cards in plots with pots of whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci B biotype, supplemental resources for natural dill, fiddleneck, and alyssum. are serious problems for many enemy open rearing in greenhouses Parasitoid mummies (aphid biocon- growers around the state.” and serve as pest monitoring or trol) were highest in eggplant, pep- Biocontrol tactics and the imple- trapping tools,” said Emily per, poppy, and fiddleneck; these mentation of cultural control tech- Pochubay (Michigan State Univ, could all be good banker plants for niques such as living mulches have 205 CIPS, East Lansing, MI 48824; augmentative release of aphid para- potential to reduce whitefly num- [email protected]). A 4-acre (1.6 sitoids. However, fiddleneck is hard bers and whitefly-transmitted virus- ha) certified organic lettuce and to grow and manage. es on cucurbits. herb greenhouse in Michigan was Exclusion cage experiments eval- used to test the following compan- Iowa Buffer Strips uated silverleaf whitefly preferential ion plants grown in pots: calendula, Certified organic growers in Iowa attraction to zucchini versus buck- Calendula officinalis; dill, Anethum are required to have buffer strips to wheat. The study also evaluated the graveolens; alyssum, Lobularia intercept genetically-modified (GM) whitefly predator Delphastus catali- maritime; poppy, Papaver somnifer- pollen and pesticide drift, said Kelly nae. “Our findings suggest that zuc- um; eggplant, Solanum melongena; chini squash is the preferred host pepper, Capsicum annuum; barley, Ann Gill (Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA of silverleaf whitefly when compared Hordeum vulgare; blue hubbard 50011; [email protected]). with buckwheat,” said Razze. squash, Cucurbita maxima; buck- Buffer strips can also be optimized Silverleaf whitefly headed to zucchi- wheat, Fagopyrum esculentum; cas- to increase biodiversity, conserve ni could be intercepted by tor bean, Ricinus zanzibarensis; pollinators and natural enemies, Delphastus catalinae.“Delphastus impatiens, Impatiens balsamina; and aid in pest suppression. catalinae, when used in conjunction fiddleneck, Phacelia tanacetifolia; The goal is planting locally-adapt- with buckwheat as a living mulch, and Queen Anne’s lace, Daucus ed, multi-function buffer strips could aid in the reduction of white- carota. resistant to invasive pests and last- flies on zucchini squash and the Green lacewings and minute ing many years. Six native perenni- incidence of whitefly-transmitted pirate bugs were released in plots al buffer strips were tested in 2 m2 diseases.” adjacent to the experimental plots. (21.5 ft2) garden style plots, in part Pests and natural enemies were to determine how many plant Whitefly Parasitoid monitored with yellow sticky cards. species were best for buffer strips: California Success Organic pesticides were used as 1) switchgrass; 2) CP-IA (14 species of grasses, forbs, and legumes used Eretmocerus mundus, an to restore prairies); 3) ‘Best Bet’ Aphelinidae parasitoid of the white- MSU mix (12 of 43 species; rated fly Bemisia tabaci, was last released for natural enemy attractiveness); 4) into central California in 2000 MSU 5-species subset; 5) MSU 3- along with other parasitoids as part species subset; 6) MSU 2-species of a multi-agency national program. subset (bare minimum mixture: cup “Over the course of 9 years, E. plant & meadow zizia). mundus continues to be the only parasitoid release recovered,” said About 1/3 of the midday insect Charles Pickett (CDFA, 3288 fauna sampled with vacuum devices Meadowview Rd, Sacramento, CA were beneficial insects (17% minute 95832; [email protected]). pirate bugs; 9% parasitoids; 1% “Today it is the dominant parasitoid pollinators); 63% were herbivores. attacking B. tabaci in in cen- The MSU (Michigan State Univ) tral California. Parasitism levels mixes had twice the number of ben- measured from cotton leaves with eficials and more biodiversity than high numbers of B. tabaci have the CP-IA mix optimized for Iowa. remained at 20% to 35%, up from ‘Best Bet’ MSU mix had the most less than 1.4% when first meas- natural enemies, followed by the 3 ured. The percentage of leaves Buckwheat, Fagopyrum and 5 species MSU subsets. The infested by B. tabaci in the south- esculentum plantings cost $15.50 per 75 ft2 (7 ern San Joaquin Valley have m2) of plugs.

