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Wetenschappelijk Artikel UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT POLITIEKE EN SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN Identification and quantification of the obstacles for the adoption of in situ small sale water harvesting techniques on degraded lands in Torodi, Tillabéri Region, Niger. Wetenschappelijk artikel aantal woorden: 8194 Emma Timmerman MASTERPROEF MANAMA CONFLICT AND DEVELOPMENT PROMOTOR: Prof. Ir. Bernard Mazijn (UGent) Dr. Germaine Ibro (INRAN) COMMISSARIS: Sylvie Janssens ACADEMIEJAAR 2011 - 2012 Ten geleide In het kader van mijn masterproef voor de Manama Conflict & Development verbleef ik van begin juli tot eind oktober 2011 in Niger. Daar deed ik onderzoek naar de mogelijke obstakels voor de adoptie van waterconserveringstechnieken (Water and Soil Conservation techniques; WSC) in de streek rond Torodi, in de Tillaberi Regio. Het onderzoek kadert in een ruimere samenwerking tussen het departement bodembeheer van de Universiteit Gent (faculteit bio-ingenieurswetenschappen) en het INRAN (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger). Naast de steun van professor Mazijn, kon ik voor mijn masterproef dan ook rekenen op die van Jasmien Wildemeersch, een doctoraatstudente bodembeheer met als doctoraatsonderwerp waterconserveringstechnieken in Niger, en Dr. G. Ibro, mijn lokale promotor en socio-econome bij het INRAN-departement natural resource management . Als voorbereiding, ging het het onderzoek van start met een uitgebreide literatuurstudie en een reeks informele gesprekken omtrent WSC technieken. Om praktisch beter te kunnen inschatten waar deze technieken voor dienen en hoe deze geïmplementeerd worden, werd naast een theoretische voorbereiding ook enkele malen geassisteerd bij veldwerk op een proefveld rond WSC te Sadoré, Tillaberí (50 km ten zuiden van Niamey). Bovendien werden enkele boeren opgezocht die een dergelijk techniek reeds uitvoeren (nabij Kouré, Kollo). Op basis van de verzamelde informatie, werd een lijst van hypotheses opgesteld over de mogelijke obstakels voor boeren om WSC technieken te adopteren. Deze werd vervolgens voorgelegd aan 7 key-informants die hierover werden bevraagd aan de hand van diepte-interviews, waarna de finale, verbeterde hypotheses opgesteld werden. Op basis van deze finale hypotheses kon een gestandaardiseerde vragenlijst opgesteld worden met open, half-open en gesloten vragen. Deze vragenlijst werd getest in Sadoré- dorp en geoptimaliseerd om een finale versie te bekomen. Ook een vragenlijst voor de chefs du village werd opgesteld, met open, half-open en gesloten vragen. Het INRAN wees de regio rond Torodi aan als geschikte locatie voor het onderzoek en de survey. Met de hulp van lokale instellingen werden vervolgens 3 representatieve dorpen geselecteerd (Nikoye, Panoma & Bogoudjotou) waar de vragenlijst zou afgenomen worden. Het betreft 3 dorpen rond Torodi (65 km ten westen van Niamey) waar WSC 1 technieken nog geen algemene ingang gevonden hebben. Op basis van het bevolingsregister werden 100 gezinshoofden (van de 257 gezinshoofden) ad random geselecteerd, proportioneel over de bevolging van de 3 dorpen. Tussen 3 en 25 oktober werden uiteindelijk 98 gezinshoofden en 3 chefs du village geïnterviewd. Het verblijf was ter plekke, in het gezelschap van een chauffeur en een tolk, die vertaalde van Frans naar Zerma (lokale taal). De vragenlijsten werden bij terugkomst in België verwerkt met behulp van SPSS. Een onderzoeksrapport werd op vraag van professor Mazijn opgesteld waarin de methodologie en de resultaten werden beschreven en alle gebruikte vragenlijsten werden gebundeld. Dat onderzoeksrapport vormde uiteindelijk de basis voor het schrijven van dit thesisartikel. 2 Abstract Miljoenen Nigerese boeren worden jaarlijks geconfronteerd met voedseltekorten, die grotendeels veroorzaakt worden door ernstige bodemdegradatie van het landbouwoppervlak dat voor 95% toebehoord aan zelfvoorziende boeren, die voor hun voedselproductie afhankelijk zijn van neerslagafhankelijke landbouw. Het investeren in Water en Soil Conservation (WSC) technieken is daarom een van de beste langetermijnoplossingen om zich te wapenen tegen voedselonzekerheid. Hoewel wereldwijd verschillende pogingen werden ondernomen om WSC technieken te promoten bij boeren, is hun adoptie niet wijdverspreid. Een contextspecifieke aanpak is uitermate belangrijk in het onderzoek naar de obstakels die de adoptie van WSC technieken tegenhouden, aangezien boeren over grenzen en regio s heen in verschillende ecologische, landbouwkundige en socio-economische condities leven. Om de specifieke beperkingen voor de adoptie van WSC technieken in Torodi, Tillabéri Region te bepalen, werd een gestandaardiseerde vragenlijst afgenomen bij een steekproef van 98 gezinshoofden. Deze paper biedt nieuwe inzichten over de