Reconstructions of Transport Efficiencies

Appendix 7 Reconstructions of Transport Efficiencies

Table 11.1 Navigation conditions

River Section Section (km) Velocity of Velocity of current current (knots) (kmh)

Jinshajiang Huangcaoping to Xinkaitan 179 7 13.0 Jinshajiang Xinkaitan-Yibin 83 5.5 10.2 Xinkaitan-Yibin 83 5.5 10.2 Hengjiang Yanjin-Anbian 131 5.5 10.2 Yanjin-Zhangwo 98 5.5 10.2 Nanguanghe Luoxingdu-Nanguang 134 4.5 8.3 Yongninghe Yongning-Luzhou 131 4.5 8.3 Yongning-Luzhou 131 4.5 8.3 Upper Yibin-Luzhou 136 4.5 8.3 Changjiang Yibin-Luzhou 136 4.5 8.3 Yibin-Luzhou 136 4.5 8.3 Upper Luzhou-Chongqing 259 4.5 8.3 Changjiang Luzhou-Chongqing 259 4.5 8.3 Upper Chongqing-Yichang 658 4 7.4 Changjiang Chongqing-Yichang 658 4 7.4 Chongqing-Yichang 658 4 7.4 Middle Yichang-Hankou 615 2 3.7 Changjiang Yichang-Hankou 615 2 3.7 Lower Hankou-Yizheng 756 1 1.9 Changjiang (Hankou-Yizheng 756 1 1.9 Grand Canal Yizheng-Tongzhou 1226 0 0.0 Yizheng-Tongzhou 1226 0 0.0

Notes: Distance: measured in GIS Velocity of current (knots): Blakiston and Imperial Customs reports, for Changjiang, extrapo- lated for smaller rivers.

Table 11.2 Shipping conditions

River Section Maximum Average Day stages, Average Day stages, Duration of Stop at port + Shipping Days under Days under Days Round distance distance down distance per up round trip waits (days) season way per year way, down under trips per per day, per day, day, up (km) (days) (days) way, up year down (km) down (km)

Jinshajiang Huangcaoping to 119.7 60 3.0 15 11.9 29.0 7 180 93 19 74 6.2 Xinkaitan Jinshajiang Xinkaitan-Yibin 97.5 55 1.5 22 3.8 15.0 5 300 104 29 74 19.6 Xinkaitan-Yibin 97.5 55 1.5 22 3.8 17.0 6 300 92 26 66 17.4 Hengjiang Yanjin-Anbian 97.5 52 2.5 22 6.0 18.5 5 200 92 27 65 10.8 Yanjin-Zhangwo 97.5 49 2.0 20 4.9 15.0 4 200 93 27 66 13.4 Nanguanghe Luoxingdu-Nanguang 82.7 27 5.0 24 5.6 19.0 4 200 114 54 60 10.8 Yongninghe Yongning-Luzhou 82.7 66 2.0 23 5.7 18.0 5 330 144 37 106 18.6 Yongning-Luzhou 82.7 66 2.0 23 5.7 22.0 7 300 106 28 79 13.8 Upper Changjiang Yibin-Luzhou 82.7 68 2.0 26 5.2 13.2 3 350 191 53 138 26.5 Yibin-Luzhou 82.7 68 2.0 24 5.7 17.7 5 350 152 40 112 19.8 Yibin-Luzhou 82.7 68 2.0 23 5.9 19.9 6 350 139 35 104 17.6 Upper Changjiang Luzhou-Chongqing 82.7 86 3.0 24 10.8 23.8 5 350 203 44 159 14.7 Luzhou-Chongqing 82.7 86 3.0 23 11.3 26.3 6 350 190 40 150 13.3 Upper Changjiang Chongqing-Yichang 75.3 55 12.0 25 26.3 64.3 13 350 209 65 143 5.4 Chongqing-Yichang 75.3 55 12.0 23 28.6 74.6 17 320 174 51 123 4.3 Chongqing-Yichang 75.3 55 12.0 21 31.3 85.3 21 300 152 42 110 3.5 Middle Changjiang Yichang-Hankou 45.6 41 15.0 30 20.5 59.5 12 360 224 85 139 6.1 Yichang-Hankou 45.6 41 15.0 30 20.5 71.5 18 360 189 71 117 5.0 Lower Changjiang Hankou-Yizheng 38.8 50 15.0 32 23.6 58.6 10 360 237 92 145 6.1 (Hankou-Yizheng 38.8 50 15.0 32 23.6 68.6 15 360 203 79 124 5.2 Grand Canal Yizheng-Tongzhou 32.0 30 40.9 30 40.9 182.0 50 270 121 61 61 1.5 Yizheng-Tongzhou 32.0 30 40.9 30 40.9 182.0 50 270 121 61 61 1.5

