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The Russian Revolution: a Wider Perspective
- THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: A WIDER PERSPECTIVE PREFACE to the Source Collection on the Russian Revolution This is a collection of sources provided by members of the Euroclio network and curated by three members of the Historiana team. It Insert Source here: is not a comprehensive overview of the Russian Revolution. Its purpose is to provide some insights into how politicians, diplomats, senior military officers, other officials, revolutionaries, eye witnesses, bystanders, newspaper editors and journalists, ordinary people and even children perceived some of the key events in Russia from January 1917 through to December 1922. We hope that this transnational and multiperspective collection will widen students’ understanding of what happened in Russia in those critical years. The sources have been provided by history teachers and historians from 13 countries, including the Russian Federation, neighbouring states that in 1917 were part of the Russian Empire, states that were then allies or enemies of Russia and even states which were neutral non-combatants in 1917. To obtain these sources the contributors turned to their own national digital and physical archives. Where necessary, contributors summarised texts in English. Painting by British artist David For EUROCLIO this was a pilot experiment in collecting historical Jagger, entitled The Bolshevik sources and we are very grateful to everyone who took part. We (1918). The image combines the think the experiment was successful and EUROCLIO will be planning features of several Bolshevik further crowd-sourcing of collections on other significant moments leaders. and developments in world history in the future. Source: Canadian War Museum Bob Stradling, Louise Sträuli and Giulia Rossi Public Domain Summer 2019 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT This collection is divided into four Introductionsections. -
Revolution in Real Time: the Russian Provisional Government, 1917
ODUMUNC 2020 Crisis Brief Revolution in Real Time: The Russian Provisional Government, 1917 ODU Model United Nations Society Introduction seventy-four years later. The legacy of the Russian Revolution continues to be keenly felt The Russian Revolution began on 8 March 1917 to this day. with a series of public protests in Petrograd, then the Winter Capital of Russia. These protests But could it have gone differently? Historians lasted for eight days and eventually resulted in emphasize the contingency of events. Although the collapse of the Russian monarchy, the rule of history often seems inventible afterwards, it Tsar Nicholas II. The number of killed and always was anything but certain. Changes in injured in clashes with the police and policy choices, in the outcome of events, government troops in the initial uprising in different players and different accidents, lead to Petrograd is estimated around 1,300 people. surprising outcomes. Something like the Russian Revolution was extremely likely in 1917—the The collapse of the Romanov dynasty ushered a Romanov Dynasty was unable to cope with the tumultuous and violent series of events, enormous stresses facing the country—but the culminating in the Bolshevik Party’s seizure of revolution itself could have ended very control in November 1917 and creation of the differently. Soviet Union. The revolution saw some of the most dramatic and dangerous political events the Major questions surround the Provisional world has ever known. It would affect much Government that struggled to manage the chaos more than Russia and the ethnic republics Russia after the Tsar’s abdication. -
Welfare Reforms in Post-Soviet States: a Comparison
WELFARE REFORMS IN POST-SOVIET STATES: A COMPARISON OF SOCIAL BENEFITS REFORM IN RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN by ELENA MALTSEVA A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Elena Maltseva (2012) Welfare Reforms in Post-Soviet States: A Comparison of Social Benefits Reform in Russia and Kazakhstan Elena Maltseva Doctor of Philosophy Political Science University of Toronto (2012) Abstract: Concerned with the question of why governments display varying degrees of success in implementing social reforms, (judged by their ability to arrive at coherent policy outcomes), my dissertation aims to identify the most important factors responsible for the stagnation of social benefits reform in Russia, as opposed to its successful implementation in Kazakhstan. Given their comparable Soviet political and economic characteristics in the immediate aftermath of Communism’s disintegration, why did the implementation of social benefits reform succeed in Kazakhstan, but largely fail in Russia? I argue that although several political and institutional factors did, to a certain degree, influence the course of social benefits reform in these two countries, their success or failure was ultimately determined by the capacity of key state actors to frame the problem and form an effective policy coalition that could further the reform agenda despite various political and institutional obstacles and socioeconomic challenges. In the case of Kazakhstan, the successful implementation of the social benefits reform was a result of a bold and skillful endeavour by Kazakhstani authorities, who used the existing conditions to justify the reform initiative and achieve the reform’s original objectives. -
