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Abiotic and Biotic Pest Refuges Hamper Biological Control of Mealybugs in California Vineyards K.M
____________________________________ Abiotic and biotic pest refuges in California vineyards 389 ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC PEST REFUGES HAMPER BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MEALYBUGS IN CALIFORNIA VINEYARDS K.M. Daane,1 R. Malakar-Kuenen,1 M. Guillén,2 W.J. Bentley3, M. Bianchi,4 and D. González,2 1 Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. 2 Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, U.S.A. 3 University of California Statewide IPM Program, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier, California, U.S.A. 4 University of California Cooperative Extension, San Luis Obispo, California, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION Four mealybug species cause economic damage in California vineyards. These are the grape mealy- bug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn); obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret); longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzeti); and vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Godfrey et al., 2002). The grape, obscure, and longtailed mealybugs belong to the Pseudococcus maritimus-malacearum complex–a taxonomically close group of mealybugs (Wilkey and McKenzie, 1961). However, while the origins of the grape and longtailed mealybugs are believed to be in North America, the ancestral lines of the obscure mealybug are unclear. Regardless, these three species have been known as pests in North America for nearly 100 years. The vine mealybug, in contrast, was first identified in California in the Coachella Valley in the early 1990s (Gill, 1994). It has since spread into California’s San Joaquin Valley and central coast regions, with new infestations reported each year. The four species are similar in appearance; however, mealybugs in the P. maritimus- malacearum complex have longer caudal filaments than vine mealybug (Godfrey et al., 2002). -
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY and EPIDEMIOLOGY of GRAPEVINE LEAFROLL- ASSOCIATED VIRUSES by BHANU PRIYA DONDA a Dissertation Submitted in Pa
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GRAPEVINE LEAFROLL- ASSOCIATED VIRUSES By BHANU PRIYA DONDA A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Plant Pathology MAY 2016 © Copyright by BHANU PRIYA DONDA, 2016 All Rights Reserved THANKS Bioengineering MAY 2014 © Copyright by BHANU PRIYA DONDA, 2016 All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of BHANU PRIYA DONDA find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. Naidu A. Rayapati, Ph.D., Chair Dennis A. Johnson, Ph.D. Duroy A. Navarre, Ph.D. George J. Vandemark, Ph.D. Siddarame Gowda, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my respect and deepest gratitude towards my advisor and mentor, Dr. Naidu Rayapati. I am truly appreciative of the opportunity to pursue my doctoral degree under his guidance at Washington State University (WSU), a challenging and rewarding experience that I will value the rest of my life. I am thankful to my doctoral committee members: Dr. Dennis Johnson, Dr. George Vandemark, Dr. Roy Navarre and Dr. Siddarame Gowda for helpful advice, encouragement and guidance. I would like to thank Dr. Sandya R Kesoju (USDA-IAREC, Prosser, WA) and Dr. Neil Mc Roberts (University of California, Davis) for their statistical expertise, suggestions and collaborative research on the epidemiology of grapevine leafroll disease. To Dr. Gopinath Kodetham (University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India), thank you for believing in me and encouraging me to go the extra mile. I thank Dr. Sridhar Jarugula (Ohio State University Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, University of Ohio, Ohio, USA), Dr. -
Essential Oil on the Tea Mealy Bug, Pseudococcus Viburni Sigornet (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection ISSN: 0323-5408 (Print) 1477-2906 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gapp20 Toxicity of Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) essential oil on the tea mealy bug, Pseudococcus viburni Sigornet (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Samar Ramzi, Ali Seraji, Reza Azadi Gonbad, Seyyedeh Kimia Mirhaghparast, Zahra Mojib Haghghadam & Shiva Haghighat To cite this article: Samar Ramzi, Ali Seraji, Reza Azadi Gonbad, Seyyedeh Kimia Mirhaghparast, Zahra Mojib Haghghadam & Shiva Haghighat (2018): Toxicity of Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) essential oil on the tea mealy bug, Pseudococcus viburni Sigornet (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2017.1352223 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2017.1352223 Published online: 08 Jan 2018. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=gapp20 Download by: [EPFL Bibliothèque] Date: 08 January 2018, At: 07:49 ARCHIVES OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AND PLANT PROTECTION, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2017.1352223 Toxicity of Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) essential oil on the tea mealy bug, Pseudococcus viburni Sigornet (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Samar Ramzia, Ali Serajia, Reza Azadi Gonbada, Seyyedeh Kimia Mirhaghparastb, Zahra Mojib Haghghadamc and Shiva Haghighata aTea Research Center, Horticulture Science Research Institute, Agricultural -