Notes: Maximum distance/day: based on 8 h travel per day, current and propulsion Average distance/day, downriver: derived from distance and adjusted day stages Day stages, downriver: based on travel diaries and probability derived from maximum distance/ day Average distance/day, upriver: constructed from travel diaries, and probability based on currents and dangers Day stages, upriver: derived from day stages upriver and distance Duration of round trip: day stages up + day stages down + stops and waiting periods at both ends Stops at port and waiting periods: Estimated based on size of boat, importance of port and waiting periods Shipping season: Estimate based on records on Upper Changjiang, Hengjiang and Grand Canal

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Table 11.2 Shipping conditions

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Table 11.3 Boats and carrying capacities

River Section Cargo Cargo up Cargo Cargo down (tons) shipped shipped per (tons) per unit unit and year and year (bao of (tons) 100 jin)

Jinshajiang Huangcaoping to 1.3 0 8.09 135 Xinkaitan Jinshajiang Xinkaitan-Yibin 8 4 235.71 3,929 Xinkaitan-Yibin 15 8 390.79 6,513 Hengjiang Yanjin-Anbian 12 6 195.07 3,251 Yanjin-Zhangwo 2 1 40.27 671 Nanguanghe Luoxingdu-Nanguang 2 1 32.29 538 Yongninghe Yongning-Luzhou 8 5 248.64 4,144 Yongning-Luzhou 12 8 276.54 4,609 Upper Yibin-Luzhou 15 10 661.31 11,022 Changjiang Yibin-Luzhou 24 16 792.42 13,207 Yibin-Luzhou 40 27 1171.71 19,529 Upper Luzhou-Chongqing 24 16 588.42 9,807 Changjiang Luzhou-Chongqing 40 27 888.49 14,808 Upper Chongqing-Yichang 35 23 317.41 5,290 Changjiang Chongqing-Yichang 60 40 428.89 7,148 Chongqing-Yichang 80 53 468.73 7,812 Middle Yichang-Hankou 60 60 726.05 12,101 Changjiang Yichang-Hankou 80 80 805.59 13,427 Lower Hankou-Yizheng 60 60 736.89 12,281 Changjiang (Hankou-Yizheng 80 80 839.34 13,989 Grand Canal Yizheng-Tongzhou 30 30 89.14 1,486 Yizheng-Tongzhou 60 60 178.28 2,971

Notes: Boat capacities of the Upper Changjiang are based on records on downriver tonnages in mint metal transport records, Audemard, Matsuura, Worcester; and reconstructed for upriver capacities on the basis of late traditional records on the Upper Changjiang. Boat capacities on the small rivers of Southern Sichuan are based on records in Lan Yong 1999, 379, Rocher 1879, 42, Hosie 1897, 156, Mission Lyonnaise 1897, I, 79–81. Boat capacities on the Middle and Lower Changjiang and on the Grand Canal are based on mint metal records, Worcester, and Matsuura.

