Assiut J. of Agric. Sci., 42 No.(5) (143-164) Population Dynamic of the Long-tailed , longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) Infest- ing the Ornamental Plant, Acalypha marginata Green, under Assiut governorate conditions. Ghada,S.Mohamed1; Abou-Ghadir,M.F.2; Abou- Elhagag,G.H.2 and Gamal H. Sewify3 1Dept. of plant protec., Fac. Agric., South Valley Univ. 2Dept. of plant protec., Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ. 3Dept. of plant protec., Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ. Abstract centages of parasitism ranged The shrubs of ornamental from 0.01 in January to 0.06% in plant were inspected as host of March and 0.007 to 0.05% in the the studied pest. The present same months during the first and study was carried out in the Ag- the second season of study. The riculture Experimental Station of seasonal abundance of this para- the Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut sitoid species and the effect of university, during two successive weather elements on its popula- seasons of 2008/2009 and tion were also studied. 2009/2010. Results of both sea- Introduction sons showed that the highest The ornamental plant, Aca- weekly population count of the lypha marginata is a common mealybug, Pesudococcus long- shrub planted for decoration ispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) was along the streets. This plant is found during the 2rd half of Au- susceptible to the mealybug in- gust. The highest percentage of festation that cause a serious mal- the total monthly mean count was formation to its leaves. The also recorded during August common name of the mealy bugs (30% out of the total year is derived from the mealy wax count).The pest has four genera- secretion that usually covers their tions in each of the tow studied bodies (Kosztarab, 1996). Mea- seasons. The periods of these lybugs (: Pseudococci- generations were also deter- dae) are small, soft-bodied plant mined. The highest monthly sap-sucking that constitute variation rate (M.V.R) value was the second largest family of scale achieved during April and May . More than 2,000 de- of both seasons. The effect of scribed species and ca. 290 gen- some biotic and a biotic factors era are recorded (Downie and influencing the population of the Gullan, 2004 ; Ben-Dov, 2006). long-tailed mealybug were stud- are severe agricul- ied. One parasitoid species was tural pests. According to Miller only found (Coccidoxenoides et al. (2002), 158 species of mea- perminutus Girault) and it’s the lybugs are recognized as pests first record in Egypt. The per- worldwide. The most notorious Referees: Prof.Dr. Prof.Dr. Mohamed et al. 20111 species are polyphagous and surveyed the pest in different have become serious pests of localities and on different horti- different crops under different cultural hosts (Geiger et al., environments. Many of them are 2001; Mojian Hua, 2003; Mari et cosmopolitan species belonging al., 2007; Souza et al., 2008; Cu- to the genera Pseudococcus and lik et al., 2009 and Charles et al., Planococcus. Polyphagous mea- 2010). lybugs pose a serious threat be- The present work was aimed cause of their tendency to adopt to study and clarify some eco- new host plants easily. The dam- logical aspects of P. longispinus age caused by mealybugs is under Assiut district conditions. linked to sap uptake as a plant Materials and methods sap suckers, honeydew secretion The field study was carried which associated sooty mold de- out in the Agriculture Experi- velopment, toxin injection and mental station of the faculty of virus transmission, although the Agriculture, Assiut university, presence of the insects may itself during two successive seasons of lead to economic losses 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. The (McKenzie, 1967; Panis, 1969; normal agricultural practices Franco et al., 2000; Gullan and were performed and no insecti- Martin, 2003).High densities or cides were used during the period annually repeated infestations form October, 2008 to October, can even kill perennial plants 2010. Ten plants of Acalypha (Hodges and Hodges, 2004; were chosen randomly on suc- Walton et al., 2004 and 2006). cessive weeks. Each plant was Indirect damage can result from divided into three levels (bottom, trophic interactions between middle and top level) .From each mealybugs and other insect pests plant level, five leaves were that are attracted by honeydew, picked up randomly and kept in such as Lepidoptera (Silva and polyethylene bag, then trans- Mexia, 1999; Franco et al., 2000 ferred to the laboratory for ex- and Mittler and Douglas, 2003). amination .The both surfaces of Several mealybug species are plant leaves (upper and lower vectors of viral diseases of vari- surface) were examined under a ous crops. In such cases, mealy- stereomicroscope. The numbers bugs may be economic pests of nymphs and adults of each even at low densities. Work on inspected date were recorded. the long-tailed mealybug species To calculate the age structure is very limited. A study of the per sample, the mean number of available literature showed that each stage (Adult) was divided most work is concentrate on the by the total and multiplied by survey. When some one surveyed 100. This way gave each stage the pests of any host plant, indi- (Adult) a percent proportion of cates that the pest was within the the total per sample regardless surveyed insects. Many authors the total number of insects pre-