IPM Practitioner, XXXIII(5/6) May/June 2011 10 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 11 Conference Notes

Methyl Salicylate for trap trees can be combined with Cranberry IPM other IPM techniques. For example, entomogenous nematodes can tar- Methyl salicylate (MeSA), com- get plum curculio in dropped fruit. mercially formulated as PredaLure®, is an herbivore-induced plant Roadside Mowing and volatile (HIPV) triggering plant release of HIPVs and attracting Butterfly Strips predators and parasitoids useful in Road ecology, a relatively new controlling aphids, spider mites, and field (1990s) involved with keeping other pests in agricultural settings roadside wildlife intact, has tended as diverse as corn fields and cran- to focus more on vehicle collisions berry bogs, said Cesar Rodriguez- with larger animals such as verte- Saona (Rutgers Univ, 125a Lake brates rather than invertebrates Oswego, Chatsworth, NJ 08019; like butterflies, said Dale Halbritter [email protected]). Plum curculio, C. nenuphar (Univ of Florida, 970 Natural Area Insect predator responses to Dr, Gainesville, FL 32611; dhalb001@ ufl.edu). But butterflies to some MeSA lures were monitored for be a moot question, as pests always extent are also proxies for pollina- eight weeks in 15 commercial cran- seem to find a crop.] berry bogs using paired yellow tors and other flying insects, sticky traps (unbaited control; Plum Curculio Trap Trees including beneficials. Loss of habitat MeSA lure). Significantly more adult to roads, habitat fragmentation, and lady beetles and green lacewings Pesticide spraying can be reduced habitat degradation beyond the road- were caught on two of eight sam- 99% if only perimeter or selected side are also road ecology concerns. pling dates. Significantly more adult infested trap trees are treated for In Central Florida, roadside mar- syrphid flies, Toxomerus margina- plum curculio, Conotrachelus gins include butterfly habitats. tus, were caught in traps with nenuphar, said Starker Wright Thus, roadside butterfly kills and MeSA lures on most sampling (USDA-ARS, 2217 Wiltshire Rd, mowing impacts are concerns for dates. Syrphid flies showed a point Kearneysville, WV 25430; Starker. these habitats. Along the roadside, source attraction to the lures, [email protected]). Perimeter test plots were evaluated. The test which was a surprise. rows of apple trees can act as trap plots were 600-meter (1,969-ft) Cranberry plants, which normally trees when baited with synthetic lengths divided into 200-m (656-ft) produce little MeSA, were also fruit volatiles such as benzaldehyde treatment blocks. Treatments exposed to variously aged MeSA or plum curculio aggregation included no mowing; mowing every lures in greenhouse tests. Fresh pheromone (grandisoic acid). six weeks; and mowing every three and aged MeSA lures resulted in Oviposition (egg-laying) scars are weeks (frequent mowing). Killed nearby cranberry plants producing evidence of plum curculio aggrega- butterflies were collected within 1 more MeSA. tion, indicating baited trap trees meter (3.3 ft) of either side of the Though European corn borer attract the pest. Baiting trap trees road edge for one flight season (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis is not a with benzaldehyde and grandisoic (April-Oct). Live butterflies were cranberry pest, commercially-avail- acid reduced plum curculio injury sampled along linear transects. able ECB egg masses were placed to 14.6%. Plum curculio aggrega- Floral analysis (species richness & different distances from MeSA lures tion was evident in baited trap density) utilized 1 m2 (10.8 ft2) to measure predation. ECB egg trees, and decreased with increas- quadrants. mass predation increased by 3% ing distance from the trap trees. Mowing treatments had an effect from 8% to 11% with MeSA lures. Interestingly, electroantennogram on the abundance of live butterflies, There were more syrphid flies, (EAG) activity did always predict particularly Hesperioidea (skippers) green lacewings, and lady beetles. plum curculio behavioral responses. and Papilionoidea (other butter- Numbers of parasitoids and For example, there was no EAG flies). Reducing mowing frequency ground predators from the MeSA response to benzaldehyde, which is a cultural technique to increase experiments are also being counted. was a good attractant in the field. flowers and butterfly abundance. A predatory mite not captured by Trans-2-hexenal produced an EAG The least-frequently mowed areas the yellow sticky cards was response, but no aggregation. can become “sinks” for butterflies observed eating the ECB egg mass- To prevent trap trees from com- from nearby areas or act as butter- es. A larger ecological question still peting with each other, trap trees fly (i.e. wildlife) corridors between to be answered is: What are the were spaced 50 meters (164 ft) habitats. The long-term goal is ecological effects on crop fields and apart; the idea being to have 25 designing roadside mowing sched- surrounding areas when natural meters (82 ft) on either side of the ules that conserve butterflies and enemies are attracted to MeSA lures trap tree free from competition (for other pollinators, and at the same in the absence of pests? [This might plum curculio attraction). Baited time accommodate highway safety.

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