Transformation of Stereotypical Perception of „The Image of Poles” in the Russian Empire Society During the World War I
The Person and the Challenges Volume 7 (2017) Number 2, p. 151–164 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/pch.2188 Olga Bilobrovets Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University, Ukraine Transformation of stereotypical perception of „the image of Poles” in the Russian Empire society during the World War I Abstract The cohabitation of different nations in the border of one state creates certain ethnic, social, mental collective nation’s image which changes very slowly. These processes are enhanced during the global historical processes with significant devastating effects which lead to an alteration in public consciousness. During World War І, under the influence of the external crisis circumstances, the necessity to take into account the strategic interests and fundamental values of the nations involved in the war, led to a change in perception of the image of the Pole. The image of a Pole as a disloyal person to Russian statehood had changed into the image of a true confederate in the mutual striving with the enemy. Perception of the Poles as partners in state‑building and international cohabitation became possible only due to global geopolitical changes, the policy of powerful nations, including the Polish territory and the ability of Polish political powers to consolidate their efforts around the idea of statehood restoration. Keywords Russian Empire, the image of the Pole, loyalty, World War І. The Person and the Challenges 152 Volume 7 (2017) Number 2, p. 151–164 1. Introduction The cohabitation of different nations in the border of one state always has its own features caused, among other things, by their status, historical circumstances and conditions of development. -
Jan Sobczak Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia
Jan Sobczak Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia Echa Przeszłości 12, 143-156 2011 ECHA PRZESZŁOŚCI XII, 2011 ISSN 1509-9873 Jan Sobczak ALEXEI NIKOLAEVICH, TSAREVICH OF RUSSIA This article does not aspire to give an exhaustive account of the life of Alexei Nikolaevich, not only for reasons of limited space. The role played by the young lad who was much loved by the nation, became the Russian tsesarevich and was murdered at the tender age of 14, would not justify such an effort. In addition to delivering general biographical information about Alexei that can be found in a variety of sources, I will attempt to throw some light on the less known aspects of his life that profoundly affected the fate of the Russian Empire and brought tragic consequences for the young imperial heir1. Alexei Nikolaevich was born in Peterhof on 12 August (30 July) 1904 on Friday at noon, during an unusually hot summer that had started already in February, at the beginning of Russia’s much unfortunate war against Japan. Alexei was the fifth child and the only son of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna. He had four older sisters who were the Grand Duchesses: Olga (8.5 years older than Alexei), Tatiana (7 years older), Maria (5 years older) and Anastasia (3 years older). In line with the law of succession, Alexei automatically became heir to the throne, and his birth was heralded to the public by a 300-gun salute from the Peter and Paul Fortress. According to Nicholas II, the imperial heir was named Alexei to break away from a nearly century-old tradition of naming the oldest sons Alexander and Nicholas and to commemorate Peter the Great’s father, Alexei Mikhailovich, the second tsar of the Romanov dynasty that had ruled over Russia for nearly 300 years from the 17th century. -
East View Research Collections: Ukrainian Studies
East View Research Collections: Ukrainian Studies East View produces a variety of valuable collections for researchers and graduate-level students in Ukrainian studies. Covering the period from 1830 to 1945, the collections include primary source documents on uprisings against the Russian Empire; the Prosvita Society (a pro-Ukrainian cultural organization); the Stolypin assassination; the short-lived government and secret police of Hetman Skoropadsky; Ukraine under Nazi occupation; and more. Collections are available online, in full-image, text-searchable files, providing researchers with convenient access to rare, primary source materials. See below for detailed collection descriptions; please inquire for pricing and availability. Collection Spotlight: The Chernobyl Files, Declassified Documents of the Ukrainian KGB The Chernobyl Files collection contains reports prepared for and by a variety of Russian and Ukrainian government agencies, including the KGB, that document and detail the most important developments in the wake of the disaster, as well as internal reports and investigations on its various causes. Learn more at https://www.eastview.com/resources/e-collections/chernobyl-files/ Collection Spotlight: Judaica Digital Collections Features a collection of eight resources from the State Archives of Kyiv Oblast’, covering the period from the Russian Empire of the 1850s to the early Soviet era of the 1920s. The collections include documentation from important historical events, such as Kyiv’s Bloody October of 1905 and the Beilis Case. Topics covered include: emigration from Ukraine, before and during the Soviet era; anti-Semitic groups, ethnic tension and the resulting pogroms; Jewish societies and education programs; and more. Learn more at https://www.eastview.com/resources/e-collections/judaica-digital-collections/ Other Featured Collections Assassination of Russian Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin, 1911. -
