Venäjän Pitkä Vuosisata 1900–2008 Sitran Raportteja 78

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Venäjän Pitkä Vuosisata 1900–2008 Sitran Raportteja 78 Venäjä on aina ajankohtainen – hyvässä ja näkökulman naapurin monipolviseen ja Muodonmuutoksia pahassa. Krimin sodan jälkeen Aleksanteri II ristiriitaiseen kehitykseen. Tämän risti- avasi tien uudistuksille ja suuriruhtinas- riitaisen historian rakenteisiin Torvalds kunnan enemmistön kielellisille oikeuksille. pureutuu ja yrittää löytää sen järjen, jonka Seuraava hallitsija ryhtyi venäläistämään olemassaolon runoilija ja ulkoministeriön imperiumin alusmaita. Sitä seuraava johti virkamies Fjedor Tjutšev kielsi. maansa sotaan Japania vastaan. Onneton sota oli kuitenkin Suomelle onnellinen – Kaukasuksen elokuinen sota 2008 nosti sekä taloudellisesti että poliittisesti. taas nämä ristiriitaisuudet esille. Tätä samaa kaavaa tapahtumat ovat noudattaneet senkin jälkeen. Onneton vallankumous 1917 avasi mahdollisuuksien ikkunan suuriruhtinaskunnalle, jolla ei enää ollut suuriruhtinasta. Venäjän/Neuvostoliiton heikkoudet ovat muuttuneet Suomen mahdollisuuksiksi niin kaupassa ja teollisuudessa kuin kansainvälisessä politiikassakin. Samalla naapurin ratkaisut ovat muodostuneet Suomen politiikan haasteiksi. Venäjä/Neuvostoliitto on myös jakanut mielipiteitä eikä tämä jako mitenkään ole Muodonmuutoksia noudattanut tavallisia poliittisia rajoja. Venäjän pitkä vuosisata 1900–2008 Nils Torvalds on toiminut Yleisradion ruotsinkielisen toiminnan kirjeenvaihta- jana sekä Moskovassa että Washingto- nissa. Laaja kokemus sekä intohimoinen Nils Torvalds historianharrastus on antanut hyvän Sitran raportteja 78 Sitran raportteja Suomen itsenäisyyden juhlarahasto Itämerentori 2, PL 160, 00181 Helsinki, www.sitra.fi ISBN 978-951-563-635-5 78 Puhelin (09) 618 991, faksi (09) 645 072 ISSN 1457-571X Muodonmuutoksia Venäjän pitkä vuosisata 1900–2008 Sitran raportteja 78 Muodonmuutoksia Venäjän pitkä vuosisata 1900–2008 Nils Torvalds SITRA • HELSINKI Sitran raportteja 78 Taitto: Anu Mikkonen Kannen kuva: Shutterstock/Eugene Ivanov ISBN 978-951-563-635-5 (nid.) ISSN 1457-571X (nid.) ISBN 978-951-563-636-2 (URL:http://www.sitra.fi) ISSN 1457-5728 (URL:http://www.sitra.fi) Raportteja voi tilata Sitrasta, puhelin: (09) 618 991, sähköposti: [email protected] Edita Prima Oy Helsinki 2008 Sitran esipuhe Sitra aloitti ohjelmapohjaisen strategiansa vuonna 2004 kolmivuotisella Venäjä-ohjelmalla, joka kehitti eri tasoilla maidemme välisiä taloussuhteita ja avasi uusia liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia. Tämän käsillä olevan raportin juuret ovat jo ohjelmapohjaista strate- giaa edeltävällä kaudella, jolloin Sitra järjesti suomalaisille päätöksenteki- jöille erilaisia strategia-ohjelmia ja seminaareja, joissa pyrittiin lisäämään tietoisuutta toimintaympäristömme muutosten haasteista ja niiden luomis- ta mahdollisuuksista. Kansallisen strategian kehitysohjelman ja Toimittajien Venäjä -koulutuksen Moskovan jaksoilla luennoi tuolloin YLEn ruotsinkie- lisen toimituksen Moskovan kirjeenvaihtajana työskennellyt toimittaja Nils Torvalds teemasta ”Venäläisyys kautta aikojen”. Hän kartoitti Venäjän his- toriasta rakenteellisia syitä, jotka selittäisivät ja auttaisivat ymmärtämään Venäjän kehityksen