mogelijke obstakels voor de adoptie van zaï en demi-lunes, de meestbelovende lokale technieken in deze regio. De resultaten tonen aan dat respondenten een gebrek hebben aan een grondige kennis van zowel erosie als van de technieken zelf, wat meteen een fundamenteel obstakel is voor de adoptie van de technieken. De langdurige aanwezigheid van een project heeft echter een positieve invloed op deze kennis en het verhoogt het bovendien het percentage van boeren die de technieken permanent uitvoeren. De meeste boeren beschikken verder slechts over weinig materiële middelen, het gebrek aan landbouwwerktuigen, transportmiddelen en mest vormt dan ook een obstakel voor adoptie. Een langetermijnstrategie zal nodig zijn opdat boeren WSC technieken adopteren, deze strategie moet voorzien in educatie rond erosie en nutriëntenbeheer, in een leensysteem voor landbouwwerktuigen en in het stimuleren van actieve participatie van boeren. 3 Abstract Millions of Nigerien farmers are confronted yearly with food shortages of which the severe soil degradation is a major cause. 95 % of the agricultural land belongs, however, to subsistence farmers who completely rely on rain-fed agriculture for their food production. Investing in water and soil conservation (WSC) techniques is one of the best long term solutions to build resilience to this threatening food insecurity, but although worldwide several efforts have been made to promote (WSC) techniques to the farming population, their adoption has not been widespread. A context-specific approach to determine the obstacles for WSC adoption is of paramount importance since farmers across borders and regions live in different environmental, agricultural and socio-economical conditions. To assess the specific constraints for the adoption of WSC techniques in Torodi, Tillabéri Region, a survey questionnaire was carried out with a sample of 98 household heads. This paper gives new insight on the plausible constraints for the adoption of zaï and demi-lunes, the locally most promising techniques in this region. The results indicate that farmers lack a profound knowledge of both erosion perception and techniques, which are both basic obstacles for farmers to adopt the techniques. A long-term project presence has a positive influence on this knowledge and it also increases the percentage of permanent adopters. As most farmers are moreover resource-constrained, agricultural equipment, means of transport and manure also prevent the implementation of the techniques. A long-term approach will be necessary to promote the adoption of WSC techniques through the provision of education on erosion and nutrient management, through the set up of a loan system for agricultural tools and through stimulating active participation among farmers. 4 1 Introduction 95 % of the agricultural land in Niger belongs to subsistence farmers who rely on rain-fed agriculture for their food production. Oxfam (2012 ) reports that more than 6 million of these famers are currently food insecure, of which 2 million are at severe risk. According to Oxfam, investing in small scale producers is one of the best long term solutions to build resilience to these famines caused by repetitive cycles of drought and environmental degradation. As a result of population pressure and limited fertile land availability they now increasingly rely on marginal lands for their food production. These severely degraded lands, however, generally provide a poor millet yield (0.1 - 0.5 ton ha-1 ), resulting in a dramatic decline of food output growth per capita. These poor yields are largely assigned to an increased vulnerability of water scarce regions to drought and desertification which is reframed by Slegers and Stroosnijders (2008) as agricultural drought, consisting of dry spell drought, soil nutrient drought and soil water drought. According to them drought is more related with the inefficient use of rainfall rather than with an absolute deficit of rainfall. Only a very small fraction (< 10 %) of rainfall is used by crops as productive green transpiration water and most is lost as unproductive green evaporation water (30 - 50 %) or blue run off (25 - 50 %) and deep percolation (10 - 30 %) water. More efficient use of rainwater can be achieved by altering this water-balance in favour of productive water through harvesting runoff water and improving soil water and soil nutrient properties to reduce evaporation and deep percolation (Rockström, 1999). Worldwide, several water and soil conservation techniques (WSC) have been developed that positively modify the partitioning of rainfall to reduce agricultural drought vulnerability (Falkenmark et al., 2001). There is, however, no straight forward solution to reduce agricultural drought vulnerability. It needs area specific solutions, since it is an area
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