Oilier titles available its the ENVIRONNIEN'FAL I IEALI'H ('RllI:.RIA Other titles available in the ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTU CRITERIA series (continued): seriec include I MCIC1.11- V 38. }lcpiachlur 69 Magnetic Fields 2. Polychlorinated J3iphenyls and 39. Paraqual and Diquat 70 Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Additives Terphenvis 40. Endostit fan and Contaminants in Food 3. lead 41. Quinio/eu 71 Pentachlorophenol 4. Oxides of Nitrogen 42. leenazene 72 Principles of Studies on Diseases of Suspected Chemical 5. Nitrates, Nitrites, and 43. Chlordeconc Etiology and Their Prevention N-Nitroso Compounds 44. Mires 73 Phosphine and Selected Metal Phosphides 6. Principles and Methods or 45. (aiiiplicchlor 74 Diaminotoluenes 46. Guidehues for the Study 01 Evaluating the Foxicity 01 75 Toluene Diisoc yanates Genetic Effects in 1-luman Chemicals, Part 1 76 Thiocarbamate Pesticides - A General Introduction 7. Pliotochemical Oxidaitts I OplilattOlis 77 Man-made Mineral Fibres 8. Sulfur Oxides and Suspended 47. Suininars Report on the 78 Dithiocarbarnate Pesticides, Ethylenethiourea, and Particulate Matter Exaluation of Short-Term Tests Propylenethiourea - A General Introduction 9. DDT and its Derivatives 'or Carcinogens (Collaborative 79 DiCh lorvos It). Carbon Disu I fi tie S( iid CIII In t'ur(, .1 ests) II. Mycoloxins 48. Diniethyl Sulfate 80 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids 12. Noise 49. Acrvlamide 81 Vanadium 13. Carbon Monoxide 50. Triehloroci hylcite 82 Cypermethrin 14. Ultraviolet Radiation 51. Guide to Short- term I ests lot 83 DDT and its Derivatives - Environmental Aspects IS. Tin and Organotin Compounds Detecting Mutagenie and 84 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid - Environmental Aspects 16. Radiofrequeiicv and Microssaves Carcinogenic Chemicals 85 Lead - Environmental Aspects 17. Manganese 52. loluene 86 Mercury - Environmental Aspects 18. Arsenic 53. Asbestos and Other Natural 87 Allethrins 19. Hydrogen .ulficle Mineral Fibres 88 Polychlorinated Dibenzo-pora-dioxins and 20 Selected Petroleum Products 54 .Aiuntcioia - '- Dibenzofurans 21. Chlorine and Hydrogen 55. Ethylene Oxide 89, Formaldehyde Chloride 56. Propylene Oxide 90 Dimethoate 22, Ultrasound 57. Principles ol loxteobincue 91. Aldrin and Dieldrin _3. lasers and Optical Radiation Studies W. Resmethrins 24. 'litanium 58. Seleutum 93. Chlorophenols 25. Selected Radionuclides 59. Principles for Evaluating Health 94. Permethrin 26. Sty retie Risks toni Cheitticals During i'envalerate 27. Guidelines on Studies in I nl'ancs and Early Childhood: 95. Environmental Epidemiology The Need for a Special Aervlonitrile Approach 2,4-Dichloroplicuoxvacciie 60. Principles toi the Assessitsetsi of Acid (2,4-D) Neurobehas ioural 'toxicology 30. Principles for Evaluating Health 61. Chromium (in preparation) Rsks to Progeny Associated 62. I ,2-Dichlorocthane with Exposure to Chemicals 63. Organophosphorus Insecticides during Pregnancy - A General Introduction 31. Tetrachloroethylenc 64. Carhamate Pesticides - Methylene Chloride A General lniiodtietioii Epichlorohydrin 65. Buianols - Four Isomers 34. Chlordane 66. Kefevan 35. Extremely Low Frequency 67. 'Fetradil'oii (ElF) Fields 65. I lvdrazioe Fluorine and fluorides " Aquatic (Marine and F resh waler) Bitox i us to/il i/wed on inside hack tI) In,' This report contains the collective views of an in ternational group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environnient Programme, the Interna- tional Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization Environmental Health Criteria 96 d-PHENOTHRIN Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Orgariisation, and the World Health Organization - World Health Organization Geneva, 1990 The Interrialiona! Programme on Chemica' Salely (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisa- tion, arid the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the I PCS include the develop- ment of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. WHO library Cataloguing in Publication Data d-Phenothri ii. (Environmental health criteria 96) 1. Fsrethrins I. Series ISBN 92 4 04296 9 (NW Classification: WA 240) ISSN 0250-863X World Health Organization 1990 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Conven- tion. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications, in part or in wio, application should be made to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, (,'ieneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such appl cat jot's - The designations employed and lie presentation of the material in this publica- tion do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain tnanufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organiza- tiwi in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. ti- i nied iii tiii h nd -, SS 8304 \alniiia a -3- CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR d-PHENOTHRIN INTRODUCTION 9 I. SUMMARY, EVALUATION, CONCLUSIONS, 11 AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1.1 Summary and evaluation .1.1 Identity, physical and chemical properties, analytical methods 1.1.2 Production and use I 1.1.3 Human exposure 1.1.4 Environmental fate 12 1.1.5 Kinetics and metabolism 12 1.1.6 Effects on organisms in the environment 12 1.1.7 Effects on experimental animals and fl Vitro test systems 13 1.1,8 Effects on human leings 13 1.2 Conclusions 13 1.2.1 General population 13 1.2.2 Occupational exposure 14 1.2.3 Environment 14 1.3 Recommendations 14 IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL METHODS 15 2.1 Identity 15 2.2 Physical and chemical properties 17 2.3 Analytical methods 17 SOURCES AND LEVELS OF HUMAN AND 21 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 3.1 Industrial production 21 3.2 Use patterns 21 3.3 Residues in food 21 3.4 Residues in the environment 22 ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION 23 4.1 Transport and distribution between media 23 4.2 Photodegradation 23 4.3 Degradation in plants and soils 25 4.4 Degradation on stored foods 26 -4- 5. KINETICS AND METABOLISM 27 5.1 Metabolism in mammals 27 5.2 Enzymatic systems for biotransformation 31 6. EFFECTS ON ORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 33 6.1 Aquatic organisms 33 6.2 Terrestrial organisms 33 7. EFFECTS ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS 35 7.1 Single and short-term exposures 35 7.2 Long-term exposures and carcinogenicity 36 7.2.1 Rat 37 7.2.2 Mouse 33 7.2.3 Dog 39 7.3 Mutagenicity 40 7.4 Reproduction, embryotoxicity, and teratogenicity 41 7.4.1 Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity 41 7.4.2 Reproduction studies 41 7.5 Neurotoxicity 42 7.6 Miscellaneous effects 42 7.7 Mechanism of toxicity - mode of action 43 8. EFFECTS ON HUMANS 44 8.1 Clinical studies 44 9. PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES 45 REFERENCES 46 APPENDIX 1 55 FRENCH TRANSLATION OF SUMMARY, EVALUATION, 60 CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS MIE WHO TASK GROUP ON ENVIRONMENTAL 1-[EALTH CRITERIA FOR D-PHENOTHRIN Members Dr V. Benes, Toxicology and Reference Laboratory, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Prague, Czechoslovakia Dr S. Dobson, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Huntingdon, United Kingdom Dr Y. Hayashi, Division of Pathology, National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Tokyo, Japan Dr S. Johnson, Hazard Evaluation Division, Office of Pesticide Prog- ramme, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA (Chairman) Dr S.K. Kashyap, National Institute of Occupational Health (I.C.M.R.) Ahmedabad, India (Vice Chairman) Dr Yu. I. Kundiev, Research Institute of Labour, Hygiene, and Occu- pational Diseases, Kiev, USSR Dr J.P. Leahey, ICI Agrochemicals, Jealotts Hill Research Station, Bracknell, United Kingdom (Rap porteur) Dr J. Miyamoto, Takarazuka Research Centre, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Takarazuka, Hyogo, Japan Dr Y. Takenaka, Division of Enformation on Chemical Safety, Tokyo, Japan Representatives of other Organi;ations Dr M. Ikeda, International Commission on Occupational Health, Depart- ment of Environmental Health, Tohoku University, School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan Dr H. Naito, World Federation of Poison Control Centres and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-Shi, Ibaraki, Japan Dr N. Punja, Groupement In ernational des Associations Nationales de Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques (GIFAP), 1CI Plant Protection Division, Fenhurst, Haslemere, United Kingdom -6- Observers Dr M. Matsuo, Sumitomo Chemical Company,