١٤٤ Assiut J. of Agric. Sci., 42 No.(5) (143-164) sents (i.e. population density). and among the two seasons, the Insect generation is defined, as weekly counts were accumulated the time required to complete its monthly. These monthly counts life cycle. The number and dura- were estimated in percentages tion of the annual generations of out of the year total. the pest, which were estimated The monthly variation rate depending on the adult numbers (MVR) of population density of of the insect weekly count, were each studied insect was calcu- worked out according to Aude- lated according the following mard and Milaire (1975) formula. formula prescribed by Abdel- To facilate the comparisons Fattah et al., 1978 and Serag-El- within the each studied season Din, 1998: Av. count of nymphs at a month MVR  Av. count given at the prec. month The meteorological data of Dr. A. Raouf, Biological Control temperature and relative humid- Research Department, Plant Pro- ity were recorded at each inspec- tection Institute, Ministry of Ag- tion date. Records were obtained riculture, Egypt, for identifica- from the Meteorological Station tion. located at the University of As- During the weekly exami- siut Experimental Farm. nation of the plant leaves for To identify the pest para- counting the alive insects, the sitoid, each plant sample (15 numbers of the dead insects as a leaves) form each plant (10 result of parasitoids were also plants), after the examination of counted (the bodies of these dead plant leaves in the laboratory for insects have a minute holes as a counting the nymphs and adults result of emerging parasitoids). of the pest. Then, the leaves were The meaning of "Percent stored in one – pound glass Jar Parasitism" (%PA) in studies of (10 glass jars weekly). The jar insect parasitoids was described was furnished with a suitable disc by Van Driesche (1983) and cal- of filter paper on its bottom to culated as follows: EMP  LP absorb condensed humidity. Jars %PA  were covered with a piece of EMP  LP  UMH polyethylene with minute holes Where EMP = emerged parasi- held by means of rubber band. toids, LP = all live parasitoids Apiece of cotton-wool soaked in and UMH = unparasitized mea- 10% sucrose solution was placed lybug hosts. To simplify the for- in a small plastic container and mula EMP + LP= total parasi- placed inside the jar for feeding tized hosts, EMP + LP + UMH= the emerged parasitoides. The total mealybug hosts. emerged parasitoids were then The relationships between collected and kept in a well- the population size of each insect ventilated small tubes containing species (The pest and its parasi- alcohol 70% and transferred to toid) and the meteorological fac-