Nanny Kim - 9789004416178 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:35:25AM via free access Reconstructions of Transport Efficiencies 567 0.0156 0.0284 0.0182 0.0256 0.0163 0.0243 0.0041 0.0028 0.0076 0.0050 0.0075 0.0055 0.0082 0.0146 0.0120 0.0857 0.0169 0.0459 0.0150 0.0117 0.0346 0.0166 Cargo Cargo shipped per man day ( bao of 100 jin ) 0.1666 0.2274 0.1943 0.0375 0.0479 0.1943 0.0344 0.0314 0.0370 0.1108 0.1001 0.1828 0.1644 0.1826 0.1199 0.0514 0.1127 0.0688 0.1083 0.1759 0.0150 0.1329 Cargo Cargo shipped per man day (tons) 628 585 540 4,836 3,240 4,320 2,376 3,726 3,736 8,578 8,022 5,878 6,410 4,821 3,622 2,076 1,806 1,801 2,222 1,773 14,944 12,467 Total Total man days per year 0 0 0 516 486 486 496 996 228 185 873 9,587 6,828 5,922 4,128 4,310 3,071 2,572 1,266 1,201 1,322 Man of days the hired sailors per year 11,344 810 810 400 400 600 900 900 540 4,320 3,240 4,320 1,890 3,240 3,240 Man of days the crew per year 3,600 2,880 1,750 2,100 1,750 2,100 1,750 1,050 9.46 9.95 9.97 9.88 9.80 7.84 7.41 4.17 4.17 5.88 6.94 5.56 0.00 78.43 45.45 62.50 76.92 10.84 11.69 10.26 111.11 111.11 Ratio men/ bao (100 jin ), up 8.33 8.33 7.22 45.45 62.50 17.54 16.67 16.67 17.54 16.67 19.61 17.39 16.67 14.29 13.33 14.29 15.63 13.33 111.11 111.11 111.11 Ratio men/ bao (100 jin ), down 111.11 0 0 4 4 5 4 9 2 2 9 0 82 58 34 32 21 32 21 14 14 14 15 Hired Hired sailors, up 0 0 4 4 0 0 7 2 2 7 0 64 51 30 28 18 28 18 12 11 11 13 Hired Hired sailors, down 9 7 9 9 5 6 5 6 5 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 12 12 12 12 Permanent Permanent crew Yichang Yichang Yichang - - - Yibin Yibin Yizheng - Luzhou - Luzhou Tongzhou Tongzhou Yizheng Chongqing Chongqing - - - Hankou - Hankou Zhangwo Anbian - Hankou Yizheng - ( Hankou Yizheng Yichang Section Yichang Chongqing Chongqing Chongqing Luzhou - Luzhou - Yibin - Luzhou Yibin - Luzhou Yibin - Luzhou Yongning Yongning - Nanguang Luoxingdu - Yanjin - Yanjin Xinkaitan - Xinkaitan - Huangcaoping to to Huangcaoping Xinkaitan Labour inputs Lower Lower Changjiang Canal Grand Notes: Table 11.4 Table River Middle Changjiang Upper Changjiang Upper Changjiang Upper Changjiang Yongninghe Nanguanghe Hengjiang Jinshajiang Jinshajiang

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2.1657 1.5451 1.5097 3.4517 3.3492 1.5632 1.4065 0.8324 0.9774 0.8602 0.8031 0.7623 0.8433 0.9340 1.0257 10.1271 Freight Freight per rates and ton 100 km ( liang ) Freight Freight per rates bao and 100 km ( liang ) 0.6075 0.1299 0.0927 0.0906 0.2071 0.2009 0.0938 0.0844 0.0499 0.0586 0.0516 0.0482 0.0457 0.0506 0.0560 0.0615 Freight Freight per rate bao and section ( liang ) 1.0874 0.1078 0.0769 0.1186 operational cost operational 0.2029 0.2692 0.1228 0.1105 0.0679 0.0797 0.0702 0.1248 0.1184 0.3329 0.3687 0.4049 Freight rates reconstructed from from reconstructed rates Freight 146.58 423.62 501.06 385.73 136.19 144.87 416.50 458.50 748.51 Operational Operational cost + 20% ( liang ) 1,053.12 1,370.47 1,223.64 1,753.78 1,760.99 2,635.17 3,162.83 122.15 353.02 417.55 321.44 113.49 120.73 347.09 382.08 623.76 877.60 Total Total annual operational cost per boat ( liang ) 1,142.06 1,019.70 1,461.49 1,467.49 2,195.97 2,635.69 3 8 2 2 8 15 12 12 15 24 40 24 40 36 72 96 Cost of and repairs buffer ( liang ) 11.15 41.43 58.61 51.31 14.82 18.22 46.97 53.63 Cost of provisions ( liang ) 114.77 139.74 189.15 186.66 258.49 291.93 397.11 438.75 0.00 78.59 16.67 20.50 89.62 118.94 108.13 113.95 231.49 276.37 387.90 371.55 533.00 614.56 862.86 Wages Wages and extras of hired labour ( liang ) 1,020.94 Operational cost Operational 80.00 80.00 108.00 225.00 225.00 150.00 202.50 202.50 262.50 437.50 525.00 437.50 630.00 525.00 864.00 Wages Wages and extras of crew ( liang ) 1,080.00 Yichang Yichang Yichang - - - Yibin Yibin - Luzhou - Luzhou Chongqing Chongqing Anbian Zhangwo Section Huangcaoping to to Huangcaoping Xinkaitan Xinkaitan - Xinkaitan - - Yanjin - Yanjin - Nanguang Luoxingdu Yongning Yongning Yibin - Luzhou Yibin - Luzhou Yibin - Luzhou Luzhou - Luzhou - Chongqing Chongqing Chongqing Transport costs Transport Table 11.5 Table River Jinshajiang Jinshajiang Hengjiang Nanguanghe Yongninghe Upper Changjiang Upper Changjiang Upper Changjiang

