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Non-Commercial Use Only Journal of Xenobiotics 2014; volume 4:2240 Biochemical and histopatholog- toxic chemicals have detrimental impacts on the environment, affect biological systems Correspondence: Hassina Khaldoun Oularbi, ical changes in the kidney and and are harmful to human health.1,2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Agro-Veterinary adrenal gland of rats following Pyrethroids are synthetic analogues of Sciences, University Blida 1, Algeria. repeated exposure pyrethrins I, naturally occurring insecticides E-mail: [email protected] extracted from the dried flowers of to lambda-cyhalothrin 3,4 Key words: lambda-cyhalothrin, biochemical, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. histopathology, adrenal gland, kidney. Synthetic pyrethroids are used in agriculture, Hassina Khaldoun Oularbi forestry, horticulture and public health;4,5 they Acknowledgements: the author thanks F. Research Laboratory of Animal Biology are a unique group of insecticides that com- Benddine of the Algerian Ministry of Agriculture and Physiology, E.N.S, Kouba, Algiers; prise over 30% of all insecticides used global- and Rural Development (Direction de la Department of Biology, Faculty ly.6 Their action on voltage sensitive sodium Protection des Végétaux et des Contrôles of Agro-Veterinary Sciences, University channels, voltage sensitive calcium channels, Techniques, DPVCT) for providing the lambda- cyhalothrin standard. I also thank Professor A. voltage sensitive chloride channels, GABA Blida 1, Algeria A Baz of the Animal Biology and Physiology receptors and modulation in the release of Research Laboratory (E.N.S, Kouba, Algiers, neurotransmitters especially acetylcholine, Algeria) and Professor M. Lhermitte and D. dopamine and serotonin have been suggested Patrick (Laboratoire de Toxicologie, CHRU de Abstract in their neurotoxicity.3,7-11 These persistent Lille, France) for plasma lambda-cyhalothrin con- organic pollutants are categorized as type I centration determination and technical assis- tance in the setting up of GC-MS/MS conditions. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) is a type II and type II pyrethroids, which differ in chem- ical structure and mechanisms of action, type pyrethroid insecticide widely used in pest Conflict of interests: the author declares no 12- management. This study was undertaken to II pyrethroids being more toxic than type I. potential conflict of interests. evaluate the toxic effects of LCT on the kidneys 14 Synthetic pyrethroids can have one, two or and adrenal glands of rats after subacute expo- three chiral centers so they present two, four Received for publication: 16 January 2014. sure. Twenty-eight 6-week-old male albino or eight stereoisomers respectively. Lambda- Revisiononly received: 5 March 2014. Rattus norvegicus rats were randomly assigned cyhalothrin (LCT), a type II pyrethroid Accepted for publication: 10 March 2014. to four groups. Group 1 was the control group, (C22H19CIF3NO3), is a halogenated pyrethroid This work is licensed under a Creative Commons which received distilled water. The experimen- composed of a 1:1 mixture of two stereoiso- Attribution NonCommercial 3.0 License (CC BY- tal groups 2, 3 and 4 received 20.4, 30.6 and mers, namely [(S)-a-cyano-3-phenoxy benzyl- NC 3.0). 61.2 mg/kg body weight, respectively, of LCT, (Z)-(1R,3R)-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-use administered orally over 28 days. The effects of enyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclo propane carboxylate ©Copyright H. Khaldoun Oularbi, 2014 the insecticide on various biochemical param- and (R)-a-cyano-3 phenoxy-benzyl-(Z)-(1S, Licensee PAGEPress, Italy eters were evaluated at 14 and 28 days. 3S)-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)- Journal of Xenobiotics 2014; 4:2240 Histopathological studies were carried out in 2,2-dimethyl cyclo propane carboxylate]12,15 doi:10.4081/xeno.2014.2240 the kidneys and adrenal glands at the end of (Figure 1). Alpha-cyano pyrethroid affects the experiment. Lambda-cyhalothrin, as a chloride and calcium channels, which are 8 pyrethroid insecticide, induced significant important for normal nerve function. LCT pathology in the kidney and adrenal glands increases (P 0.05) in plasma urea, creatinine, ≤ induces anxiety-like symptoms in rats and during subacute LCT exposure and to further uric acid and glucose concentrations, and ala- inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase in investigate the dose effect of lambda- nine aminotransferase and aspartate amino- Channa punctatus (Bloch).16 The residue cyhalothrin (LTC) on biochemical parame- transferase activities after 14 and 28 days. In analysis of pyrethroids is of importance in the rat plasma samples after 28 days, residual environmental science. Conventional pesti- ters. It also assesses the application of a GC- concentrations of LCT 1R, cis, S cyhalothrin cide residue analyses of pyrethroids mostly MS/MS method for LCT residual measure- (1) and 1S, cis, R, cyhalothrin (2) were clear- focus on chromatographic separation using ment in plasma. ly detected. All experimental animals showed high performance liquid chromatography, gas