kohtalokkaita käänteitä ja hahmottamaan mahdollisia tulevaisuuden kehityskulkuja. Luennot saivat myönteisen vastaanoton ja herättivät kuulijoiden keskuudessa innokkaan keskustelun. Koulutusohjelmien päätyttyä Sitrassa syntyi ajatus syventää ja täyden- tää luentojen aineistoa kirjan muotoon ja tehdä niiden sisältöä laajemmin tunnetuksi Sitran raportteja -sarjassa. Torvalds tarttui ehdotettuun työhön hänelle ominaisella innolla ja perusteellisuudella. Syvällistä paneutumista vaa- tivan työn hän teki varsinaisen toimittajan päivätyönsä ohessa, mikä selittää hankkeen venymisen useampivuotiseksi. Työn hedelmien nyt kypsyttyä voimme nauttia elävästä Venäjän viimeisimmän vuosisadan dramaattisten vaiheiden kuvauksesta, joka auttaa paremmin ymmärtämään Venäjän nykypäivän ta- pahtumia ja tulevia kehityskulkuja. Sitran puolesta kiitän toimittaja Nils Tor- valdsia perusteellisesta työstä ja erittäin mielenkiintoisesta Venäjän menneen vuosisadan tapahtumien kuvauksesta. Toivomme sen herättävän keskustelua, joka lisää entisestään ymmärrystämme naapuristamme. Helsingissä 16.7.2008 Kari Tolvanen asiamies 5 Sisällys Lukijalle 12 Hallitun uudistumisen (sietämätön) vaikeus 16 Iivanan yhteydet 17 Itämeren siunauksellisuus 17 Valistuksella fl irttailu 18 Epävakauden perusta 19 Salamurhat ja vastareaktio 20 Vallankumouksen kohtaukset 21 Sodan jumalatar 21 Japanin näytös 22 Hyvin suunniteltu olisi puoleksi tehty 23 ”Liberaali” sisäministeri 24 Arvottomat reformit 26 Joulukuu1904 ensimmäinen manifesti 26 Vallankumouksen sunnuntaimatinea 27 Huonot enteet 28 Sekavista yrityksistä suureen manifestiin 29 Älä kysy, jos et halua vastauksia 29 Järjestys horjuu 30 Assembly-liitto 32 Syksyn ratkaisut 32 Onneton ja epärehellinen päätös 33 Tilapäinen demokratia 35 Petos ja peljästys 37 Porkkana ja piiska 38 Hovin hallinto vai vedenpaisumus 39 Nikolai kuka? 40 Duuman lyhyt oppimäärä 40 Duuman vaikea valinta 41 Vahvan johtajan myytti 42 Alun loppu 42 Vallankaappaus 43 Struve vallankumouksen ilmiönä 43 Vehi ja älymystön pako 44 Taantumuksen utopia 46 Järjestyksen mies 46 Duuma tuuliajolla 47 Stolypinin saavutukset 48 Voiman ja voimattomuuden kentät 50 Ailahteleva liberaalisuus 50 Vallankumouksesta toiseen 51 Ensimmäiset oligarkit 52 Suurvallan himo 54 Strategian yhtälö 54 Soitellen sotaan 55 Sotaonnen heikkous 56 Vapaaehtoisjärjestöt 57 Neljäs duuma 58 Kumouksen varjo 59 Propagandan voitto...? 60 ”Tyhmyyttä vai petturuutta” 61 Lakkoliikkeen kasvu 62 Vanhan vallattomuus 63 Vallasta luopuminen 65 Valta ja vallanhimo 66 Väliaikaista politiikkaa 67 Juna saapuu Suomen asemalle 68 Sota vai rauha 69 Tappava kuri ja sen löystyminen 70 Sota suurena propagandistina 71 Valtava tappio 72 Kumouksen tiellä 74 Huhtikuun teesit 75 Kesäkuun käänne 76 Alkusoitto heinäkuulle 77 Johtopäätösten aika 78 Kaappaus ja epäonnistuminen 79 Stavkan johtopäätökset 80 Uskomatonta sekoilua 82 Pysyvyyden harha 83 Väärin ymmärretty vallankumous 84 Neuvottelut ja sota 85 Agentit ja vastavallankumous 86 Sisällissodan puristuksessa 86 Sosialismin rakentamista 89 Työlaki ja työväki 89 Teollisuuden byrokratia 90 Enteillä lastattu laiva 91 Laivan lähtö 91 Virstanpylväs matkalla ulkomaille 92 Sukupolvien välienselvittely 93 Vainoharhainen maa 95 Sosialismin rakentamista 95 NEP – uusi talouspolitiikka 