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0.3075 0.3630 0.2386 0.2768 0.7689 0.6400 Freight Freight per rates and ton 100 km ( liang ) Freight Freight per rates bao and 100 km ( liang ) 0.0184 0.0218 0.0143 0.0166 0.0461 0.0384 Freight Freight per rate bao and section ( liang ) 0.1134 0.1339 0.1082 0.1255 0.5655 0.4707 operational cost operational Freight rates reconstructed from from reconstructed rates Freight 840.17 Operational Operational cost + 20% ( liang ) 1,372.77 1,797.89 1,328.86 1,755.91 1,398.52 700.14 Total Total annual operational cost per boat ( liang ) 1,143.98 1,498.24 1,107.39 1,463.26 1,165.43 50 70 50 70 36 72 Cost of and repairs buffer ( liang ) 77.32 85.80 85.39 97.26 53.43 77.72 Cost of provisions ( liang ) 0.00 0.00 44.65 46.45 43.72 43.72 Wages Wages and extras of hired labour ( liang ) Operational cost Operational 972.00 972.00 567.00 972.00 Wages Wages and extras of crew ( liang ) 1,296.00 1,296.00 Yizheng Tongzhou Tongzhou Yizheng - - Hankou - - Hankou Section Yichang Yichang - Hankou - ( Hankou Yizheng Yizheng ) costs ( cont. Transport River Middle Changjiang Lower Lower Changjiang Grand Canal Grand Table 11.5 Table Notes: 30 t, of 0.3 liang for boats above wages (including boat owner): permanent crew Monetary day 0.25 liang for boats 8–30 t, 0.2 small boats. of wages sailors: 0.09 liang hired Monetary day liang per man and day Cost of 0.04 items: food and related

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Table 11. 6 Comparative labour inputs for different means of transport

Means of transport Carrying Labour Distance Tons Days Labour Labour capacity input per day per per input input (tons) (sailors) (km) labour 100 km per ton per ton unit and 100 km

Coastal shipping 300 12 50 25.00 2.00 0.04 0.08 River shipping lower 60 8 30 7.50 3.33 0.13 0.44 Changjang Canal shipping 30 7 20 4.29 5.00 0.23 1.17 River shipping upper 60 50 80 1.20 1.25 0.83 1.04 Changjiang, downriver River shipping upper 60 60 18 1.00 5.56 1.00 5.56 Changjiang, upriver River shipping upper 3.30 Changjiang, average River shipping, small 15 5 50 3.00 2.00 0.33 0.67 mountain river, downriver River shipping, small 10 8 18 1.25 5.56 0.80 4.44 mountain river, upriver River shipping, small 2.56 mountain river, average Cart, northern China 1 2 25 0.50 4.00 2.00 8.00 Wheelbarrow, northern 0.2 1 25 0.20 4.00 5.00 20.00 China Pack mule caravan, 0.075 1.2 22 0.06 4.55 16.00 72.73 southwestern China Porter, southwestern 0.042 1 20 0.04 5.00 23.81 119.05 China

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