Background Guide, and to Issac and Stasya for Being Great Friends During Our Weird Chicago Summer
Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) MUNUC 33 ONLINE 1 Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) | MUNUC 33 Online TABLE OF CONTENTS ______________________________________________________ CHAIR LETTERS………………………….….………………………….……..….3 ROOM MECHANICS…………………………………………………………… 6 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM………………………….……………..…………......9 HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM………………………………………………………….16 ROSTER……………………………………………………….………………………..23 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………..…………….. 46 2 Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) | MUNUC 33 Online CHAIR LETTERS ____________________________________________________ My Fellow Russians, We stand today on the edge of a great crisis. Our nation has never been more divided, more war- stricken, more fearful of the future. Yet, the promise and the greatness of Russia remains undaunted. The Russian Provisional Government can and will overcome these challenges and lead our Motherland into the dawn of a new day. Out of character. To introduce myself, I’m a fourth-year Economics and History double major, currently writing a BA thesis on World War II rationing in the United States. I compete on UChicago’s travel team and I additionally am a CD for our college conference. Besides that, I am the VP of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, previously a member of an all-men a cappella group and a proud procrastinator. This letter, for example, is about a month late. We decided to run this committee for a multitude of reasons, but I personally think that Russian in 1917 represents such a critical point in history. In an unlikely way, the most autocratic regime on Earth became replaced with a socialist state. The story of this dramatic shift in government and ideology represents, to me, one of the most interesting parts of history: that sometimes facts can be stranger than fiction. -
Scripting the Revolutionary Worker Autobiography: Archetypes, Models, Inventions, and Marketsã
IRSH 49 (2004), pp. 371–400 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859004001725 # 2004 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Scripting the Revolutionary Worker Autobiography: Archetypes, Models, Inventions, and Marketsà Diane P. Koenker Summary: This essay offers approaches to reading worker autobiographies as a genre as well as source of historical ‘‘data’’. It focuses primarily on one example of worker narrative, the autobiographical notes of Eduard M. Dune, recounting his experiences in the Russian Revolution and civil war, and argues that such texts cannot be utilized even as ‘‘data’’ without also appreciating the ways in which they were shaped and constructed. The article proposes some ways to examine the cultural constructions of such documents, to offer a preliminary typology of lower- class autobiographical statements for Russia and the Soviet Union, and to offer some suggestions for bringing together the skills of literary scholars and historians to the task of reading workers’ autobiographies. In the proliferation of the scholarly study of the autobiographical genre in the past decades, the autobiographies of ‘‘common people’’ have received insignificant attention. Autobiography, it has been argued, is a bourgeois genre, the artifact of the development of modern liberal individualism, the product of individuals with leisure and education to contemplate their selfhood in the luxury of time.1 Peasants, particularly during the time of ‘‘motionless history’’, are judged to constitute ‘‘anti-autobiographical space’’. Workers, whether agricultural, -
Venäjän Pitkä Vuosisata 1900–2008 Sitran Raportteja 78
Venäjä on aina ajankohtainen – hyvässä ja näkökulman naapurin monipolviseen ja Muodonmuutoksia pahassa. Krimin sodan jälkeen Aleksanteri II ristiriitaiseen kehitykseen. Tämän risti- avasi tien uudistuksille ja suuriruhtinas- riitaisen historian rakenteisiin Torvalds kunnan enemmistön kielellisille oikeuksille. pureutuu ja yrittää löytää sen järjen, jonka Seuraava hallitsija ryhtyi venäläistämään olemassaolon runoilija ja ulkoministeriön imperiumin alusmaita. Sitä seuraava johti virkamies Fjedor Tjutšev kielsi. maansa sotaan Japania vastaan. Onneton sota oli kuitenkin Suomelle onnellinen – Kaukasuksen elokuinen sota 2008 nosti sekä taloudellisesti että poliittisesti. taas nämä ristiriitaisuudet esille. Tätä samaa kaavaa tapahtumat ovat noudattaneet senkin jälkeen. Onneton vallankumous 1917 avasi mahdollisuuksien ikkunan suuriruhtinaskunnalle, jolla ei enää ollut suuriruhtinasta. Venäjän/Neuvostoliiton heikkoudet ovat muuttuneet Suomen mahdollisuuksiksi niin kaupassa ja teollisuudessa kuin kansainvälisessä politiikassakin. Samalla naapurin ratkaisut ovat muodostuneet Suomen politiikan haasteiksi. Venäjä/Neuvostoliitto on myös jakanut mielipiteitä eikä tämä jako mitenkään ole Muodonmuutoksia noudattanut tavallisia poliittisia rajoja. Venäjän pitkä vuosisata 1900–2008 Nils Torvalds on toiminut Yleisradion ruotsinkielisen toiminnan kirjeenvaihta- jana sekä Moskovassa että Washingto- nissa. Laaja kokemus sekä intohimoinen Nils Torvalds historianharrastus on antanut hyvän Sitran raportteja 78 Sitran raportteja Suomen itsenäisyyden juhlarahasto -