Population Dynamic of the Long-Tailed
Assiut J. of Agric. Sci., 42 No.(5) (143-164) Population Dynamic of the Long-tailed Mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) Infest- ing the Ornamental Plant, Acalypha marginata Green, under Assiut governorate conditions. Ghada,S.Mohamed1; Abou-Ghadir,M.F.2; Abou- Elhagag,G.H.2 and Gamal H. Sewify3 1Dept. of plant protec., Fac. Agric., South Valley Univ. 2Dept. of plant protec., Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ. 3Dept. of plant protec., Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ. Abstract centages of parasitism ranged The shrubs of ornamental from 0.01 in January to 0.06% in plant were inspected as host of March and 0.007 to 0.05% in the the studied pest. The present same months during the first and study was carried out in the Ag- the second season of study. The riculture Experimental Station of seasonal abundance of this para- the Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut sitoid species and the effect of university, during two successive weather elements on its popula- seasons of 2008/2009 and tion were also studied. 2009/2010. Results of both sea- Introduction sons showed that the highest The ornamental plant, Aca- weekly population count of the lypha marginata is a common mealybug, Pesudococcus long- shrub planted for decoration ispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) was along the streets. This plant is found during the 2rd half of Au- susceptible to the mealybug in- gust. The highest percentage of festation that cause a serious mal- the total monthly mean count was formation to its leaves. The also recorded during August common name of the mealy bugs (30% out of the total year is derived from the mealy wax count).The pest has four genera- secretion that usually covers their tions in each of the tow studied bodies (Kosztarab, 1996). -
Review of Ecologically-Based Pest Management in California Vineyards
insects Review Review of Ecologically-Based Pest Management in California Vineyards Houston Wilson 1,* and Kent M. Daane 2 ID 1 Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA 2 Department Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-559-646-6519 Academic Editors: Alberto Pozzebon, Carlo Duso, Gregory M. Loeb and Geoff M. Gurr Received: 28 July 2017; Accepted: 6 October 2017; Published: 11 October 2017 Abstract: Grape growers in California utilize a variety of biological, cultural, and chemical approaches for the management of insect and mite pests in vineyards. This combination of strategies falls within the integrated pest management (IPM) framework, which is considered to be the dominant pest management paradigm in vineyards. While the adoption of IPM has led to notable and significant reductions in the environmental impacts of grape production, some growers are becoming interested in the use of an explicitly non-pesticide approach to pest management that is broadly referred to as ecologically-based pest management (EBPM). Essentially a subset of IPM strategies, EBPM places strong emphasis on practices such as habitat management, natural enemy augmentation and conservation, and animal integration. Here, we summarize the range and known efficacy of EBPM practices utilized in California vineyards, followed by a discussion of research needs and future policy directions. EBPM should in no way be seen in opposition, or as an alternative to the IPM framework. Rather, the further development of more reliable EBPM practices could contribute to the robustness of IPM strategies available to grape growers. -
Evaluation of RNA Interference for Control of the Grape Mealybug Pseudococcus Maritimus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
insects Article Evaluation of RNA Interference for Control of the Grape Mealybug Pseudococcus maritimus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Arinder K. Arora 1, Noah Clark 1, Karen S. Wentworth 2, Stephen Hesler 2, Marc Fuchs 3 , Greg Loeb 2 and Angela E. Douglas 1,4,* 1 Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; [email protected] (A.K.A.); [email protected] (N.C.) 2 Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; [email protected] (K.S.W.); [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (G.L.) 3 School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 September 2020; Accepted: 26 October 2020; Published: 28 October 2020 Simple Summary: RNA interference (RNAi) is a defense mechanism that protects insects from viruses by targeting and degrading RNA. This feature has been exploited to reduce the expression of endogenous RNA for determining functions of various genes and for killing insect pests by targeting genes that are vital for insect survival. When dsRNA matching perfectly to the target RNA is administered, the RNAi machinery dices the dsRNA into ~21 bp fragments (known as siRNAs) and one strand of siRNA is employed by the RNAi machinery to target and degrade the target RNA. In this study we used a cocktail of dsRNAs targeting grape mealybug’s aquaporin and sucrase genes to kill the insect. Aquaporins and sucrases are important genes enabling these insects to maintain water relations indispensable for survival and digest complex sugars in the diet of plant sap-feeding insects, including mealybugs. -
An Investigation Into the Integrated Pest Management of The