١٤٥ Mohamed et al. 20111 tors were studied by using multi- monthly mean count ranged from ple regression analysis. 0.18 to 1.73 % (of the total year Results and Discussion count). 1. Seasonal abundance: 1.2. 2009/2010 season: Data presented in Table1 Data in Table 1 show the show the weekly population population fluctuations of the counts of the long-tailed mealy- pest on Acalypha leaves during bug (nymphs and adults) on Aca- the 2nd season. The population of lypha leaves during both seasons the insect started with 5457 and of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. 2046 individuals/150 leaves 1.1. 2008/2009 season: (nymphs and adults), during the Data in Table 1 show that, 1st week of October. Then, the the pest population counts pest population showed a slightly (nymphs and adults) started with gradual decreased till reaching its 3080 nymphs and 926 adults lowest level during the last week /150 leaves, on the 2nd week of of January and the 1st week of October. The insect population February (9 and 17 individu- was then very slightly increased als/150 leaves for nymphs and till the end of October. After that adults). Then, the insect popula- the long-tailed mealybug popula- tion increased very slightly and tion slightly decreased to reach gradually in fluctuated manner its lowest numbers during the 1st during the rest of February and week of March, since 10 and 59 March. After that, the long-tailed individuals/150 leaves for mealybug population increased nymphs and adults were re- gradually to reach its highest corded. Then, the pest population level during the 2nd and the 3rd increased gradually to reach its week of August (4020 and 16575 highest level during the last week individuals/150 leaves for adults of August for nymphs (18094 and nymphs).Then, the pest individuals/150 leaves), and dur- population decreased very ing the 1st week of September for slightly and gradually till the end adults (4585 individuals/150 of the season. leaves). After that, the population Data in Table 2 showed that decreased slightly again tills the the highest monthly percentages end of the September. were recorded during August Data in Table 2 show the to- (30.65% of the total season tal monthly mean counts of the count) followed by July and Sep- pest on Acalypha leaves and their tember, which were approxi- percentages. The highest per- mately the same (21.36 and centage of the total monthly 20.81%), while during the mean count was recorded on Au- months from December to April, gust (30.51%) followed by these percentage ranged from (28.74%) on September. During 0.09 to 0.86% of the total year the period from December to count. May, the percentages of the total

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Data of both seasons revealed according to the studied districts that the highest weekly popula- and the citrus hosts. tion was recorded during the 2rd 2. Number of field generations: half week of August. Subse- The numbers of the long- quently, the highest percentage of tailed mealybug adults on Acaly- the total monthly mean count was pha leaves during 2008/2009 and recorded during the same month. 2009/2010 seasons were used to Mari et al. (2007) reported that determine the number of their the population of P. longispinus generations according to Aude- increased and reached its highest mard and Milaire (1975) for- level of abundance during the 1st mula as shown in Table 3 .This and 2nd week of January on many method was used to determine ornamental plants, after which the number of field generations the population declined gradu- either for coccoideae pests or ally. Although, these results are others by many investigators. in full agreement with our results Abd-Rabou and Mostafa concerning the declined of the (2010) used this method to de- pest population after January but termine the number of field gen- differed concerning the period of erations of the oyster shell olive highest population. The differen- scale, Leucaspis riccae. Has- tiation between our results and sanein and Salman (2009) de- their results may be due to the termined the number of field differentiation in the kind of host generations of the pubescent rose plants and in geographical and chafer, Tropinota squalida consequently climatic nature of (Scop.). The number of genera- the district of study. Wakgari and tions is shown in figure 1. Giliomee (2003) found that the 2.1. 2008/2009 season: fecundity of P. longispinus fe- Results of Table 3 and males reared on butter nuts was Figure 1 indicated the occurrence significantly higher than its fe- of four generations a year. Adults males reared on lemons. Gener- of the first generation were abun- ally, work on P. longispinus dant in the field from 15 October unlike most other species of mea- to 26 November and lasted for lybugs is very limited except about 42 days. The second gen- when some one surveyed the in- eration started from 3 December sects infesting any host plant and to 20 May and lasted about 158 surveying this pest among the days. The third generation oc- surveyed pests. Some other au- curred at the summer from 27 thors have worked on some other May to 24 June and lasted 28 coccideae pests and reached the days. The last generation which same logic. Mannaa (1979) was the fourth one and the most found that the abundance of the important one was appeared from red , A. aurantii at 1 July to 30 September and lasted Assiut governorate was differed 91 days.