96 Maatalous, teollisuus ja valta 96 Mobilisaatio terrorin alkumuotona 97 Pietarin taistelujärjestö 98 Mahdoton tehtävä 100 Hyökkäys tulevaisuuteen 101 Sateinen kevät 102 Jatkuvat riidat 102 Vanhan kriisin uusiutuminen 103 Vaivihkainen päätös 104 Stalin vahvistaa asemansa 105 Kulakkien eliminointi 106 Terrori ja karismaattinen johtajuus 107 Rjutinin kritiikki 107 Tietoinen oppositio 108 Lopun alku 109 Ježovin nousu 110 Sattuma ja politiikka 111 Helmi-maaliskuun keskuskomitea 112 Suuri sota 113 Huono kenraaliharjoitus 113 Perässä laahaava doktriini 114 Ei vaihtoehtoja 115 Pitkään odotettu alku 115 Stalinin taakka 116 Torjuntavoitto Moskovassa 117 Strateginen kannas 118 Voimasuhteet ja politiikka 120 Epäluuloiset liittolaiset 120 Kysymys ”toisesta rintamasta” 121 Marraskuun murros 122 Luvassa Euroopan jako 124 Suurlähettilään muistio 125 Puola voimasuhteiden mittarina 126 Kyräilevä loppupeli 127 Maailmansosialismin suurvalta 129 Hävityksen herruus 129 Erilaiset voittajat 130 Kansainvälinen mullistus 131 Kylmän sodan juurilla 131 Italialainen tapaus 132 Puolan jaon seurauksia 134 Vararikon airut Bukarestissa 135 Jäätyvät välit 136 Stalin ja poliittiset suhteet 136 Kylmän rajan pyykit 137 Pitkä sähke 138 Kylmän sodan lähtökuopat 139 Euroopan rajanveto 139 Suomi erikoistapauksena 140 Voimasuhteiden muotoutuminen 141 Ensimmäinen salama 142 Kilpavarustus ja teknologia 142 Bundin valtio 143 Kim Il Sungin viitoittama tie 143 Hruštšovin perestroika 145 Ulos umpikujasta 145 Uusi ulkopolitiikka 146 Salainen puhe 147 Vastustajan takapiha 148 Suezin kriisi 149 Ekstensiivinen talousmuoto 151 Itsensä tukasta nostaminen 151 Valtava helmitaulu 152 Kasvun kokonaisedellytys 152 Tuottavuuden seinä 153 Talouskasvun lyhyt kurssi 154 Kuilun partaalla 155 Dead man’s walking… 156 Gogolilaiset sielut 156 Nopeasti eteenpäin 157 Perestroika ja avoimuus 158 Talous ja taikausko 158 Politiikan kenttä muuttuu 159 Paluu kaksoisvaltaan 160 Vaalit ja voittajat 160 Huonot enteet 161 Uusi yritys 163 Sähköä ja šokkihoitoa 164 MMM markkinoiden symbolina 164 Politiikan hinta 165 Parlamentti hoitaa tehtävänsä 166 Klassinen loppunäytös 167 Sota, valta ja turvallisuus 168 Tappava ylimielisyys 168 Vaalit ja vaalirahat 169 Tšubaisin suunitelma 170 Vaalien tulos ja opetukset 170 Korttitalot ja tavalliset 171 Tulevaisuuden vaikea ennuste 173 Mutta mistä malli? 173 Monimutkaisempi yhteiskunta 174 Paluu Stolypinin malliin 174 Teoria ja todiste 176 Kylmän sodan mielipiteet 176 Kuolinpesän perintö 177 Kolmen kirjaimen yksimielisyys 177 Vakauden hinta ja öljyn 178 Panslavismin vanha symboli 179 Suuri šakkilauta 179 Imperiumin rakenteet 180 Kolme kirjainta taas? 181 Kirjallisuusluettelo 182 Lukijalle Kesäkuussa 1975 istahdin Moskovaan menevän junan penkille. Määrän- päänä oli Institut Obšeštvenyih Nauk – Yhteiskuntatieteiden instituutti, ylei- semmin tunnettu puoluekouluna. En osannut sanaakaan venäjää. En, itse asiassa, tiennyt paljon maastakaan. Elin ”Instillä” aika suruttomasti, jos ei oteta lukuun koti-ikävää. Sti- pendi oli 180 ruplaa. Lounas Instin ravintolassa maksoi vähän päälle kaksi ruplaa. Iltapalan välttämättömät leivät ostettiin lähikaupasta 20 kopeekalla. Suomalaiseen perinteeseen kuuluva Vodka-pullo maksoi
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