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stellenbosch University SUNScholar Repository An investigation into the integrated pest management of the obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in pome fruit orchards in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Pride Mudavanhu Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture (Entomology), in the Faculty of AgriSciences. at the University of Stellenbosch Supervisor: Dr Pia Addison Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Faculty of AgriSciences University of Stellenbosch South Africa December 2009 DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the owner of the copyright thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. December 2009 Copyright © 2009 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i ABSTRACT Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (obscure mealybug), is a common and serious pest of apples and pears in South Africa. Consumer and regulatory pressure to produce commodities under sustainable and ecologically compatible conditions has rendered chemical control options increasingly limited. Information on the seasonal occurrence of pests is but one of the vital components of an effective and sustainable integrated pest management system needed for planning the initiation of monitoring and determining when damage can be expected. It is also important to identify which orchards are at risk of developing mealybug infestations while development of effective and early monitoring tools for mealybug populations will help growers in making decisions with regards to pest management and crop suitability for various markets. -
A Parasitoid of Pseudococcus Viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 61 (2017) 257–261 REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE Entomologia A Journal on Insect Diversity and Evolution www.rbentomologia.com Biology, Ecology and Diversity Biology of Blepyrus clavicornis (Compere) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) a,b,∗ a b Vitor Pacheco da Silva , Mauro Garcia , Marcos Botton a Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pós-Graduac¸ ão em Fitossanidade, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Pelotas, RS, Brazil b Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonc¸ alves, RS, Brazil a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Encyrtids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are the most important and diverse group of natural enemies of Received 28 November 2016 mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Blepyrus clavicornis (Compere) is the most common parasitoid Accepted 24 May 2017 associated with Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) in the Serra Gaúcha region, Brazil. We conducted labora- Available online 7 June 2017 tory studies to assess the development time, sex ratio, adult longevity, host stage selection for parasitism, Associate Editor: Adeney de Freitas Bueno and effect of food on the longevity of adult females of B. clavicornis. The experiments were conducted in a ◦ climate chamber at 25 ± 1 C, 70 ± 10% RH and 12:12 L:D photoperiod. The solitary parasitoid B. clavicor- Keywords: nis parasitized third-instar and adult female stages of P. viburni. The development time was more than Biological control 30 days (31.75 ± 0.38 for females and 30.02 ± 0.34 for males) when B. clavicornis laid eggs in adult mealy- Chalcidoidea bug females, and 35 days (36.50 ± 0.50 for females and 34.24 ± 0.43 for males) on third-instar mealybug Obscure mealybug Parasitism nymphs. -
1.6 Parasitoids of Giant Whitefly
UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Life Histories and Host Interaction Dynamics of Parasitoids Used for Biological Control of Giant Whitefly (Aleurodicus dugesii) Cockerell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8020w7rd Author Schoeller, Erich Nicholas Publication Date 2018 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Life Histories and Host Interaction Dynamics of Parasitoids Used for Biological Control of Giant Whitefly (Aleurodicus dugesii) Cockerell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology by Erich Nicholas Schoeller March 2018 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Richard Redak, Chairperson Dr. Timothy Paine. Dr. Matthew Daugherty Copyright by Erich Nicholas Schoeller 2018 The Dissertation of Erich Nicholas Schoeller is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements This dissertation was made possible with the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to thank my advisors Drs. Richard Redak, Timothy Paine, and Matthew Daugherty for their wisdom and guidance. Their insightful comments and questions helped me become a better scientist and facilitated the development of quality research. I would particularly like to thank Dr. Redak for his endless patience and unwavering support throughout my degree. I wish to also thank Tom Prentice and Rebeccah Waterworth for their support and companionship. Their presence in the Redak Lab made my time there much more enjoyable. I would like to thank all of the property owners who kindly allowed me to work on their lands over the years, as well as the many undergraduate interns who helped me collect and analyze data from the experiments in this dissertation. -