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2.2. 2009/2010season: generation is follow the summer- Table 3 and Figure 1 indi- fall generation of the previous cated also four generations for year and the pest has only three the pest during this season .The field generations. This point of first generation was observed view and results of the seasonal from 7 October to 26 November abundance confirm this sugges- and lasted approximately 48 tion .The most important genera- days. The second generation tion from the economic view is started from 3 December to 29 the last one during both seasons, April and lasted about 147 days. which the pest population was in The third field generation begins its highest level. Also, the results, from 6 May to 10 June and lasted of both seasons, show also that 35 days. The summer- fall gen- the longest generation was the eration which was the fourth one winter-spring generation and the lasted about 105 days and started shortest one was the summer from 17 June to 30 September. generation because of tempera- The results of both season ture. The present results are sup- revealed to the occurrence of four ported by Mojian (2003) who generations for the P.longispinus reported that the long-tailed mea- on A.marginata plants at Assiut lybug has 3-4 generations per district. These generations can be year. nominated as fall, winter-spring, 3. Monthly Variation Rate summer and summer-fall genera- (M.V.R.): tions for the first, second, third 3.2. 2008/2009 season: and fourth generations, respec- Data presented in Table 4 tively. Overview of the results, it show that the highest monthly is not reasonable that the fall variation rate was reported on generations lasted 42 and 48 days April (8.96) followed by June and the summer-fall generations (4.01), May (3.26) and July lasted 91 and 105 days for the (3.08) .This means that the opti- first and the second seasons, al- mal period for the pest popula- though the temperature is more tion to growth and build up was cold during October and Novem- during these months (average ber (fall generation) than that temperature ranged from 23.58 to during the months from June or 31.22°C and relative humidity July to September (summer-fall ranged from 32.68 to 46.32%). generation). Therefore, the fall

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Fig. (1): Number of P. longispinus adults field generations, arranged according to Audemard and Milaire (1975) method during 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons, at Assiut district.

١٥٣ Mohamed et al. 20111 3.2. 2009/2010 season: January and the second week of Results in Table 4 show also February (3 insects/150 leaves that the highest M.V.R .value each). After that, the parasitoid was achieved during May (4.58) population increased gradually to followed by April (3.95), March reach it maximum level of abun- (3.39) and June (3.18). It is clear dance during the first week of that the high level of M.V.R. re- September. (325 insects/150 ported during the hot months leaves). when the prevailed temperature The percentages of parasit- ranged from 21.36 to 32.38 °c ism, during this season, ranged and relative humidity ranged from 0.01 to 0.06%. The lowest from 35.47 to 51.29%. percentage was recorded during Generally, it is clear that the January and the highest one dur- highest M.V.R. values were ing March (Table 1). achieved during April and May Data of Table 5 show the of both seasons. The results of multiple-regression analysis be- the insect seasonal abundance tween the population density of confirmed this, which showed P.longispinus towards the maxi- that the pest population started its mum, minimum temperature and gradually increase during April relative humidity. Simple corre- and May (Table 1). lation analysis revealed a positive 4. Factors affecting the long- highly significant of temperature tailed mealybug population: [Max. (x1) and Min. (x2)] and 4.1. Coccidoxenoides perminu- negative highly significant effect tus Girault (Hymenoptera: of relative humidity (x3) on the Encyrtidae) parasitoid: parasitoid population. Moreover, 4.1.1. Survey, seasonal abun- the coefficient of determination dance, percentages of parasit- (R2) was 78.03% indicating that ism and effect of weather ele- the mentioned variables were ments: together responsible for 78.03% 4.1.1.1. 2008/2009 season: of the changes in C. perminutus Survey of the mealybug population among the other fac- parasitoids resulted by only one tors affecting its population. By parasitoid species identified as, dropping each variable step by Coccidoxenoides perminutus dur- step from the input analysis data, ing this season. to explain the gradual representa- Results of Table 1 indicated tive efficiency of each variable that the number of parasitized P. on the parasitoid population longispinus adults (as the changes, these studied variables emerged C. perminutus number) can be arranged in descending started with 53 individuals/150 order as follows: minimum tem- leaves on 15 October till the end perature, relative humidity and of this month. The population maximum temperature, where then decreased gradually in fluc- their efficiency values were tuated manner to reach its lowest 53.90, 23.77 and 0.35, respec- number during the last week of tively.