dose-dependent organ pathologies, such as chromatography (GC), or coupled column liq- necrotic degeneration of the adrenalNon-commercial glands uid chromatography/mass spectrophoto - and narrowed appearance of Bowman’s space, metry.12,13,17 The FAO/WHO18 suggested a GC- Materials and Methods degeneration of tubular epithelial lining, MS method for the analysis of the active widened lumen, and tissue congestion in the ingredient of lambda cyhalothrin, using Chemicals kidney. It can be concluded that lambda external standard calibration. LCT has been A pure reference standard of lambda- cyhalothrin is highly toxic for rat adrenal found to have adverse effects on many tis- cyhalothrin (C23H19CIF3NO3), (>98.9%, purity, glands and kidneys. sues: it induces stress-like symptoms and Syngenta Corp., Greensboro, NC, USA) was oxidative damage in mammalian tissues such purchased from the Ministry of Agriculture and as the liver, kidneys and reproductive Rural Development (Direction de la Protection organs.5,19,20 Histological changes provide a des Végétaux et des Contrôles Techniques, Introduction rapid means for detecting the effects of this DPVCT) of Algeria. A commercial formulation pesticide in various animal tissues and TM It is well known that pesticide usage is ben- organs, such as the kidneys and the adrenal of LCT named Karate Z (λ-cyhalothrin 50 eficial for increasing agricultural productivity glands, which perform very important physio- g/L; Syngenta Corp.) was used in the experi- and reducing insect-borne diseases. The prin- logical functions related to electrolyte home- ments. All other reagents used were obtained cipal classes of pesticides in current use are ostasis and many other aspects of normal from commercial sources: Biosolve Chimie organochlorines, organophosphates, carba- metabolism.21,22 This study therefore aims to (Valkenswaard, Netherlands) and BIOLABO SA mates and pyrethroids. Unfortunately, these provide the first detailed description of (Maizy, France). [page 8] [Journal of Xenobiotics 2014; 4:2240] Article Animals and treatment anized by cervical decapitation under light are presented as mean±SD. Statistical signifi- Twenty-eight 6-week-old male albino Rattus diethyl ether anesthesia. cance between the control and treated groups was determined by one-way analysis of vari- norvegicus rats weighing 160±10 g were Biochemical analysis obtained from CRD-SAIDAL (El Harrach, ance (ANOVA) followed by a Newman-Keuls This study involved two exposure periods of Algeria) and kept under conditions of 12 h test. Values of P<0.05 were regarded as statis- 14 days each. After 14 and 28 days of adminis- light/dark cycle and controlled temperature tically significant. tration of LCT, blood samples were collected (22±3°C). They were accustomed to laboratory from the retro-orbital sinus for biochemical conditions for 8 days. All animals had free evaluation. Plasma samples for biochemical access to a commercial standard pellet diet parameters were obtained by centrifugation of (ONAB: Office National des Aliments de Bétail, Results blood at 3000 revolutions per minute for 20 Algiers) and water ad libitum. All animals were min. Levels of plasma creatinine, blood urea, treated according to the standard procedures Body weight uric acid, glucose, alanine aminotransferase laid down by OECD guideline 407 for repeated- There were no statistically significant dif- (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase dose 28-day oral toxicity studies in rodents.23 ferences (P<0.05) between groups 1, 2, 3 and (ASAT) were measured by spectrophotometry The rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 4 during the acclimatization period. During (Shimadzu, UV-1700) using commercial assay 7 animals each. Group 1 was the control group, the experimental period, there was no statisti- kits (BIOLABO SA) according to the manufac- which received distilled water, while the exper- cal difference between group 2 and the control turer’s directions. imental groups 2, 3, and 4 received an aqueous group 1, while LCT at 30.6 and 61.2 mg/kg body solution of LCT at three different doses: 20.4 Plasma lambda-cyhalothrin weight (groups 3 and 4 respectively) decreased mg/kg b.w., 30.6 mg/kg b.w. and 61.2 mg/kg concentration the body weight and average feed intake sig- b.w., respectively, daily for 28 days by gavage. nificantly (P<0.05) compared to the other The analysis of rat plasma for lambda The toxic doses represented 1/30, 1/20 and groups. Similarly, a significant decrease was cyhalothrin was performed in a GC-MS/MS sys- 1/10, respectively, of LCT LD and were calcu- observed in the absolute weight of the kidney 50 tem, coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer lated according to the animal’s body weight on at low and middle doses, with an increase in (Quattro Micro TM GC MICROMASS®; Waters the day before dosing. The LD in our study the kidney’s relative weight at high dose. In 50 Corp., Milford, MA, USA). Chromatographic contrast,only the results indicate that treatment was 612 mg/kg body weight, which has been separation was achieved with a fused silica 24-26 with LCT did not affect the absolute and rela- used previously by other authors.
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