Effect of Host Plants on the Development, Survivorship, and Reproduction Ofpseudococcus Viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Effect of host plants on the development, survivorship, and reproduction of Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Vitor Cezar Pacheco da Silva1,*, Aline Nondillo2, Elisangela Caroline Weber Galzer2, Mauro Silveira Garcia1, Marcos Botton2 Abstract The obscure mealybug Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is one of the most important damaging mealybugs in vineyards worldwide and in South American temperate fruit production. The life history ofP. viburni on 3 fruit species was studied under laboratory conditions. Leaves of apple Malus domestica (Borkh.), persimmon Diospyros kaki L., and grapevine Vitis labrusca L., were used as host plants. Mealybugs were able to develop, survive, and reproduce on all 3 hosts; however, persimmon and grape leaves were most suitable for P. viburni development and reproduction. The cumulative development time (nymph to adulthood) ranged from about 35 d on persimmon and grape leaves to 40.87 ± 0.53 d on apple leaves for females, and from 30.68 ± 0.44 d on persimmon to about 34 d on apple and grape leaves for males. The obscure mealybug exhibited biparental oviparous reproduction, and the fecundity significantly decreased on apple leaves from a mean of 88 eggs per female on persimmon and grape leaves to 30.61 ± 2.9 eggs on apple leaves. The preoviposition period was shortest on persimmon (17.57 ± 0.59 d), and the reproductive period was longest on grape (31.77 ± 0.92 d). The longevity of mated females was higher on grape (54.84 ± 1.23 d) than on apple and persimmon (about 43 d). These results suggest that all 3 hosts can support the development and reproduction of P. -
Transmission of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus 3 (Glrav-3): Acquisition, Inoculation and Retention by the Mealybugs Planococcus Ficus and Pseudococcus Longispinus (Hemiptera
Transmission of Grapevine Leafroll-associated Virus 3 (GLRaV-3): Acquisition, Inoculation and Retention by the Mealybugs Planococcus ficus and Pseudococcus longispinus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) K. Krüger1,*, D.L. Saccaggi1,3, M. van der Merwe2, G.G.F. Kasdorf2 (1) Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa (2) ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa (3) Current address: Plant Health Diagnostic Services, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Private Bag X5015, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa Submitted for publication: December 2014 Accepted for publication: March 2015 Key words: Ampelovirus, Closteroviridae, Coccoidea, grapevine leafroll disease, Vitis vinifera The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret), and the longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), are vectors of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GRLaV-3), one of the most abundant viruses associated with grapevine leafroll disease. To elucidate the transmission biology in South Africa, acquisition access periods (AAPs), inoculation access periods (IAPs) and the retention of the virus in starving and feeding first- to second instar nymphs were determined. The rootstock hybrid LN33 served as virus source and grapevines (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Cabernet franc) served as recipient plants. An AAP of 15 min or an IAP of 15 min was sufficient forPl. ficus to acquire or transmit GLRaV-3, respectively. Nymphs of Pl. ficus retained the virus for at least eight days when feeding on a non-virus host and grapevine, and for at least two days when starving, and were then capable of transmitting it successfully to healthy grapevine plants. Nymphs of Ps. longispinus transmitted the virus after an AAP of 30 min and an IAP of 1 h. -
Little Cherry Virus 1 & 2
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION Little Cherry Virus 1 & 2 Written by: Scott Harper, WSU Plant Pathology; Andrea Bixby Brosi, Betsy Beers, WSU Entomology; Tianna DuPont, WSU Extension. May 2019. Little Cherry Disease (LCD) is a critical concern to sweet cherry producers in the state of Washington. This disease is caused by infection by Little cherry virus 1 (LChV1), Little cherry virus 2 (LChV2) or the X-Disease Phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni), and produces small, undersized cherries, with poor color development and flavor. Background Little Cherry Disease is not a new problem in the Pacific Figure 2 Little Cherry Virus 2 produces cherries of small size and poor Northwest. The first major epidemic occurred in the Kootenay color and flavor. Photo credit Andrea Bixby Brosi, WSU. valley in Canada in 1938, and over the following 40 years Little cherry virus (both -1 and-2) infection of sweet cherry devastated the Canadian cherry industry so much that by 1979 cultivars results in small fruit with reduced sugar content that the last packing line in the Kootenay valley closed, and the may taste bland or insipid. Severity of the disease differs Canadian industry has spent the last 40 years rebuilding. between cultivars, with Lambert and Bing being highly In Washington State the last major epidemic occurred in the late susceptible, whereas Van and Sam are less so and fruit may 1940s and into the 1950s, resulting in the removal of significant reach marketable size although flavor is still affected. On some acreage. But, with the passage of time and changes in cultivars such as Lambert, the fruit may also have a noticeable management practices, the disease has become prevalent in pointed tip.