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4.1.1.2. 2009/2010 season: The synonymous of this Results of surveying para- parasitoid were Coccidoxenoides sitoids during the second season perminutus Girault (= Pauridia revealed that no parasitoid was peregrine Timberlake, = Cocci- found more than that during the doxenoides peregrinus (Timber- first one. lake)) (Noyes and Prinsloo, Data of Table 1 show that 1998). It is an asexual Australian the parasitoid population (parasi- parasitoid of the citrus mealybug, tized pest adults) started with Planococcus citri (Risso) (Ho- relatively high number 142 indi- moptera:Pseudococcidae) (Noyes viduals/150 leaves during the 1st and Hyat, 1994; Noyes and week of October, then the parasi- Prinsloo, 1998 ;Ceballo and toid population decreased gradu- Walter, 2004). From literature, ally in fluctuated manner to reach this is the first record of this its lowest population during parasitoid in Egypt. Results January (only 3 individuals/150 showed that the numbers of this leaves were recorded). After that, parasitoid were low. Ceballo et the number increased gradually al. (1998) reported that although till it reached its highest level of this parasitoid was common, its abundance, 284 individuals/150 numbers peaked only sporadi- leaves, during the 3rd week of cally, and never abundant relative August. to mealybug densities. Also, the Data presented in Table 1 percentages of parasitism were show that the percentages of very low which ranged from 0.01 parasitism ranged from 0.007% to 0.06 % during both seasons. during January to 0.05% during Ceballo et al. (1998) found that March. the parasitism level of C. per- Data presented in Table 5 minutus on P. citri peaked at only show that the simple correlation 0.06% at Mundubbera orchards analysis revealed that the effects (like Assiut in weather, dry and of weather elements on the para- hot district). Cellabo and Walter sitoid population during this sea- (2005) found that the percentage son was the same as that of the of parasitism of C. perminutus on first one. The multiple-regression P. citri was 0.03%. This means analysis revealed that the three that this parasitoid species is not studied variables were responsi- established yet at Assiut district. ble for (82.39%) of the changes Because it worked well in estab- in C. perminutus population. lished regions, although it dis- Most of this changes (68.70%) covered latterly in some of these was due to the effect of minimum regions because of the suitability temperature followed by of temperature and relative hu- (12.98%) and (0.69%) for the midity. C. perminutus was first effects of relative humidity and discovered in the 1980's in India maximum temperature. (Krishnamoorthy and Mani,

١٥٥ Mohamed et al. 20111 1989), where the parasitoid is the toids. Suitable tests are needed to predominant agent in biological determine whether the wasps control of P. citri and does not commonly visit such flowers, and require augmentation [e.g., Ban- how accessible the nectar is to galore, India: average tempera- them , and whether these plants ture 25.6°C and average RH will increase the pest status of range 60-80% (Takahashi and any other citrus infesting species Arakawa, 1981) and the Lower such as scale insects and mites Rio Grande Valley, Texas [aver- (Baggen and Gurr, 1998).Also, age temperature 22.7-23.3°C and there is some reasons which due average monthly RH 75% to the parasitoid itself. Lifespan (Webber, 1943). It is obvious of the wasps is rather short, being that there are many reasons be- about 7 days on average even hind the low numbers and per- when provided with supplemen- centages of parasitism such as tal food (Ceballo and Walter, hot and dry weather, Gol'berg 2005). Many authors reported (1982) in South Africa, reported that the lifespan of this parasitoid that this parasitoid species was was short either when compared susceptible to hot, dry conditions with some other mealybug para- in nature. Davies et al. (2004) sitoids such as Leptomastix dac- found that low relative humidity tylopii Howard and Anagyrus and high temperature reduced the pseudococci (Girault) (Zinna, parasitoid reproductive output. 1960; Avidov et al., 1967), or Nutritional status and nutrient with some other scale insect accessibility are essential factors parasitoids, such as Aphytis ling- in determining the effectiveness nanensis Compere (Rosenheim of parasitoids as biological con- and Rosen, 1991, 1992; Fer- trol agents (Van Lenteren et al., nando and Walter, 1999). 1987). In general, data of both Nectar from plants has of- seasons revealed clearly that a ten proved to be a good adult relatively high numbers of this food source, as indicated by im- parasitoid species was recorded proved parasitoid lifespan, fe- during autumn. Berlinger (1977) cundity (Tingle and Copland, recorded a peak of parasitoids of 1989; Idris and Grafius, 1995; Planococcus vitis in autumn. Davies et al., 2004), and percent- 4.2. Weather elements age parasitism (Treacy et al., 4.2.1. 2008/2009 season: 1987). Davies et al. (2004) found Data presented in Table 5 that nectar from Alpinia and Da- show that the simple correlation tura are good adult food sources coefficient among temperature for survival and reproduction in [Max.(x1) and Min.(x2)] and the the laboratory. These plant spe- pest population was positive cies, or others of similar quality, highly significant, while the ef- should be considered for planting fect of relative humidity (x3) on in orchards to conserve parasi- the insect population was nega-

