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Alternative Control of Mealybugs in Table Grapes and Deciduous Fruit

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Alternative Control of Mealybugs in Table Grapes and Deciduous Fruit Alternative control of Mealybugs in Table grapes and Deciduous fruit Vaughn Walton, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon [email protected] Outline: Mealybug species – descriptions & geographic ranges –damage Vine Mealybug (Planococcus ficus) as an example – control, pesticides & environmental effect – regional climate influence on pest distribution – natural enemies – parasitoid augmentation – sex pheromones and integrated control Obscure mealybug (Pseudococcus viburni) - phenology - monitoring -control World Distribution Ps. viburni, Ps. maritimus and Ps. longispinus P. ficus Ps. maritimus viburni & longispinus, P. ficus Ps. viburni & found in 1994 longispinus, Mealybug species in SA Vineyards P. ficus Ps. longispinus Walton & Pringle 2004a Mealybugs in South African Vineyards and Deciduous fruit orchards Pseudococcus longispinus (Longtailed MB), both Planococcus ficus (Vine MB), only vines Pseudococcus viburni, Deciduous fruit Ferrisia malvastra (found on one occasion only) Walton & Pringle 2004a Mealybugs in California Vineyards Pseudococcus maritimus (Grape MB) Pseudococcus viburni (Obscure MB) Pseudococcus longispinus (Longtailed MB) Planococcus ficus (Vine MB) Planococcus citri (Citrus MB) Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Pink hibiscus) CDFA/USDA Ps. maritimus & viburni w/ Ostiolar Excretion Ps. maritimusGrape white/clear red Ps. viburni Ps. longispinus is aptly named – minor pest During molts, MB lose wax – including “tails” just molted cast “skin” Mature adult Hand-lens Comparison Grape Mealybug “Complex” • long “tail” or caudal wax filament • 2-3 generations per year • development stages are synchronized Ps. maritimus • moderate honeydew production (except for obscure mealybug) P. ficus: • waxy filaments same length (no “tail”) • 5-7 generations per year (SJV) • stages overlap throughout year • excessive honeydew production • feeds on roots and outside of canes Ps. Maritimus, longispinus & viburni damage P. ficus P. ficus as an Invasive Pest: Leaves, Canes, Cordon, Fruit photo courtesy of R. Malakar-Kuenen Summer P. ficus feeding and honeydew excretion forms “sugar” cones P. ficus as an Invasive Pest: Defoliation & “Raisining” Mealybug species in California Vineyards Ps. maritimus Ps. maritimus & longispinus P. ficus (1998) P. ficus (1994) Ps. maritimus, longispinus & viburni Mealybug species in California Vineyards 2005 P. ficus Ps. maritimus P. ficus, Ps. P. ficus maritimus, & viburni P. ficus P. ficus, Ps. maritimus, longispinus & viburni P. ficus as an Invasive Pest: Rapid California Spread 1994 1998 2003* * Distribution changes rapidly because of new/unreported finds Outline: Mealybug species – descriptions & geographic ranges – damage P. ficus as an example – control, pesticides & environmental effect – regional climate influence on pest distribution – natural enemies – parasitoid augmentation – sex pheromones and integrated control Ps. viburni - phenology - monitoring - control P. ficus as an Invasive Pest: Dispersal Mechanisms 1 2 Courtesy Lucia Varela 3 4 Sampling follows mealybug colonization patterns 1 2 3 4 5 Seasonal colonization trends A problem for insecticides, parasitoids, cultural controls, and monitoring programs is that VMB is often found underground! photo courtesy MC Battany Mealybug Density / Distribution within a Vineyard MB density 0102030 40 (3-min count) 15 10 5 Vine number 1 13571357 Row number Fresno & Delano, CA 1998, Geiger et al. P. ficus lifecycle Instar I Egg Instar II Instar I Instar III 100-350 Instar II eggs / ♀♀ Pre- Instar III pupae Pupae Walton 2003 P. ficus biological parameters 0.045 Lower threshold=14.6 deg C 0.04 Upper threshold = 35.4 deg C 0.035 0.03 0.025 0.02 Developm ent rate (1/T) 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 14 19 24 29 34 Temperature deg C P. ficus developmental parameters, Walton & Pringle 2005 P. ficus as an Invasive Pest: Pest Biology 1 2 3 4 Natural Enemies and Refuge Theory (Enemy-free Space) That proportion of the host population (here, VMB) in the refuge is immune to attack from natural enemies; therefore, a large refuge(s) reduces natural enemy activity (Hawkins et al., 1993). Biotic refuge – Ants impact VMB natural enemies (regional differences). Abiotic refuge – Seasonal availability or “exposure periods” of VMB. Again, there is a regional difference between Coachella and the SJV (coastal regions?). photo from the web photo courtesy of M. Battany Ants tending Ant / Mealybug Mutualism Exclude ants from vines by applying Tanglefoot every 1-2 wks. Pesticide stem barriers once a season (SA) Ant / Mealybug Mutualism 100 90 80 70 Number in 60 yellow 50 no ant control sticky traps 40 ant control 30 20 10 0 nov des jan feb mar Ant-tending Affects Obscure MB & Parasitism: Complete Ant Control Mealybugs / 5 min. sample Parasitism (%) / 5 min. sample 120 100 100 Ant-excluded 80 80 Ant-tended 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Jul Jul Oct Apr Apr Oct Jun Jun Mar Mar Aug Nov Aug Nov May May Sept Sept Edna Valley, 1998 “Less-toxic” Ant Controls: Overview • Standard ant control, stem barrier treatments of alpha-cypermethrin @ 10- 20 mL/L, 90 days control (from Addison 2002) • Fipronil/Mollasis baits (<0.001% a.i.) • Cover crop treatments to lure natural enemies and keep ants out of vines Walton & Pringle 2004b Low dose, 3-5 d to kill; ants spread insecticides photo from the web Mealybug weed hosts listed in South Africa • Common blackjack (Bidens pilosa) • Khaki weed (Tagetes minuta) • Small mallow (Malva parviflora) • Flax-leaf fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) • Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) • Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) • Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) • Musk Herons Bill (Erodium moshantum) (Similar to Redstem Filaree) • Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) Walton 2003 What disrupts BioControl : VMB LOCATION 100 80 Bunch Soil line 60 Leaves 40 New Cane Old Cane Cordon Parasitoid population location (%) 20 Trunk Ground Ants Roots 0 A. pseudococci photos by Mariana Krugner Abiotic “Mealybug Location” Refuge and Parasitism 100 a 80 60 40 Parasitism (%) b 20 0 VMB Exposed VMB Hidden (Leaves) (Under bark) Biological control and physiological limitations 0.12 VMB & Parasitoid: fecundity longevity ) -1 0.10 T° development 0.08 low temperature 0.06 threshold = 10.98°C 0.04 Development rate (d 0.02 0.00 10 20 30 40 Temperature (C) Daane, Malaker-Kuenin & Walton 2004 Biological control and physiological limitations, overwintering Outdoors (ambient air temperature) 15 Mar ` Indoors (insectary) 28 Feb 23 Jan 19 Dec Oviposition date Oviposition 15 Nov 18 Oct Oct ‘01 Nov Dec Jan ‘02 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Anagyrus pseudococci oviposition and adult emergence dates Daane, Malaker-Kuenin & Walton 2004 Outline: Mealybug species – descriptions & geographic ranges – damage P. ficus as an example – control, pesticides & environmental effect – regional climate influence on pest distribution – natural enemies – parasitoid augmentation – sex pheromones and integrated control Ps. viburni - phenology - monitoring - control Insecticide Controls for P. ficus (eradication/suppression?) Recommendation (UC IPM Pest Guidelines) • delayed-dormant Lorsban (OP) • bloom-time Admire (nicotenoid) • in-season with various contacts Lannate/Sevin (blows up mites) Dimethoate (knock down) Applaud (insect growth regulator) • post-harvest Lorsban (OP) Cost - $250 per acre photo courtesy of R. Malakar-Kuenen photo courtesy of R. Malakar-Kuenen Insecticide tests (Insecticide tests of W.J. Bentley, USA) (Insecticide tests V. Walton, SA) Systemic – Admire MOST EFFECTIVE! (on drip – 90-100%, USA only) (SA- hand application, individual vines) Problem – Cost for raisin growers – Soil type (sandy soil is best) – Timing application – VMB “population dynamics” – Furrow irrigation Developing methods to apply Admire in furrows (USA) 2.0 MD Flood Irrigation 1.5 b ab ab a 1.0 c 0.5 Cluster damage 0.0 April May June April/June Control 1.0 c 0.8 MD Drip Irrigation 0.6 b 0.4 a a Cluster damage 0.2 a 0.0 April May June April/June Control Insecticide Program Kills 80-95% Standard pesticide program: • Delayed dormant w/ Lorsban • Spring foliar (e.g., Applaud, Sevin) • Bloom-time systemic w/ Admire (16 oz at bloom, repeat in 4-6 wks) • Summer/fall foliar (e.g., Applaud (USA), Imidan, Malathion) Insecticides are not 100% because of: • Soil type (sandy soil is best) • Timing application towards small VMB • VMB location on the vine “phloem-feeders” • Furrow irrigation vs drip irrigation • Secondary pest outbreaks and IPM programs • Vine age (old vines have lots of hiding spots) Outline: Mealybug species – descriptions & geographic ranges – damage P. ficus as an example – control, pesticides & environmental effect – regional climate influence on pest distribution – natural enemies – parasitoid augmentation – sex pheromones and integrated control Ps. viburni - phenology - monitoring - control Average VMB / vine / timed count 100 200 300 400 500 0 Jan P. ficus Feb Mar Apr Valley San Joaquin May Density inSJVandCoachellaValley Jun Jul Harvest Aug Sept parasitism Oct Nov Dec 100 125 25 50 75 0 Jan Feb Mar Valley Coachella Apr Harvest May Jun temperatures? Jul Adult females Aug Immatures Sept Oct Nov Dec P. ficus (VMB) Distribution on the Vine San Joaquin Valley Coachella Valley 100 80 Bunch Leaves 60 New Cane Old Cane Cordon 40 Trunk Ground Roots Population Distribution (%) 20 0 Jul Jul Oct Apr Jun Jun Nov Aug Aug May May Sept Sept VMB parasitized (%) Anagyrus pseudococci VMB Parasitoids– “Resident” and ClassicalBioControl 100 20 40 60 80 0 Feb San JoaquinValley Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Oct 100 20 40 60 80 0 Feb Coachella Valley Coachella Mar Apr May
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