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Essential Oil on the Tea Mealy Bug, Pseudococcus Viburni Sigornet (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

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Essential Oil on the Tea Mealy Bug, Pseudococcus Viburni Sigornet (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection ISSN: 0323-5408 (Print) 1477-2906 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gapp20 Toxicity of Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) essential oil on the tea mealy bug, Pseudococcus viburni Sigornet (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Samar Ramzi, Ali Seraji, Reza Azadi Gonbad, Seyyedeh Kimia Mirhaghparast, Zahra Mojib Haghghadam & Shiva Haghighat To cite this article: Samar Ramzi, Ali Seraji, Reza Azadi Gonbad, Seyyedeh Kimia Mirhaghparast, Zahra Mojib Haghghadam & Shiva Haghighat (2018): Toxicity of Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) essential oil on the tea mealy bug, Pseudococcus viburni Sigornet (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2017.1352223 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2017.1352223 Published online: 08 Jan 2018. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=gapp20 Download by: [EPFL Bibliothèque] Date: 08 January 2018, At: 07:49 ARCHIVES OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AND PLANT PROTECTION, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2017.1352223 Toxicity of Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) essential oil on the tea mealy bug, Pseudococcus viburni Sigornet (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Samar Ramzia, Ali Serajia, Reza Azadi Gonbada, Seyyedeh Kimia Mirhaghparastb, Zahra Mojib Haghghadamc and Shiva Haghighata aTea Research Center, Horticulture Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Lahijan, Iran; bDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; cPlant protection Department, Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY A combination of bioassay and biochemical approaches Received 1 April 2017 were used to determine toxicity of Artemisia annua essential Accepted 28 June 2017 oil (AaEO) Pseudococcus viburni. AaEO via leaf dipping KEYWORDS bioassay showed LC50 values of 0.693 and 0.419% after two Artemisia annua; essential time exposures. Different concentrations of AaEO caused oil; Pseudococcus viburni; deterrence index between 28.58 to 86.26% by the calculated toxicity; physiology; ED50 of 0.4%. Although, α-esterase activity using α-naphtyl deterrence acetate increased in the treated nymphs by AaEO after 24 hours but it showed the lower activity in the treated nymphs using β-naphtyl acetate. Glutathione S-transferase assayed by CDNB showed the higher activity in the treated nymphs than control after 24 hours while the adverse results gained not only after 48 hours but also after 24 hours by using DCNB. No significant differences were found in the activity of alanine aminotransferase versus control, but aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transferase showed the statistically higher activities in the treated nymphs in comparison with control. Activities of aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly lower than those of control. Downloaded by [EPFL Bibliothèque] at 07:49 08 January 2018 Only acid phosphatase showed the significantly altered activity in the treated nymphs in comparison with control after 24 hours. Results of our study indicated significant toxicity, deterrence and physiological effects of AaEO on P. viburni. Introduction Tea (Camelia sinensis L.) is one of the most popular beverages which are cultivated commercially in Asia, Africa and South America (FAO 2012). Although Iran is CONTACT Samar Ramzi [email protected] © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group .S. RAMZI ET AL 2 the twelfth country in tea production, it accounts for more than four per cent of the world’s tea consumption (FAO 2012). Regions of tea cultivation have been restricted to around ofCaspian Sea but it suffers incident of some serious pests like Pseudococcus viburni Sigornet (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu (Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae) (Mafi 1997). Nowadays, P. viburni has emerged as the key constraint on tea production of Iran since both adults and nymphs intensively feed on foliages leading to wilt leaves and stems and to cover them by production of honeydew (Mafi1997 ). Since leaves of tea are directly processed and consumed by human, chemical spraying has been banned due to biohazardous cautions so biological control using Cryptolaemus montrouz- ieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is recommended although it sometimes failed because of environmental extremes or quality of produced biocontrol agent. Plant extracts and essential oils have been suggested as the reliable alternatives for chemical pesticides not only for their direct toxicity, repellency and physiolog- ical turbulences on insect pests, but also for low toxicity on non-target organisms besides negligible potential of environmental pollution (Isman 2006). In details, plant secondary metabolites lead to toxicity on insect pests in low concentrations in addition to ovicidal, larvicidal, anti-feedant and sterilising properties (Isman 2006). As the toxic compounds, plant metabolites increase permeability and ionic leak of cells due to destruction of their membranes. Hence, mitochondria, mem- brane proteins and cytoplasm components are degenerated and cell death occurs in the target tissue or whole body (Bhakuni et al. 2001). Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae), called wormwood, is an annual short-day plant native of Asia which grows as a wild weed around paddy field of northern Iran (Shekari et al. 2008). It is a hairless plant with 30–100 cm of length, the leaves have an intensive aromatic scent which are divided by deep cuts into two or three small leaflets (Simonnet et al. 2006). Although Artemisin is a well-known compound of A. annua, researches on extracts and essential oils revealed several medicinal characteristics as anti-malarial, anti-bacterial, anti-inflamatory, plant growth regulatory and cytotoxicity activities (Bhakuni et al. 2001). Extract or Downloaded by [EPFL Bibliothèque] at 07:49 08 January 2018 essential oil of A.annua have shown considerable toxicity on several insects pests along with different physiological disorders on nutrition, reproduction, immune responses, intermediary metabolism etc. (Shekari et al. 2008; Zibaee and Bandani 2010a, 2010b; Hasheminia et al. 2011; Zibaee 2011; Mojarab-Mahboubkar et al. 2015). Since P. v ibur ni is one of the main pests reducing tea yield in northern Iran, control techniques through safe procedures, such as plant compounds, seems to be an efficient way with the lowest impact on non-target organisms, environment and agricultural products. Moreover, there are a few studies on the toxicity of essential oils mainly A. annua on mealybugs and there is no study on their physiological alterations due to essential oil treatment. Hence, the current study was carried out determining the effect of A. annua essential oil on toxicity, deterrence, detoxifying and intermediary-involved enzymes in the third nymphal instars of P. v ibur ni . ARCHIVES OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AND PLANT PROTECTION 3 Material and methods Insect rearing P. v ibur ni was obtained from a laboratory stock held in Department of Plant Protection, Tea Research Institute of Iran. The insects were fed on squash at 25 ± 2 °C, 70% of relative humidity and 16L:8D of photoperiod to get stock population. Containers were cleaned twice a week and squashes were replaced every three weeks. Preparation of A. annua essential oil The leaves of A. annua collected from Lahijan in northern Iran (37°12′26″N 50°00′14″E) were dried in the shade and were ground to be powder. Then, 50 g was poured into 750 ml of distilled water and left in 4 °C for 24 h. The mixture was transferred to a Clevenger-type apparatus as recommended by the British Pharmacopoeia (Yazdani et al. 2014). Distillation took about 2 h to obtain the essential oil while the process was repeated several times to gain the desirable amounts. Finally, the essential oil was dehydrated by sodium sulphate and kept at 4 °C for less than a month to onset of bioassay (Yazdani et al. 2014). Bioassay of A. annua essential oil on P. viburni The leaves of C. sinensis (tea) were cut in pieces of 3 × 3 cm and put in different solution of AaEO as 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% (based on a preliminary test) for 30 s. The concentrations were prepared in a Triton X-100 (0.01%) solution and the control leaves were only treated by Triton X-100. The treated leaves were dried on filter paper (Whatman No.1) for 60 min and the third nymphal instars (24 h age) were transferred to leaf discs. Each concentration including control contained forty nymphs in five replicates of eight individuals in each (N = 280). After 24 and 48 h, the mortality of nymphs were recorded and LC50 values were Downloaded by [EPFL Bibliothèque] at 07:49 08 January 2018 calculated by POLO-PC software (LeOra Software 1987). Deterrence tests The method of Xie and Isman (1992) were followed to find deterrence index on the third nymphal instars of P. v ibur ni versus AaEO. The five concentrations were prepared as 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 and 6.5% and the experiment was repeated three times by 20 nymphs in each. The two leaves of tea in the same size were selected, dipped in the desired concentration for 30 s and dried in air for 60 min. Control leaves were dipped in distilled water containing Triton X-100 (0.01%). The control and treated leaf were placed in a container (10 × 20 cm), then 20 nymphs were released at the centre of container. The explained procedure was done for each concentration versus control. The numbers of insects attracted to the control .S. RAMZI ET AL 4 or treated leaf were recorded after 24 h. Deterrence index was calculated by the following equation: C − T DI = × 100 C + T where C is the number of insects on the control leaf and T is the number of insects on the treated leaf. Effect of A. annua essential oil on detoxifying and intermediary-involved enzymes The leaf discs were prepared as above and divided into two groups.
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