١٥٦ Assiut J. of Agric. Sci., 42 No.(5) (143-164) tive highly significant . Multiple- that of the first season. Also, regression analysis show that the Multiple-regression analysis re- three studied weather elements vealed that the efficiency of the could be responsible for 70.67% studied weather elements occu- of the changes of P. longispinus pied the same arrangement of the population. The efficiency of first season. each element on the pest popula- It is seemed that the varia- tion changes was 55.16, 15.38 tion in the action of mortality and 0.12 for minimum tempera- factors such as weather elements ture, relative humidity and cause a considerable population maximum temperature, respec- fluctuations. Mari et al. (2007) tively. found that the pest population 4.2.2. 2009/2010 season: fluctuated with temperatures. Results in Table 5 indicate Gillani et al. (2009) found that that the simple correlation be- the survival of the P. longispinus tween temperature [Max. and pre-adult stages was minimal at Min.] and relative humidity, and 35% R.H. the pest population was similar to

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١٦٣ Mohamed et al. 20111 دراﺳﺔ دﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺒﻖ اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﻰ ﻃﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺬﯾﻞ اﻟﺬى ﯾﺼﯿﺐ ﻧﺒﺎت اﻷﻛﺎﻟﯿﻔﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻇﺮوف ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ أﺳﯿﻮط ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺒﺠ ﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﺴﻴﻭﻁ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻭﺴﻤﻰ ٢٠٠٨/٢٠٠٩ ﻭ ٢٠٠٩/٢٠١٠ . ﻭﺃﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻭﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺴـﺒﻭﻋﻰ ﻟﺤﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﻰ ﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺫﻴل ﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﺎﻩ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻏﺴﻁﺱ . ﺤﻭﻯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁ ﺘﻌـﺩﺍﺩ ﺸﻬﺭﻯ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻯ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺴﺠل ٣٠% ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺭ . ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﺠﻴﺎل ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺓ ٤ ﺃﺠﻴﺎل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻜل ﺠﻴل ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺒﻘﺎﺌﻬﺎ . ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺭﻯ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌـﺩل ﺘﻐﻴـﺭ ﺸﻬﺭﻯ ﺨﻼل ﺸﻬﺭﻯ ﺍﺒﺭﻴل ﻭﻤﺎﻴﻭ ﺨﻼل ﺴﻨﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ . ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌـﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺓ . ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻔـﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻴـل ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻭل ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻟﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻔل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺭﻭﺍﺤﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ٠,٠١ ﻓﻰ ﻴﻨﺎﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ٠,٠٦ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻭ ٠,٠٠٧ ﺍﻟﻰ ٠,٠٥ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻻﺸﻬﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ . ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻤﻰ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻴل ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﻓﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺘـ ﻡ ﺍﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ .

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