Simplified Study Packet Version Russian Revolution
Simplified Study Packet Version Russian Revolution 471. Give a brief description of Russia just before and during World War I? Nicholas II was a kind ruler. Perhaps, too kind to rule a nation struggling through a war. His wife, who was more commanding, seems to have controlled him at times. Unfortunately, she was unpopular, particularly after she started to allow Rasputin to come into the court circles. 472. Who initially led the government of Russia after the fall of the Czar? Alexander Kerensky 473. What was probably one of the main reasons Kerensky fell from power? He sought to keep Russia in the war, whereas most Russians were suffering and wanted to end the war. 474. What Communist slogan appealed to the masses? Bread, Land, Peace 475. What Treaty between the Bolsheviks and the Germans pulled Russia out of the war? The Treaty of Brest Litovsk 476. How did the Bolsheviks unwittingly help to defeat the Germans? The Bolsheviks who now ruled Russia, delayed signing a peace treaty with Germany, forcing the Germans to keep troops in Russia for too long. By the time the Germans transferred their troops to the West, it was too late. 477. Give a brief description of the German government’s dealings with Lenin? They sent him back to Russia in a sealed train and gave him money in the hopes that his Bolshevik party, which opposed the war, would help to take Russia out of the war. 478. In what month did the October Revolution occur? November, It was October by the Russian calendar. -
The Soviet-German Tank Academy at Kama
The Secret School of War: The Soviet-German Tank Academy at Kama THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ian Johnson Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Master's Examination Committee: Jennifer Siegel, Advisor Peter Mansoor David Hoffmann Copyright by Ian Ona Johnson 2012 Abstract This paper explores the period of military cooperation between the Weimar Period German Army (the Reichswehr), and the Soviet Union. Between 1922 and 1933, four facilities were built in Russia by the two governments, where a variety of training and technological exercises were conducted. These facilities were particularly focused on advances in chemical and biological weapons, airplanes and tanks. The most influential of the four facilities was the tank testing and training grounds (Panzertruppenschule in the German) built along the Kama River, near Kazan in North- Central Russia. Led by German instructors, the school’s curriculum was based around lectures, war games, and technological testing. Soviet and German students studied and worked side by side; German officers in fact often wore the Soviet uniform while at the school, to show solidarity with their fellow officers. Among the German alumni of the school were many of the most famous practitioners of mobile warfare during the Second World War, such as Guderian, Manstein, Kleist and Model. This system of education proved highly innovative. During seven years of operation, the school produced a number of extremely important technological and tactical innovations. Among the new technologies were a new tank chassis system, superior guns, and - perhaps most importantly- a radio that could function within a tank. -
Visual Metaphors for the People a Study of Cinematic Propoganda in Sergei Eisenstein’S Film
VIsual Metaphors for the people A Study of Cinematic Propoganda in Sergei Eisenstein’s Film ashley brown This paper attempTs To undersTand how The celebraTed and conTroversial figure of sergei eisensTein undersTood and conTribuTed To The formaTion of The sovieT union Through his films of The 1920s. The lens of visual meTaphors offer a specific insighT inTo how arTisTic choices of The direcTor were informed by his own pedagogy for The russian revoluTion. The paper asks The quesTions: did eisensTein’s films reflecT The official parTy rheToric? how did They inform or moTivaTe The public Toward The communisT ideology of The early sovieT union? The primary sources used in This pa- per are from The films Strike (1925), BattleShip potemkin (1926), octoBer (1928), and the General line (1929). eisensTein creaTed visual meTaphors Through The juxTaposi- Tion of images in his films which alluded To higher concepTs. a shoT of a worker followed by The shoT of gears Turning creaTed The concepT of indusTry in The minds of The audience. Through visual meTaphors, iT is possible To undersTand The moTives of eisensTein and The communisT parTy. iT is also possible, wiTh The aid of secondary sources, To see how Those moTives differed. “Language is much closer to film than painting is. For example, aimed at the “... organization of the psychology of the in painting the form arises from abstract elements of line and masses.”6 Works about Eisenstein in the field of film color, while in cinema the material concreteness of the image theory examine Eisenstein’s career in theater, the evolution within the frame presents—as an element—the greatest of his approach to montage, and his artistic expression.7 difficulty in manipulation.